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CONTENTS

Preface. vii

Abbreviations. ix

Introduction. 1

Prehistoric Anatolia. 7

Neolithie. 8

Chalcolithic and Early Bronze Age. 18

The Old Assyrian Colony Period. 25

Kanesite gods in the light of the Cappadocian tablets. 27

Iconography of Cappadocian deities. 31

Hittite Anatolia. 33

The Old Hittite Period. 36

Pantheon of the state and the Capital city. 38

Local beliefs. 50

Cult. 59

Magic and the nascency of myths. 74

The Empire Period. 80

State pantheon. 84

Dynastie pantheon. 92

Local pantheons in central and northem Anatolia. 95

Luwian beliefs. 107

Beliefs of the Humana of Anatolia. 118

Cult. 128

Prayer. 141

Omen and divination. 144

Magic and mythology. 149

3.2.10. Eschatology, burial customs and the ancestor cult...... 158

Bibliography. 169

Indexes. 215

PREFACE

My studies on Hittite reiigion have brought me to the conclusion that discrepan-

Eies existing between earlier views eoncern not only the identity of particular de-

Ities and the nature of their cult, bat also the rather more fundamental question of

Why Hittite reiigion changed so radically under the Empire. Several issues remain

To be analyzed for a better understanding of the religions of Hittite Anatolia and

Their development, but even so, recent progress in the field merits a review of the

Extended source base, which includes relevant, newly published texts and fresh studies

On specific issues. I have put it to myself to evaluate the new propositions and to

Offer a synthesis of my own views on the subject. The present book is the effect of

That work. I am fully aware that definite answers to many questions are still Eck

Ing. Neither can I presume to gain full approval of most Hittitologists for all the

Views presented here. In particular, the opinion that a new dynasty originating from

A strongly Hurrianized Kizzuwatnean milieu seized power in Hattusa at the outset

Of the Empire period still finds many opponents. In my view, however, it was this

Fact that determined the new cultural Image of Hittite Anatolia and with it the change

That occurred in the official pantheon and cult of the Hittite state.

I am indebted in various ways to many persons and institutions, w'hose kindness

And generous assistance have permitted this book to gerrainate. The Rector and the

Faculty of Oriental Studies of the University of Warsaw, my academic base, have

Provided generous assistance for the publication of this book. Prof. Doris Prechel

Twice (2004 and 2008) graciously invited me to work as a visiting professor at the

Institut für Ägyptologie und Altorientalistik of the Universität Mainz. Prof. Gernot

Wilhelm kindly and generously aliowed me the use of the flies of the Bogazköy-

Arehiv in Mainz. On these occasions, I benefited from the kind assistance of Dr. Silvin

Kosak and Prof. Jared Miller. A special word of thahks goes to my Teacher,