Exercise 1. Read the following extracts from conclusions and match them with the list of functions in the box.

1) comparisons with other studies 2) summary of main body 3) limitations of research 4) suggestions for further research 5) practical implications and proposals

a) In this review, attempts have been made to summarise and assess the current research trends of transgenic rice dealing exclusively with agronomically important genes.

b) As always, this investigation has a number of limitations to be considered in evaluating its findings.

c) Obviously, business expatriates could benefit from being informed that problem focused coping strategies are more effective than symptom focused ones.

d) Another line of research worth pursuing further is to study the importance of language for expatriate assignments.

e) Our review of thirteen studies of strikes in public transport demonstrates that the effect of a strike on public transport ridership varies and may either be temporary or permanent...

f) These results of the Colombia study reported here are consistent with other similar studies conducted in other countries (Baron and Norman, 1992).

g) To be more precise, there was a positive relation between tolerant and patient problem solving and all four measures of  adjustment: general, interaction, work and subjective well-being.

h) To empirically test this conjecture, we need more cross-national replication of this research.

REFERENCES AND QUOTATIONS

Academic writing relies on more than just the ideas and experience of one author. It also uses the ideas and research of other sources: books, journal articles, websites, and so forth. These other sources may be used to support the author's ideas, or the author may be discussing, analysing, or critiquing other sources. Referencing is used to tell the reader where ideas from other sources have been used in an assignment. There are many reasons why it is important to reference sources correctly:

· It shows the reader that you can find and use sources to create a solid argument

· It properly credits the originators of ideas, theories, and research findings

· It shows the reader how your argument relates to the big picture

Once you have chosen a topic for a paper, have researched a topic, and have begun writing, your next concern is often how to cite the information that you want to use within their paper. The most important thing to remember about citing sources is that you must give credit to the sources you are using whether you are taking the information word-for-word (a direct quote) or just paraphrasing (putting the information in your own words for an indirect quote). You also need to provide the proper citation when you are summarizing information from an outside source (stating in your own words information from a source briefly but concisely). Another important part of citing sources is to be aware of when you are over-using outside information in your writing. For example, some students write papers in which almost every sentence is a direct or an indirect quote. There is nothing in a paper like this that is contributed by the student. The point of a research paper is not just to provide a lot of information through outside sources, but to analyze that information and comment upon it. You need to include your own opinions, observations, and analysis in your papers; otherwise, there would be no point in someone reading your paper – he or she could just go to your outside sources and get the same information. To stop yourself from over-using outside sources, keep this simple rule in mind: For every line of a direct or indirect quote that you use, have at least one line of your own commentary or analysis regarding that quote. For example, if you have a quote that is three lines long, have at least three lines of your own writing in which you comment on that quote. This way the reader knows (A) that you understand what the quote means and (B) that you are using the quote for a reason, not just to take up space.