Boiling Ranges   - (temperature range) temperatures of the beginning and ending of fraction boiling point

• Fractions which are evaporated under 300⁰С

• Mazut (bottom product) is residue after oil rectification and removing light distillations

• Goudron is a vacuum residue after vacuum rectification of atmospheric residue

• Ligth products,

• Heavy products

Lecture 2

Alkanes - C n H2 n +2             where n = 1,2,3,…

•   only single covalent bonds

•  saturated hydrocarbons (they contain the maximum number of hydrogen atoms that can bond with the number of carbon atoms in the molecule)

What is the structure of 2-propyl-4-methylhexane?

• Cycloalkanes (cycloparaffins) - CnH2n (n ≥ 3),

• They include the basic mass of oil hydrocarbons

• Saturated HC

• Cyclic skeleton

• Only single covalent bond.

Lecture 3

• Naphtens have more higher melting points, boiling points and more bigger density then respective alkanes.

Chemical reactions of naphthens

• Less reactivity and very hard oxidable HC

• 1. Hydrogenation reactions at high temperature

•            СН2

•    Н2С   СН2 + Н2 ® СН3-СН2-СН3

• 2. Dehydrogenation reactions for hexane HC

Arenas

• Unsaturated HC, ring type compounds with special cyclic group from six carbon atoms –benzene ring

• All carbon atoms take part in stable single p - system formation by p-electrons

• Arenas  – are very desirable components of auto motor fuel, but not desirable for jet and diesel fuel in any kind

• (Arenas concentrate in the medium fractions, its contain varies from 15 to 25%)

• In gasoline fractions (under 200°С) are presented just benzene homologies.

• In the crude oil are found all benzene and naphthalene homologies.

• Phenyl - С6Н5

• С6Н5 -СН3 - methylbenzene (toluene)

• phenylmethane

• С6Н4 -(СН3) - ксилол

• High thermal stability

• Reactions of hydrogenation with naphtenes formation

• Oxidize

• 2С6Н6 + 15О2 →12СО2 +6Н2О.

• Reaction of condensation (with coke formation)

• Crude oil also consist of various kind of HC which are formed by hybrid HC

• They can contain aromatic cycles with alkyl substituted chains or aromatic HC with naphtenic cycles and others.

• Indan, Tetralin, Fluoren - cycloalkanoarenas and their homologies are presence in diesel fractions

• Sulfur containing compounds

• Elemental sulfur   S

• Hydrogen Sulfide,  H2S

• Mercaptans R-SH

• Sulfides (cyclic and non cyclic) R –S –R1

• Disulfides R –SS –R1

• More than 200 kinds of different sulfurous compounds

• Mercaptanes  (thiol) – R- S- H

• R – radicals can be different (paraffinic, naphtanic, aromatic, hybrid est.)

• Tengiz Oil  – about 10% of mercaptanes

• Mercaptanic sulfur are concentrated mostly in leading fractions

• Light fractions b.b.p. - 600С consist of   85% of mercaptanes

• Mercaptans are used in industry – odorant of gases (C2H5-SH-ethanethiol), in pharmacology, cosmetology

• All types of SCC have neutral characteristics

•  

• During oil refining SCC are hydrogenated with producing of hydrogen sulfide and then – go to getting the elemental sulfur and sulfuric acid

•     RSH + H2 = RH + H2S