Features of Mineral Substances and Vitamins in Children’s Nutrition

Because of intensive growth of bones an increased consumption of Са and Р takes place, because they participate in bone formation. A sufficient amount of magnesium - 12-13 mg/day is necessary. The basic foods of children's nutrition - dairy foods - do not meet the requirements of organism in Fe, therefore additional sources of its supply are necessary.

Vitamins. In view of intensive growth a great amount of vitamins is necessary, especially vitamins A, D and group B. Artificial vitaminization in winter-spring period is necessary.

Diet Regimen. The smaller the child, the more frequent meals are necessary: for preschool children 5 times a day with a 3-hour interval, for pupils - 4 times a day every 4-5 hours. A more equal distribution of food caloricity by meals is recommended in comparison with adults.

Recommendations for Practical Classes on the Theme

Key Questions

1.Concept of a day regimen, distribution of its components within day at various age and its physiological bases (sleep, staying in the open air, studies, game activity and rest for choice, nutrition and personal hygiene)

2.Concept of motion activity. Units of measurement of motion activity.

3.Hypodynamia. The reasons, signs, prevention.

4.Basic reasons, manifestation and prevention of hyperkinesia.

5.Basic methods of physical training of pupils. Hygienic requirements to arrangement of physical training lessons. The hygienic requirements to physical training lessons at schools.

6.Basic principles of hardening children and teenagers. The basic kinds of hardening.

7.Organization of hardening children and pupils.

8.Estimation of children’s readiness to training at school.

9.Estimation of "school maturity" of children by Kern-Ierasik test

10.Medical indications to delay of admission of 6-year-old children to school.

Self Test

1. To irreplaceable amino acids for only children the following refer

*A. arginine.

*B. histidine.

C. methionine.

D. cystine.

E. valine.

 

2. An average level of pulse rate at physical training lessons should exceed the initial one by

A. 30 %

B. 40 %

*C. 50 %

D. 80 %

E. 90 %

Problem Solving

1. Natasha С., aged 16, is of middle height, her body weight is higher than average due to fat deposits, the functional parameters are decreased, 7 times a year she was ill with acute respiratory diseases. Every day she has classes at school for 7 hours, does her homework for 3 hours, attends extra classes in physics and chemistry for 2 hours, watches TV for 3 hours. She does not attend physical training. She has 5 meals a day; the ratio of proteins, fats and carbohydrates is 1: 1: 4, a daily caloricity of food is 2,600 Kcal. What is the basic reason of the given symptoms?

2. Schoolboy C., aged 16, has morphologic and functional parameters higher than average. He goes in for athletics. During sports competitions he takes first places. On medical examination myocardiodystrophy and arterial hypertension were revealed. 10 days before the examination he had been ill with acute respiratory disease. Identify the probable reason of the given changes.

Standard Answers:

1. Hypodynamia

2. Hyperkinesia

 

Hygiene of Hot Climate

Theme No 25.

Hygienic Characteristics of Hot Climate and Its Effect on a Human Organism.

Hygiene of Nutrition, Hygiene of Work, Personal Hygiene under Conditions of Hot Climate

Characteristics of Hot Climate

The climate of south countries can be conditionally divided into 2 types: tropical climate and climate of deserts.

Tropical Climate

Its feature is constant high air temperature with insignificant daily and annual fluctuations (1-6ºC). The level of solar radiation is rather high (100 Kcal\cm2 and over). The next feature is high humidity of air - 80-90%, sometimes 100 % (at night). The level of annual atmospheric precipitation is usually high; there are 2 periods of rains per year (totally about 7 months). The combination of high temperature and humidity of air at its insufficient circulation leads to formation of fogs, activation of putrefactive processes in fallen foliage that results in increase of СО2 content in the air up to 0.3-0.4 %.

Climate of Deserts

It is characterized by a small amount of atmospheric precipitation and low humidity of air - up to 5 %. As against tropical climate, the air temperature in deserts may be much higher, with significant fluctuations within a day (in Northern Sahara in December the temperature at night is –14ºC, in the daytime +25-30ºC). Strong winds and high dustiness of air (sandy storms) are characteristic.

The above-listed features of 2 types of climate considerably affect a human organism and processes of thermoregulation; when a person moves into such climatic conditions from other climatic zone, the processes of acclimatization become sharply expressed. At acclimatization the complex processes of reorganization of organ and system functioning takes place in a human organism, breaking of established "dynamic stereotype", i.e, a mobile balance of organism with the environment is marked and the establishment of new balance in accordance with changed climatic conditions occurs. This process takes different time in different people depending on health state, adaptable abilities, age, etc.

The first phase of acclimatization is adaptation (partial acclimatization) which lasts from several hours till 14 days; the 2 phase is full acclimatization which takes some months or a year, sometimes even more. In the course of acclimatization, especially in the 1 phase, the astenovegetative syndrome, increase of morbidity, decrease of capacity for work are observed.