Make up the plan of text B and retell it.

Unit 5

Grammar Revision: Infinitive (Part I)

Text A:               Seed

Text B:               Seedbed Preparation

Инфинитив (Infinitive)

Инфинитив (the Infinitive) – это неличная форма глагола, которая называет действие. Инфинитив является основной (или I) формой глагола и представляет глагол в словаре. Признаком инфинитива является частица to: to help – помогать, to read – читать. Инфинитив употребляется без частицы to в следующих случаях:

You had better go now. – Лучше уйди / иди сейчас.

I must see you at once. – Мне надо сейчас же встретиться с тобой.

Таблица 4 – Формы инфинитива

Forms	Active	Passive
Indefinite	to write	to be written
Continuous	to be writing	–
Perfect	to have written	to have been written
Perfect Continuous	to have been writing	–

Инфинитив в форме действительного залога обозначает действие, произведённое лицом, выраженным в предложении подлежащим, а в страдательном залоге – действие, направленное на это лицо.

I like to help. – Я люблю помогать.

I like to be helped. – Я люблю, когда мне помогают.

Инфинитив в Indefinite Active обозначает действие, не уточняя характер его протекания. Инфинитив в Continuous Active подчеркивает длительность действия.

She likes to write letters. – Она могла писать письмо.

She must be still writing. – Она, должно быть, все еще пишет.

Неперфектный инфинитив выражает действие, одновременное с действием глагола-сказуемого (или следующее за ним).

Перфектный инфинитив выражает действие, предшествующее действию, выраженному глаголом-сказуемым.

I am glad to study at the University. – Я рад, что учусь в университете.

I am glad to have studied at the University. – Я рад, что учился в университете.

 

Read and translate the following sentences paying attention to the different forms of Infinitive and their meaning.

1. I’d like to go home early today. 2. It’s nice to be sitting here. 3. I’m glad to have left school. 4. He doesn’t like to be interrupted while he’s working. 5. I remember to have been asked this question. 6. I’d like to have been sitting there when she walked in. 7. She asked me not to forget to post the letter. 8. I was sorry not to have phoned you. 9. We must make careful plans. 10. I would rather go by myself.

 

Translate the following sentences. Pay attention to difference in the translation of attributes, expressed by Participle constructions and the Infinitive.

1. The soil to be used as a seedbed should be warm, moist mellow. 2. The soil cultivated when it is too wet will not provide conditions for normal plant growth. 3. Seed planted deep enough will have a sufficient supply of moisture and nutrients. 4. Developing a new variety to be cultivated in a given area one should know its soil and climatic requirements. 5. We were given the seed to be used for sowing. 6. The seedbed prepared in spring is to provide the proper environment for seed germination. 7. Fertilizers to be applied must be of highest quality. 8. The yield of root crops produced last year was rather low. 9. The yields to be obtained on our farm greatly depend on soil conditions. 10. The increase in corn yield to be produced greatly depends on the amount and quality of fertilizers added to the soil.

 

Text A

Vocabulary list

reproductive part – репродуктивная часть

embryonic plant – зародышевое растение

generation – поколение

seed coat – семенная кожура

germ – зародыш

dormant state – состояние покоя

food supply – запас питательных веществ

endosperm – эндосперм

seed leaves – семенные листочки

to germinate – прорастать

viability – жизнеспособность

viable – жизнеспособный

storage conditions – условия хранения

to mature – созревать

to swell – набухать

clover – клевер

pressure – давление

to cause – заставлять, вызывать

stands – всходы

germination – прорастание

cereal – злак

 

1. Translate the following word combinations into Russian:

embryonic plant, new generation, plant in a dormant state, dry seeds, to germinate properly, high viability, food supply, the amount of required heat, reproductive part, storage conditions, air-dried seeds, seed coat, the kinds of seeds, moisture content, to retain vitality.

Read and translate text A.

Seed

Ordinarily the plant is divided as follows: the root system, stems and leaves and, the reproductive part made up of flowers, fruits and seeds.

Seed A seed must be looked upon as an embryonic plant of the new generation with enough stored food to start it off in life and seed coats for protection. Thus a seed consists of: a) the embryonic plant in a dormant state known also as the embryonic or germ; b) the food supply stored either inside the embryo or, as with the cereals, around it on the outside, in which case it is called the endosperm, c) one or more seed coats surrounding and protecting the other parts.

 Some seeds as those of the legumes do not contain an endosperm, the entire supply of food in them being stored inside the embryo in its seed leaves or cotyledons. Thus, in the seed the plant stores up food to be used at some future time. It is on this stored food that the young plant feeds until it is sufficiently developed to provide food for it.

Germination The dry seeds being placed under favorable conditions; the young dormant plant begins to grow. This change from a dormant state to one of activity is known as germination. For seeds to germinate well they should be well developed and have high viability. The length of time during which the seed remains viable depends on the species and the storage conditions as well, the maximum period for most species varying from 2 to 10 years. The main factor affecting the viability of seeds is their moisture content. For seeds to retain their vitality well they should be thoroughly air-dried as soon as mature and kept in dry place.

For germination to occur three conditions are necessary: sufficient heat, moisture and air should be present. Unless all three of these conditions are met, the seed will not germinate properly. The amount of required heat will vary with the kinds of seeds. Some seeds, as those of clover and oats, will grow at rather low temperature while the requirement of corn seeds is higher.