Construction materials                                        11

АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК

УЧЕБНОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

 

для студентов направления 08.03.01 «Строительство»,

профиль «Промышленное и гражданское строительство»

профиль «Производство и применение строительных материалов,

изделий и конструкций»

профиль «Городское строительное хозяйство»

очной и заочной форм обучения

 

 

Тюмень, 2015

УДК – 811.111.1

ББК – Л-24

Лапицкая С.И., Английский язык: учебное пособие для студентов направления 08.03.01 «Строительство», профиль «Промышленное и гражданское строительство», профиль «Производство и применение строительных материалов, изделий и конструкций», профиль «Городское строительное хозяйство» очной и заочной форм обучения. /С.И. Лапицкая, М.Б. Баликаева. – Тюмень: РИО ФГБОУ ВПО«ТюмГАСУ», 2015.- 98с.

 

 

Настоящее учебное пособие предназначенодля студентов направления 08.03.01 «Строительство», профиль «Промышленное и гражданское строительство», профиль «Производство и применение строительных материалов, изделий и конструкций», профиль «Городское строительное хозяйство» очной и заочной форм обучения, составлено на основе современных аутентичных материалов по теме «Строительство» и адаптированы к уровню подготовки бакалавров технического вуза.

В содержании методических указаний имеется словарь к указанным текстам, способствующий совершенствованию навыков чтения, технического перевода, составления аннотаций к текстам и усвоению лексики по терминологии направления и профиля.

 

Рецензент: доцент каф. анг.яз., методики и переводоведения УрГПУ, канд. Пед наук, Казакова О.П.

Рецензент: ст. преподаватель каф. ин.яз.ТюмГАСУ,Чуманова Н.А.

 

Тираж 50 экземпляров.

© ФГБОУ ВПО«Тюменский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет»

© Баликаева М.Б.

Редакционно-издательский отдел ФГБОУ ВПО«Тюменский государственный архитектурно-строительный университет»

CONTENT

Введение                                                                                      4

INTRODUCTION                                                                      5

CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS                                        11

TIMBER                                                                                16

STONE                                                                                       22

BRICK                                                                                        26

CONCRETE AND CEMENT                                                        30

STEEL, METALS, GLASS AND PLASTIC                            40

AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE                                                   45

TEXTS FOR TEST                                                                    48

MY SPECIALITY                                                                      53

ADDITIONAL MATERIAL                                                     57

HOME READING                                                                     65

CLICHES FOR RESUME                                                         68

CONTROL YOURSELF                                                           70

DICTIONRY OF CONSTUCTON TERMS                             73

GRAMMAR                                                                               75  

С ONTROL WORK № 1                                             88

С ONTROL WORK № 2                                                       91

SOURCES                                                                                  9 7

Введение

Данное учебное пособие предназначено для организации практической и самостоятельной работы бакалавров, направление «Строительство», профиль «Промышленное и гражданское строительство», профиль «Производство и применение строительных материалов, изделий и конструкций», профиль «Городское строительное хозяйство» очной и заочной форм обучения.  

Учебное пособие способствуют совершенствованию навыков чтения, технического перевода, составления резюме и усвоению лексики по терминологии направления и профиля.

 Учебное пособие состоят из 19 разделов, содержащих тексты различной направленности: строительство, из истории строительства, строительные материалы и др., лексико-грамматические упражнения для закрепления умения чтения, грамматический справочник для выполнения контрольных работ, контрольные работы.

     К текстам прилагаются небольшие словари, облегчающие понимание, способствующие более точному переводу данных текстов и запоминанию лексики и терминологии по данному направлению и профилю.

В приложении дается список выражений, необходимых для правильного составления резюме к текстам, в соответствии с принятыми требованиями.

При отборе материала соблюдались принципы, отвечающие современным требованиям методики обучения иностранным языкам: мотивация, интегрированный подход, метод проектов, мозговой штурм.

 Учебное пособие предназначено как для самостоятельной работы, так и для аудиторных занятий бакалавров.

Предлагаемое учебное пособие способствуют развитию следующих компетенций:

ОК- 5: способность к коммуникации в устной и письменной формах на русском и иностранном языках для решения задач межличностного и межкультурного взаимодействия;

ОК- 6: способность к коммуникации в устной и письменной формах на русском и иностранном языках для решения задач межличностного и межкультурного взаимодействия.

I. INTRODUCTION

1. Ответьте на вопросы (мозговой штурм):

DISCUSSION:

Discuss in groups the following questions:

What do you know about the history of construction?

What countries developed the building construction?

What materials were used for construction in old times?

What did the builders construct at that time?

THE HISTORY OF BUILDING

II. CONSTRUCTION MATERIALS

TEXT 1. BUILDING MATERIALS

 

Materials used for construction purposes possess different properties. They differ in durability, strength, weight, fire- and decay-resistance and, naturally, cost.

Wood, timber, brick, stone, concrete, metals, and plastics belong to the most сommonly used building materials nowadays. In most cases it is important that they should be hard, durable, fire-resistant an easily fastened together. They all have their advantages and disadvantages that are taken into account when designing a structure.

Wood belongs to naturally growing materials. It is known to be the oldest construction material and is still widely used for different purposes. Wood is popular since it has low weight and is easy to work. Besides, it grows naturally and is cheap. But its usage is limited because of its disadvantages: it easily burns and decays. As to stone, it also belongs to the oldest building materials. Among its advantages there are strength, high heat insulation and fire-resistance.

As to stone it also belongs to one of the oldest building materials used by men. It is characteristic of many properties. Among its advantages there are mechanical strength, high heat and sound insulation and fire-resistance.

Brick   belongs to artificial construction materials. It has been used in many countries and in different climates. In modern times bricks vary widely with the method of production and temperature of burning.

Concrete is known to be one of the most popular building materials. It is produced by mixing cement, gravel, water, and sand in the proper amounts.

Steel has come into general use with the development of industry. Its manufacture requires special equipment and skilled labour.

Plastics combine all the fine characteristics of a building material with good insulating properties. It is no wonder that the architects and engineers have turned to them to add beauty to modern homes and offices.

All building materials are divided into three main groups:

1) Main building materials such as rocks and artificial stones, timber and metals.

2) Binding materials such as lime, gypsum and cement.

3) Secondary or auxiliary materials which are used for the interior parts of the buildings.

We use many building materials for bearing structures. Binding materials are used for making artificial stone and for joining different planes. For the interior finish of the building we use secondary materials.

Natural building materials are: stone, sand, lime and timber. Cement clay products and concrete are examples of artificial building materials.

 

1. property 2. purpose 3. hard (hardness) 4. durable (durability) 5. fire resistant (fire resistance) 6. fasten 7. disadvantage 8. burn 9. decay 10. strength 11. artificial 12. require 13. equipment 14. turn 15. add 16. beauty 17. divide 18. main 19. timber 20. lime 21. secondary 22. auxiliary 23. bear 24. join 25. plane

свойство цель твердый (твердость) прочный, долговечный (прочность) огнестойкий, огнеупорный скреплять недостаток гореть, сжигать гнить прочность искусственный требовать оборудование зд. обращаться добавлять красота разделить основной строительный лес известь вторичный вспомогательный, дополнительный поддерживать, подпирать соединять плоскость

3. К каждой данной паре слов вспомните русское слово с тем же корнем, что и английское (работа в парах):

1. сharacteristic   2. compactness 3. porosity 4. concrete 5. industry 6. manufacture 7. combine 8. characteristics   9. modern

отличительный, типичный плотность,компактность пористая структура бетон промышленность производство соединять, сочетать характерная особенность, свойство современный

10. rock   11. gypsum 12. cement 13. interior     14. structure   15. finish 16. natural 17. clay

горная порода, камень гипс цемент внутренняя часть помещения конструкция, сооружение отделка природный глина, глинозем

4. Какие из данных слов являются а) существительные б) прилагательные? Почему? (работа в парах)

mixer, various, advantageous, gravel, purpose, art, artificial, stone, resistant, resistance, durability, durable, disadvantage, property

III. TIMBER

1. Назовите а) свойства древесины, б) преимущества, в) недостатки, г) применение древесины.

2.Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на слова и выражения после текста

TEXT 1. TIMBER

Timber belongs to one of the oldest building materials. It has been from ancient times and is still produced from cut wood.

Timber has always been highly usable in construction because of its many advantages. To these belong its strength, light weight, cheapness, and high workability. Its other advantage is that it belongs to natural resources and is naturally renewable. It is the more so that about a third of the world is still considered to be covered with forests. Besides, timber is resistant to corrosion produced by chemical substances in the modern polluted atmosphere. One more advantage of timber is that it can be used for many construction purposes. But, naturally, timber has disadvantages and the main ones are that it is not fire-resistant and it easily decays; especially if it is not impregnated. Besides, freshly cut timber contains water that may cause great structural defects. Removal of water from timber is a necessary procedure that should take place before timber is used in practice. It increases strength and workability of the material and, of course, its durability.

What is timber mainly used for? Because of its many advantages it is highly used for producing window and floor frames, for flooring and roofing and for other various woodwork. The two main types of timber are hardwoods and softwoods. Of them, hardwoods are popular as materials used for decorative purposes: veneering in furniture and panelling. As to softwoods, they are mainly used for producing window and door frames and other kinds of internal woodwork.

1. belong 2. ancient 3. employ = apply 4. usable 5. cheap 6. consider 7. resistant to 8. impregnate 9. cause 10. structural 11. remove 12. take place 13. veneer   14. floor   15. woodwork

принадлежать древний применять, использовать годный к употреблению, практичный, удобный дешевый считать, рассматривать, полагать устойчивый; упорный; стойкий пропитывать(ся) причина, основание || быть причиной, вызывать строительный удалять происходить, случаться (кирпичная) облицовка; наружный слой; защитное покрытие обклеивать фанерой 2) облицовывать пол, настил, межэтажное перекрытие; настилать пол 1) деревянные изделия 2) деревянные части (сооружения) 3) плотничные работы; столярные работы

3.К каждой данной паре слов вспомните русское слово с тем же корнем, что и английское (работа в парах):

 

1. construction   2. structural 3. natural resources  4. corrosion   5. naturally 6. procedure    7. mechanical                                8. decorative                                      9. panel                                             10. furniture                                         11. select                                             12. modern construction                  13. defect

1. строительство; стройка; постройка; конструкция; сооружение; строение; здание 2. строительный 3. природные ресурсы 4. разъедание; коррозия; ржавление выветривание; размывание 5. натурально, встречающийся в природе 6. рабочая операция; технологический процесс; технология 7. механический 8. декоративный 9. обшивать панели листами 10. мебель 11. выбирать 12. современное строительство 13. дефект, неисправность, повреждение

4. Запомните ключевые термины и слова.

floor — пол, этаж              roofing — покрытие крыши

flooring — настилка полов to roof — настилать крышу

frame — рама, корпус       surface - поверхность

removal - устранение, переме- to belong to — принадлежать (к)

щение

roof — крыша, кровля

TEXT 2. Timber

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы после текста.

Timber framing and conventional wood framing are two different forms of construction. Timber framed structures use fewer, larger timbers with dimensions from IS to 30 cm and mortice and tenon or wooden pegs as fastening methods, whereas conventional woodframed buildings have a greater number of timbers with dimensions from 5 to 25 cm, and nails or other mechanical fasteners are used to join the timbers. Today timber structures are often surrounded in manufactured panels, such as Structural Insulating Panels (SIPs). They are made up of two rigid woodenbased composite materials with a foamed insulating material inside. This method is used because these structures are easier to build and they provide more efficient heat insulation. Timber-framed construction offers a lot of advantages. It is kind to the environment (when the wood used is taken from sustainable forests) and the frames can be put up quickly. Its design is elegant and simple, and also both practical and adaptable. It can give a house character, both inside and outside. Thanks to its strength, large open spaces can be created, something which is not so easy to obtain with other techniques. It is very versatile, so timber-framed houses can also be clad with stone or brick. This offers two more advantages: the house can blend in with the surrounding area (both urban and rural) and it is very energy-efficient. Timber is also cheaper than other materials.

 

1.  Do timber-framed structures use larger or smaller timbers compared to conventional wood framing?

2.   Which fastening methods do the two different methods use?

3.  What structures have been recently used? How are they made up?

4.  What are the advantages of this method?

2. Почитайте текст снова и напишите резюме, используя следующие выражения:

The text is about …

At the beginning of the text the author stresses (underlines, points out) that …

Then the author describes (suggests, states that) …

After that the author passes on to (description of, statement of, analysis of …}

At the end of the text the author comes to the conclusion (pays attention to the fact) that…

 

IV. STONE

1. Назовите а) свойства камня, б) преимущества, в) недостатки, г) применение камня (мозговой штурм).

2.Прочитайте и переведите текст, обращая внимание на слова и выражения после текста.

TEXT 1. STONE

Stone has been used as a structural material since the earliest days. Almost of all famous buildings of classic times, of the medieval and Renaissance periods and of the eighteenth and early nineteenth centuries were erected of stone masonry. In some places stone was used because of the scarcity of timber, bin in other places stone was preferred because of its durability.

The stones which are usually used for masonry work are as follows:

1) Granite is very hard, strong and durable. It is used particularly for basements base courses, columns and steps and for the entire facades. Its colour may be gray yellow pink or deep red.

2) Sandstone. Sandstone is composed of grains of sand or quarts cemented together. Sandstones form one of the most valuable materials. The durability of sandstones depends very largely upon the cementing material.

Thus, there are different kinds of sandstones. Many sandstones are exceptionally hard and are selected for steps, sills etc. The excellent state of preservation of many ancient buildings built of this stone is evidence of this. But city buildings constructed of sandstone often assume a drab appearance owing to the dark colour. It is an excellent material for concrete aggregate.

3) Marble is a crystalline stone chiefly used for decorative purposes

White and black marbles are used for ornamental decoration where the beauty of the marble is shown to its best advantage.

 

1. since 2. early 3. famous 4. medieval 5. erect 6. prefer 7. because of 8. particular(ly) 9. entire 10. compose 11. depend on 12. exceptional(ly) 13. excellent 14. preserve 15. evidence 16. assume   17. drab 18. appearance 19. purpose

1. с тех пор как, с 2. ранний 3. известный 4. средневековый 5. сооружать, воздвигать 6. предпочитать 7. из-за 8. особенный (особенно) 9. весь, целый 10. состоять 11. зависеть 12. исключительный(исключительно) 13. отличный 14. сохранять 15. свидетельство 16. принимать,допускать, предполагать 17. тускло-коричневый; темный 18. внешний вид 19. цель

3. К каждой данной паре слов вспомните русское слово с тем же корнем, что и английское (работа в парах):

1. structure 2. base 3. form 4. cement 5. select 6. column 7. steps 8. aggregate 9. ornamental 10. decoration

a) сооружение, здание, конструкция b) основание, фундамент; основывать c) составлять, являться d) цементировать, скреплять цементным раствором e) выбирать f) колонна g) шаги, ступени h) заполнитель i) фигурный, декоративный j) украшение

4. Вспомните значение следующих английских слов и подберите к ним эквиваленты из правого столбца (работа в парах):

1. structural material 2. the earliest days 3. Renaissance period 4. stone masonry 5. scarcity of timber 6. as follows 7. base courses 8. valuable material 9. concrete aggregate 10. ornamental decoration 11. best advantage

a) бетонный заполнитель b) ценный материал c) основной венец(каменной крепи) d) строительный материал e) фигурное украшение f) давние времена g) недостаток древесины h) эпоха Ренессанса (Возрождения) i) самое большое преимущество j) каменная кладка k) следующее

TEXT 2. STONE

V. BRICK

Text 1. BRICK

Brick, stone, and timber are known to be the oldest building materials. Bricks belong to artificial (man-made) materials. Their production started in prehistoric times. Since then they have been produced and tested in all types of climate and in many countries. Thousands of years ago the builders in Egypt already knew the advantages of bricks and used them for construction. In those days the production of bricks was quite different from the modern one: bricks wore produced not by burning but by drying in the sun, there being much sunshine in Egypt all the year round. Brick work was also popular in Rome, there being very few growing forests and as a result little timber there.

In modern times bricks can be made of concrete, mortar, of burnt clay and of a combination of some other substances. For example, different types of clay and shale can be used as raw materials. Accordingly, bricks produced nowadays have different sizes, shapes, colours, and textures. Bricks also vary with the method of fabrication and temperatures of burning. It should be noted that some types of brick, such as, for example, salmon bricks are underburnt and highly porous. Naturally, their strength is extremely poor. This property of salmon brick should be taken into account when choosing brick material for construction. But there exist many other types of brick that are extremely strong and almost glass hard. Between these extremes there lie some other types of brick with different properties. Brick properties are of great importance and should be taken into account while choosing material for construction purposes.

2. Выберете и запишите правильный вариант.

 

1. Shale and clay belong to (natural, man-made) materials.

2. (Metal and glass, clay and mortar) ___________ are used

for fabricating bricks.

3. In (prehistoric, modern) __________ times bricks (are, were)

________ made by {drying in the sun, burning) _.

4. Russia is extremely (rich, poor) _____ in raw materials.

5. There were (many, few) ___ growing forests in Rome in pre­historic times.

6. Bricks (are extremely different, do not differ) ______ in size,

colour, and texture.

Types of Brick

 

clay brick	глиняный кирпич
ceramic b.	керамический к.
lime and sand b.	известково-песчаный к.
common b.	красный к.
porous b.	пористый к.
solid b.	полнотелый к.
air b.	пустотелый к.
wall b.	стеновой к.
shaped b.	фасонный к.
cellular b.	ячеистый к.
pressed b.	прессованный к.

TEXT 2.

CERAMIC TILES

It is a well-known fact that there exist many types of bricks. Some of I hem are highly usable in construction while others are not popular because of their poor properties. Between these types there lie various types that are used for specific purposes. To them belong, for example, ceramic tiles.

Ceramic tiles is a burned-clay product. It is mainly used for decorative and sanitary purposes.

A ceramic tile consists of a clay body (корпус) covered with decorative glaze. Ceramic tiles are usually flat in form. They are extremely various. They vary in size from about 1/2 in square to more than 6 in. Their shapes are widely variable: squares, rectangles, hexagones, and others. Ceramic tiles are produced from clays of different colours. But — strange as it is — their colours do not depend on the colours of clays they are made of. Tiles are glazed, as a rule, and their colour depends on the colour of the glaze they are covered with. It is quite natural that ceramic tiles in practice exist in wide variety of colours: from pure whites to deep darks and blacks. Ceramic tiles are applied to the covered surface by means of a mortar or some adhesive substance. They are usually applied with the thinnest mortar joint.

 

2. Составьте диалог, используя вопросы (ролевая игра).

1. Is the body of a ceramic tile covered with some substance? What substance is it covered with?

2. What spheres are ceramic tiles used in?

3. Do they differ in forms, colours, and shapes?

4. What are their colours and sizes?

5. By what means are ceramic tiles applied to the surfaces? Are they applied with a thick or thin adhesive joint?

TEXT 3.

Terracotta

Terracotta belongs to decorative types of brick. They are produced of burned clay. Their structural properties being similar to the properties of brick, they are often used in a manner similar to brick. Terracotta also exists in a wide variety of colours from pure whites to blacks. Their colour depends on the colour of the glaze they are covered with. Different adhesive substances are used for the application of terracotta to the surfaces being decorated with them.

TEXT 4. Brick

VI. CONCRETE AND CEMENT

TEXT 1. CONCRETE

1. Запомните и выучите следующее термины.

concrete — бетон                        quality — качество

aggregate — заполнитель (бетона)   tensile — растяжимый, вязкий

coarse — крупный, необработан- to crush - дробить

ный, сырой                      accordingly - соответственно

fine — тонкий, мелкозернистый the very — именно тот, тот самый
precast — готовый, готовоотлитый

Запомните следующие слова.

bridge — мост

cell — ячейка, клетка, канал в

пустотном кирпиче

cellular concrete — ячеистый

газобетон

dam - дамба, плотина

foam — пена

foamy — пустотелый, пенный

pile — свая

to emit — испускать, выделять

TEXT 3. PRECAST CONCRETE

1. Запомните следующие термины (работа в парах):

beam — балка, бимс     storage — хранение, запас

compression — сжатие  tank — бак, резервуар

decade — десятилетие   tower — башня, вышка, опора
pipe - труба

TABLE 1. Types of Concrete

 

architectural concrete	архитектурный бетон
asphalt с	Асфальтобетон
gas с.	Газобетон
gypsum с	гипсовый б.
gravel с	бетон из гравия
precast с	заранее отлитый б.
plain с	неармированный б.
prestressed reinforced с	напряженно армированный б.

TABLE 2. Properties of Concrete

 

high-strength concrete	высокопрочный бетон
waterproof с	водонепроницаемый б.
nailable с	гвоздимый б.
lightweight с	легкий б., теплый б.
cast-in-situ с	монолитный б.
poor quality с	б. низкого качества

Silica Concrete

Among the aggregates concrete is composed of, there are heavy and light ones. Silica belongs to comparatively new types of concrete. Its structure is rather special. It does not contain cement and is relatively light in weight. Besides, it is highly fire-resistant. Because of these and some other properties silica concrete is widely used in aviation and in building under­water constructions. But its disadvantages should be also taken into account: because of its light weight its strength is considerably decreased.

9. Ответьте на следующие вопросы.

1. Which of the two kinds of concrete possesses greater strength — cellular or asphalt concrete?

2. What is the name of concrete having glass in its structure?

3. What is the meaning of the term 'nailable'?

4. What kind (kinds) of concrete has (have) practically limitless use?

 

Запомните следующие слова.

achievement - достижение       

hydration - гидрация, присоединение воды    

specification — технические условия  

to cure — сохранять, исправлять, выдерживать

vapour - испарение, пар

liquid– жидкость

layer — слой

ratio — отношение

TEXT 1. Steel

TEXT 2. Glass and metals

 

1.   Прочитайте текст и подберете соответствующее название к каждому параграфу.

C An interesting experiment

 

1. Glass is a fashionable material in contemporary architecture. Transparent buildings and structures are very popular in contemporary architecture. Structural glass components such as columns and beams are often required, but this material seems structurally unsafe because of its brittleness. For this reason a new construction technique has been developed using:

• very long overlapping glass segments to create glass beams. These are made by bonding the segments adhesively;

• a small stainless steel profile that has been added to the layout of the glass beam to reinforce it.

2.To prove that glass structures can be as safe as reinforced concrete, an experimental transparent pavilion has been designed (with dimensions 9 x 9 x 3.6 m3) that combines a number of innovative ideas. Many different kinds of glass and glass systems have been used. The outermost and the triple-layered insulating glass units have been tempered and sometimes laminated and some glass has also been coated with solar control glass to reflect some of the unwanted sunshine outwards. In other cases glass that can be heated electrically and glass panes free of iron oxide have been used to make the inside light more natural.

3. Painted, stainless, hot dip galvanised and weather resistant steel, as well as alu minium, have also been used for supporting structures. Aluminium has some advantages (it is light, resistant to corrosion and easy to work but also some disadvantages (its thermal expansion and conductivity are high and it has low elastic modulus and fire resistance). Stainless steel also offers some advantages (it has good fire resistance and it is easy to keep) but its high price is a major disadvantage. Both hot dip galvanised and painted steel are not as expensive, but they are difficult to work on site and are not resistant to corrosion.

 

2. Почитайте текст сова и определите соответствие и несоответствие содержанию текста (T) или (F).

1. Glass is very popular in contemporary architecture.

2. There is no way to create a glass structure that is as safe as reinforced concrete.

3. A transparent pavilion has been recently designed as an experiment that uses some innovative ideas.

4. There is only one type of glass in this pavilion.

5. Glass has also been used for supporting structures.

6. Hot dip galvanised steel is not resistant to corrosion.

 

TEXT 3. Plastic

1. Прочитайте текст и выберете правильный вариант.

Plastic products offer a number of ecological advantages: they save resources, have a low maintenance cost and can be recycled. Furthermore they contribute to save energy (plastic foams are used for thermal insulation in many applications). Plastic is also useful for noise protection and insulation. The main fields of application of these materials are pipes, insulation, wall covering, flooring (both in houses and in public areas) and, quite recently, window frames (made of PVC). PVC stands for Polyvinyl Chloride and it is the plastic which has seen the most rapid growth in recent times in industry. PVC is often used in piping systems because of its good chemical resistance to corrosive fluids. PVC pipes are used for a great number of applications: to drain waste, for natural gas distribution, for electrical and communications wiring, for municipal water. As it is the newest primary construction material and entirely man-made, plastic is extremely versatile. Improvements made through research have increased its acceptance among designers, contractors and building code officials.

 

1 Plastic products save...

A industry.                        B materials.                                C resources.

2 Plastic insulation is also useful for... protection.

A recycled                             B resources                                 C noise

3 PVC is the plastic whose use has grown more...

A recently.                       B slowly.                                     C primary.

4 The... fields of application of these materials are in flooring.

A alternative                        B main                                         C useful

5 PVC has good... resistance to corrosive fluids.

A physical                           B public                                       C chemical

6 PVC pipes are used for... gas distribution.  

A natural                             B chemical                                   C piping

 

2. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

1. What are the advantages offered by plastic products?

2. How can plastic save energy?

3. What is plastic insulation useful for?

4.  What are the main fields of application of plastic?

5.  What does PVC stand for?

6.  What are PVC pipes used for?

 

5. Прочитайте текст снова и напишите резюме, используя следующие выражения:

The text is about …

At the beginning of the text the author stresses (underlines, points out) that …

Then the author describes (suggests, states that) …

After that the author passes on to (description of, statement of, analysis of …}

At the end of the text the author comes to the conclusion (pays attention to the fact) that…

 

AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE

AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE

By the simple definition from the dictionary “ aggregates are the materials, such as sand and small stones, that are mixed with cement to form concrete”. In other words aggregates can be defined as a mass of practically inert mineral materials, which, when surrounded and bonded together by an active binder, form a rock. This rock is denoted by the general term concrete.

Aggregates have three principal functions in the concrete: they provide a relatively cheap filler for the concreting material, or binder; they provide a mass of particles which are suitable for resisting the action of applied loads, of abrasion, of percolation of moisture through the mass, and of climate factors; they reduce volume changes resulting from the action of the settin g and hardening of the concrete mass.

All aggregates, both natural and artificial, which have sufficient strength and resistance to weathering, and which do not contain harmful impurities may be used for making concrete. As aggregates such as natural materials as sand. Pebbles, broken stone, broken brick, gravel, slag, cinder, pumice and others can be used.

Sand is the chief material used as a fine aggregate. It is required in mortar or concrete for economy and to prevent the excessive cracking. Mortar made without sand would be expensive.

     The word “sand” is applied to any finely divided material, which will not injuriously affect the cement or lime and which is not subject to disintegration or decay. Sand is almost the only material which is sufficiently cheap and which can fulfill these requirements.

     A mixture of coarse and fine grains is very satisfactory, as it makes a denser and stronger concrete with a less amount of cement than when only fine-grained sand is used.

     The following sands are used for mortars: quarry sand, river sand and sea sand.

 

СЛОВА И ВЫРАЖЕНИЯ К ТЕКСТУ

” AGGREGATES FOR CONCRETE ”

1. aggregate 2. bond 3. binder 4. rock 5. abrasion 6. result from 7. reduce 8. setting   9. hardening   10. contain 11. pebbles 12. broken stone=broken brick 13. cinder 14. pumice apply (applied) 15. injurious 16. affect 17. subject 18. decay 19. fulfill 20. coarse 21. grains 22. quarry

1. Заполнитель 2. связывать, соединять, сцеплять 3. вяжущее 4. камень, булыжник; горная порода 5. стирание, стирание, трение 6. происходить, вытекать 7. уменьшать 8. затвердевание,застывание; схватывание (цемента); 9. затвердение, застывание (цемента, бетона); цементирование 10. содержать, вмещать 11. булыжник, мелкий камень, щебень 12. щебень 13. окалина, шлак, угольный мусор 14. пемза 15. применять, прикладывать вредный, приносящий вред 16. влиять 17. подвергаться 18. гнить, гниение, разложение 19. выполнять 20. крупный 21. зерна 22.открытая разработка, карьер

IX. MY SPECIALITY

I am a second year student of the Building Institute of the Tyumen State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering. It is one of the largest higher educational establishments in our town. The Civil Engineering Institute was founded in 1971. Our Institute trains civil engineers in the following specialities: “Industrial and Civil Construction”, “Manufacture of the Building Structures”, “Management of Real Estate”, “Heating and Gas Supply”, “Road Engineering”, "City Construction” and “Water Supply”. During the years of activity the Institute has trained many highly-qualified engineers. Such specialists are in great demand nowadays. There are the day-time, and extra-mural departments. Those who combine studies with their work are trained at the extra-mural departments. The whole process of studying deals with mastering new construction methods and progressive technology of production of building structures and materials. The junior students are taught mathematics, physics, a foreign language (English/German/French), chemistry, philosophy, computer processing of information. We attend lectures, do laboratory work and tests. We have quite a number of well-equipped laboratories at our disposal. Mastering one of the foreign languages enables us to read foreign literature and learn about the latest scientific and technical achievements abroad. The senior students study special engineering subjects such as Strength of Materials, Theoretical Mechanics, Building Materials, Geodesy, Architecture, etc. The fourth-year students combine their studies with their research work. We write course papers and graduation theses on the scientific problems of our research work. Many highly - qualified teachers work at the departments of our Institute, some of them have candidate's degrees and scientific ranks. In summer the students of our faculty, besides vacation, have their practical hours in order to have a clear idea of what our speciality means. According to the academic plan the fourth -year students are sent to work at different plants and construction sites, where they learn to employ in practice the knowledge they gained at the University. During practice the students master the job of a civil engineer and at the same time collect materials for their diploma papers. The final and most important period in the students’ life is the defence of the graduation work in the presence of the State Examining Board. All the graduates get work according to their speciality. We shall work at building material factories, on construction sites, at design and research institutions and laboratories. Besides, we are provided with everything necessary for a scientific career entering a post-graduate course. In a word we have a wide range of job opportunities. 

 

1.  Ответьте на следующие вопросы, используя выражения:

I suppose... I think... It seems to me... As far as I know (remember)...

I believe... As a rule... Usually... Besides...

1 What University do you study at? 2 What Institute do you belong to? 3 When was it founded? 4 Are you a second-year student? 5 What specialists does the Building Institute train? 6. Why do you want to become a civil engineer? 7 What subjects is the academic program composed of? 8 Why do our students study foreign languages? 9 What does the course of studies end with? 10 What problems do the students deal with in their course papers and graduation theses? 11 Where do our graduates work? 12 In what way can graduates continue their study? 

 

Представьте, что вы являетесь участником международной выставки, организованной в вашем Университете. Инсценируйте данный диалог.

 

At an Industrial Exhibition

 

Boris Antonov is an engineer from a Tyumen Plant of Building Structures, which is taking part in an industrial exhibition at the Tyumen State University of Architecture and Civil Engineering.  

 

 Mr. Blake, a businessman from Canada, is talking to Antonov, who is working at the exhibition as a guide.  

Blake: Have you seen our new model, Boris?    

Antonov: Yes, and I must say it is a very up-to-date design.   

B: I'm happy to hear that!   

A: We are interested in buying some of these machines for our factories.    

 B: Are you? How many would you like to buy?     

A: I can't give you a definite answer now, I think it may be a big order. Would you like to visit the factory and talk to the Director General?    

 B: I'd love to if you could arrange it soon, because I am leaving Orenburg next Saturday.    

 A: No problem, Mr. Blake.     

B: Good. Thank you ever so much. 

   

TEXT 1.

1.Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

TEXT 1. WOOD

Wood has been a highly used building material since prehistoric times. Among other highly used construction materials there are concrete, steel, brick, stone, and plastics. They all differ in their properties and in the methods of usage. Construction materials are known to differ in strength, hardness, fire- and corrosion-resistance durability, and, naturally, cost.

Being the oldest building material, wood is also known to be the only naturally growing organic material. Is wood strong? Hardly so, because wood always contains some water which decreases its strength. But after thewood is cut, the water content starts to evaporate and as the water content decreases the strength of the cut wood and its hardness start to increase. It is a well-known fact that the drier is the cut wood the greater is its strength and hardness.

Trees are known to grow naturally, which makes wood a constantly renewable natural resource. Among other advantages of wood there are its low cost, low weight, and high workability. But, as any other construction material, wood has its disadvantages. The main ones are the following — it is not fire-resistant, it easily burns. Besides, it easily decays.

 

1. What building materials are used in construction and what are their main properties?

2. What decreases the strength of wood and what is necessary to do to increase the strength of wood?

3. What are advantages and disadvantages of wood?

TEXT 2.

 

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

TEXT 2. WOOD PRODUCTS

Wood used for construction purposes is usually changed into laminated wood or wood panel products. Large structural wooden members are produced by glueing small strips of wood together.

Wood in panel form is more advantageous for many building purposes than boards. Why is it so? First of all, because wood panels are much easier to install than boards. They require much less labour for the process of installation. Besides, swelling (набухание) and splitting (расщепление) in panels are greatly decreased compared with boards. As to plywood panels, they are made up of thin wooden veneers glued together. It is of great importance to note that when wooden structures are designed the future stresses of their structural members must be predetermined.

 

 

1. Does wood as a structural material have only advantages? If not, what are its disadvantages?

2. Is wood a strong building material? If not, why?

3.  Does the water content in the cut wood increase or decrease?

4. What forms is wood changed into? And for what purposes? Compare wood in panel forms with boards. What do they differ in?

5. What elements are plywood panels made up of?

 

Kinds of Wood

 

Древесина	wood, timber
березовая д.	birch wood
дубовая д.	oak w.
клееная д.	glued w.
пропитанная д.	impregnated w.
слоистая д.	laminated w.
д. мягких пород	Softwood
д. твердых пород	Hardwood

 

TEXT 3.

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

FROM THE HISTORY OF METALS

Metals began to be widely used as construction materials not so long iigo. Before the beginning of the nineteenth century metals played little structural role in the process of building. Mostly they served for joining parts of buildings. The ancient Greeks and Romans are known to use bronze for joining slabs of stone.

It was only in the eighteenth century when the first all-metal structure was built in Europe. It was a cast-iron bridge across the river Severn in England. The strength of the bridge turned out to be so great that now, more than two centuries after its construction, it still carries heavy modern traffic across the Severn.

In the first half of the nineteenth century cast iron and wrought iron were introduced and used for industrial construction in Europe and North America. Steel was not widely used, being considered a rare and expensive building material. Inexpensive steel first began to be produced and used only with the invention of the Bessemer process, in the 1850s. From that period on, metal started to be used as rather popular and useful building material. The famous Eiffel Tower of Paris was constructed of wrought iron in 1889. By that period several steel frame skyscrapers had already been built in the United States. That was the beginning of the new era; a new highly useful and popular construction material had been born and introduced into building industry.

1. For what purposes were metals mostly used before the beginning of the nineteenth century?

2. What did ancient Greeks and Romans use bronze for?

3. When and where was the first all-metal structure built? What can you say about its present-day condition?

4. What kinds of iron were introduced in the first half of the nineteenth century?

5. Why was steel as a building material unpopular for a long period?

6. What is the essence of the Bessemer process?

7. What was the global result of its invention?

8. What material is the famous Eiffel Tower constructed of?

9. In what country were the first skyscrapers built?

10. Are they good to live in? Would you like to live in a skyscraper?

TEXT 4.

1. Прочитайте текст и ответьте на вопросы.

STEEL

What is steel as a construction material? Steel may be classified as iron with the controlled amount of carbon. The amount of carbon in steel is generally less than 1.7 per cent. Ordinary structural steel should contain less than three tenth of one per cent carbon. This kind of steel also contains small amounts of phosphorus, sulfur, oxygen, nitrogen and silicon. Like iron and its alloys, steel belongs to ferrous metals. It is a hard substance. Accordingly, it can be pulled, forged, and melted. Generally, steel, this strong metal, like other metals, is a good conductor of electricity. Alloyed steel and stainless steel are corrosion-resistant kinds of steel. Corrosion-resistant materials are known lo be widely used for plant equipment, furnaces, valves, etc.

It should be noted that steel frames as a whole and their separate parts should