Nature as a mistress of wild life ehe seems to have resembled the Luwian LAMMA

God (3.1.1). 1t is very likely that in the lists of gods mentioning the supreme triad of

the Sun-goddess, Storm-god and D LAMMA (ÜRu Hatti), the latter logogram refers to

Inar, espeeially when Habandali is listed next to LAMMA. This logogram denoted

Also Kammamma, who replaced Inar in some lists (see 3.1.1), leading to his being

Perceived as a tutelary god.

See now van den Hout 2007a: 238ff.

As attested by ritual texts from the very beginning of the Empire period; see 3.1.1 with n. 225.

437 Güterbock 1961a.

Schwemer 2001: 76ff,; Popko 2005b; 10, 13.

The Empire Period 85

Other texts attest to an interpretatio luvitica of the third deity in the supreme

Triad occurring in the new ethno-linguistic and cultural realm, Consequently, the

Luwian stag god LAMMA/Kurunta/i(ya) and his consort Ala (3.2.4) appear after the

Sun-goddess and the Storm-god. Other tutelary deities are mentioned, too. One of

These was Zithariya, worshiped as a kursa- bag. It is not. quite clear how Zitfiariya,

Chief deity of Zithara, ended up becoming the king’s tutelary god and his companion

On military campaigns. Perhaps Zitfiara’s importanee as a town is a key to this puzzle.

The town is known, among others, as the place where the Hittite-Hurrian purifica-

tory ritual of itkalzi (‘mouth-washing’) for Tuthaliya III, father of Suppiluliuma I,

439

And his wife Taduhepa was written. Hence, it is not to be excluded that the new

Royal dynasty was somehow specially connected with this town.

Lists of gods receiving offerings during traditiona! Hittite cult festivals fa.il to

Inform fully about the modifications of the state pantheon occurring under the new

Rule. Not so lists of divine witnesses to state treaties, which are a perfect Illustra

Tion of developments in the Hittite pantheon in the course of two hundred years. 440

In the earliest lists from the beginning of the Empire period, the supreme triad

Is followed by the Moon as oath god, Sauska (denoted with the logogram ISTAR)

Who had a leading Position in Hurrian pantheons (3.2.5), and the War-god, whose

Elevated rank in these early lists is presumed to draw from his role in the ideology

Of kingship already in Old Hittite times (3.1.1). In the list of gods of the»unassura

treaty (KBo 28.110+ rev. 80”ff.) the supreme triad of the state pantheon is followed

Directly by Tessub of Halab and Hebat, topmost divine couple of the dynastic pan

Theon (3.2.2), no langer listed in this exposed place in any later treaties.

Lists of divinities in Hittite state treaties reflect the entirely new idea that had

evolved with regard to the pantheon. ~ A typologieai arrangement of divine wit

Nesses had been introduced already in the times of Suppiluliuma Ts predecessors,

439 CTH 777, Haas 1984; see now also Strau ß 2006; 149ff.

For English and German t-ranslations, see Beckinan 1999c: llff.; Wilhelm - Schwemer -- Klinger

2005.

441 KBo 28.110+ rev. 80”f£. (treaty between Tuthaliya I and Sunassura of Kizzuwatna), Schwemer

2006a: 246; and KBo 8.35 ii 9? ff. (CTH 139, an early treaty with Kaskeans), von Schüler 1965:

Cf. also Yoshida 1996: 10.

On the pantheon from the lists of divine witnesses, see Kestemont 1976: Yoshida 1996; 7ff.

(references to earlier literature on p. 7 n. 1); Taraeha 2005a: 92ff., Schwemer 2006a:

Ff.

86

Hittxte Anatoua

87

Bist it was not until this ruler that it took on an ultimate form, to be repeated with

But slight modifications in all the documents of bis successors until the very end.

Setting aside the Sun-god of Heaven for now (see below), the lists are headed by the

Sun-goddess of Arinna, who is followed by storm-gods from different Centers (both

Anatolian ones and Tessub’s numerous hypostases, among whom Tessub of Heaven

Figures prominently) along with tutelary deities (corresponding to the Overall idea of

the supreme divine triad). The arrangment of other (categories of) deities down on

The list is as follows; Mesopotamian goddess of the netherworld Allatu (identified

With Lelwani) together with Ba and Ms consort Darokina, three most important mani