Read the article below and fulfil the tasks after it.

Cultures can be different not only between continents or nations, but also within the same company or even family (geographical, ethnical, moral, ethical, religious, political, historical).

Here are typical examples of cultural differences. The perception is different and often selective:

- In Arabic countries the odors (of condiments, coffee etc.) are often perceived in more differentiated ways than in, for examples, North America.

- In Asian countries the conception of time is rather past-oriented (ancestors, values), in Latin American countries as well as southern European countries, rather present-oriented, and in western Europe as well as North America rather future-oriented (achieving goals).

Behaviour and gestures are interpreted differently:

- Showing the thumb held upwards in the Americas, especially Brazil and the United States, means “everything’s ok”, while it is understood in some Islamic countries as a rude sexual sign.

- “Everything ok” is shown in western European countries, especially between pilots and divers, with the sign of the thumb and forefinger an “O”. This sign means in Japan “now we may talk about money”, in southern France the contrary (“nothing, without any value”), in some Latin American countries, Eastern Europe and Russia it is an indecent sexual sign.

- In North America as well as in Arabic countries the pauses between words are usually not too long, while in Japan pauses can give a contradictory sense to the spoken words. Enduring silence is perceived as comfortable in Japan, while in India, Europe and North America it may cause insecurity and embarrassment. Scandinavians, by Western standards, are more tolerant of silent breaks during conversations.

- Laughing is connoted in most countries with happiness – in Japan it is often a sign of confusion, insecurity and embarrassment.

- In the UK and Commonwealth countries the word “compromise” has a positive meaning (as consent, an agreement where both parties win something); in North America and Ireland it may, at times, have negative connotations (as both parties lose something) (this phenomenon tends to happen in highly competitive atmospheres where consensus has broken down).

- If invited to dinner, in some Asian countries and Central America it is well-mannered to leave right after the dinner: the ones who don’t leave may indicate they have not eaten enough. In the Indian sub-continent, Europe, South America, and North American countries this is considered rude, indicating that the guest only wanted to eat but wouldn’t enjoy the company with the hosts.

- In Mediterranean European countries, Latin America, and Sub-Saharan Africa, it is normal, or at least widely tolerated, to arrive half an hour late for a dinner invitation, whereas in Germany and in the United States this would be considered very rude.

- In Africa, Arab cultures, and certain countries in South America (not in Brazil), saying to a female friend one has not seen for a while that she has put on weight means she is physically healthier than before and had a nice holiday, whereas this would be considered an insult in India, Europe, North America and Australia.

- In Africa, avoiding eye contact or looking at the ground when talking to one’s parents, an elder, or someone of higher social status is a sign of respect. In contrast, these same actions are signals of deception or shame (on the part of the doer) in North America and most of Europe.

- In Persian culture, if a person offers an item (i.e. drink), it is customary to not instantly accept it. A sort of role play forms with the person offering being refused several times out of politeness before their offering is accepted. This tradition is known as ‘tarof’ which in Persian literally means ‘offer’. A similar exchange happens in many East Asian countries.

- In African, South American and Mediterranean cultures, talking and laughing loudly in the streets and public places is widely accepted, whereas in some Asian cultures it is considered rude and may be seen as a mark of self-centeredness or attention-seeking.

To be interculturally competent means to understand the behaviour of others and ways of thinking as well as the ability to express one’s own point of view in a transparent way with the aim to be understood and respected by staying flexible where this is possible, and being clear where this is necessary. It is a balance, situatively adapted, between three parts:

1. Knowledge (about other cultures, people, nations, behaviour…)

2. Empathy (understanding feelings and needs of other people)

3. Self-confidence (knowing what I want, my strengths and weaknesses, emotional stability).

Cultural characteristics can be differentiated between several dimensions and aspects (the ability to perceive them and to cope with them is one of the bases of intercultural competence), such as:

- Collectivist and individualist cultures;

- Masculine and feminine cultures;

- Uncertainty avoidance;

- Power distance; Monochrome (time-fixed, “one after the other”) and polychrome (many things at the same time, “multi-tasking”) aspects;

- Structural characteristics: e.g. basic personality, value orientation, experience of time and space, selective perception, nonverbal communication, patterns of behaviour).

 

 

2.2 Tasks:

- Using the information from the text fill in the table below. The first item is given as an example.

Countries Cultural Differences (meaning, perception)	Japan	Europe	Scandinavians
1.Pauses between words	perceived as comfortable	insecurity and embarrassment	tolerant

- Organize a discussion session devoted to intercultural competence. Use the above given information.

- Speak about the ways to be tolerant to different cultures.

- Speak about cultural differences of Russia.