When was found electric phenomena?

Контрольная работа №1

I. Translate the text.

The nature of electricity

  The ancient Greeks knew that when a piece of amber is rubbed with wool or fur it achieves the power of attracting light objects. Later on the phenomenon was studied, and, the word electric, after the Greek word 'electron", meaning amber was used. Many scientists investigated electric phenomena, and during the nineteenth century many discoveries about the nature of electricity, and of magnetism, which is closely related to electricity, were made. It was found that if a sealing-wax rod is rubbed with a woolen cloth, and, a rod of glass is rubbed with a silken cloth; an electric spark will pass between the sealing-wax rod and the glass rod when they are brought near one another. Moreover, it was found that a force of attraction operates between them. An electrified sealing-wax is repelled, however, by a wax rod, and also an electrified glass rod is repelled, by a similar glass rod.

The ideas were developed that there are two kinds of electricity, which were called resinous electricity, and that opposite kinds of electricity attract one another, whereas similar kinds repel one another.

 II. Answer the following questions:

When was found electric phenomena?

What does a force of attraction mean?

What kinds of   electricity are there?

 III. Supply some, any, no, where required

1.... pupils went to the river,... to the woods. 2.... of my friends live in Moscow. 3....Have you... English dictionaries? 4. Is  there... ink in the inkstand? Yes, there is... 5. Bring...chalk, please. 6. There is... chalk in the box. 7. Is there... milk in the jug? Yes, there is

V. Fill in blanks with the Past Progressive or the Past Simple Tense of the verbs in margin.

1. We... to a lecture yesterday at ten o'clock.                                              listen

2. She... the piano from 11 till 12 o'clock.                                                    play

3. When he... in, I... my exercises.                                                               come, do

4. What... you yesterday at 8 o'clock?                                                          do

5. Yesterday when I... the newspaper, my sister... to a concert over the radio.   read, listen

6. She... out of the window when I... her.                                                    look, see

7. I... along the street with my friend when the car... by.                           walk

Контрольная работа №2

I. Translate the text:

What is electricity?

  Have you ever gotten a shock when you touched a doorknob, or seen sparks fly when you combed your hair? That's electricity.

  Electricity is a type of energy that gives things the power to work. This energy comes from electrons. Scientists have learned how to use electrons to produce electricity. I.

Classes of electricity.

The study of electricity may be divided into three classes or branches: magnetism, electrostatics, and electrodynamics. Magnetism is the property of the molecules of iron and certain other substances through which they store energy in a field of force because of the arrangement movement of the electrons in their atoms. Electrostatics is the study of electricity at rest, or static electricity. Examples of this type of electricity are charges on condenser plates. Rubbing glass with silk produces static electricity. Electrodynamics is the study of electricity in motion, or dynamic electricity. The electricity which flows through wires for light and power purposes is a good example of latter type of electricity..

 II. Translate the text:

Оборудования работающего на основе использования возобновляемых источников энергии для автономного тепло- и электроснабжения частных домов и зданий. С его помощью можно частично или полностью покрыть энергозатраты практически любого объекта.

- солнечные вакуумные водонагреватели для круглогодичного производства горячей воды

 - ветрогенераторы для выработки электроэнергии.

 - солнечные фотоэлектрические батареи и товары на их основе – зарядные устройства, фонари.

 - энергоэффективные светодиодные лампы

 III. Fill in the blanks with the articles a, an, the, where necessary.

We live in... nice flat... new house near... park.... flat is on … second floor. There are... two rooms in it. We have also... kitchen and … bathroom.... kitchen is... big enough. As... rule, my mother cooks for us. We spend... lot of... time together in... kitchen. There is... TV set in

... corner of... kitchen, and we often watch... TV there.

 

Контрольная работа № 3

I. Translate the text.

Electroscope

An electroscope is a sensitive instrument for detecting small electric charges. It consists of a glass-jar closed with a stopper of insulting material in which is fitted a varnished glass-tube. A rod passes through the tube. At the top of the rod there is a metal ball or disc at the bottom of the rod two pieces of gold leaf are suspended. When is charge is brought near the electroscope, a charge of opposite sign is induced on the metal ball, and a charge of the same sign appears on the two of the gold leaves. Since, the two pieces of gold leaf now have charges of like sign they repel each other.

As an example a negatively charged glass rod is brought to the electroscope. A positive charge is induced on the ball and a negative charge appears on the two pieces of gold leaf.

The polarity of a charge may be determined by means of an electroscope. We charge the electroscope negatively by touching the ball with the rod of hard rubber which is rubbed with flannel or silk. If the unknown charge is brought to the electroscope it will induce on the ball a charge of opposite polarity and on the gold leaves a charge of the same polarity as that of the unknown charge. Therefore, if the unknown charge is negative, the gold leaves will repel each other; if it is positive, they will attract.

II. Translate the text.

ЭЛЕКТРОСКОП, прибор для обнаружения электрического заряда. Наиболее распространен электроскоп с золотыми листочками, в котором две золотые пластинки, прикрепленные к проводнику, помещены в изолированный корпус. Если к стержню проводника подвести электрический заряд, пластинки разойдутся, и степень расхождения указывает на величину заряда.

III. Fill in the pronouns.(местоимения)                                          

When Mary came to the dining room... took off... coat and sat down. The waitress soon brought... some soup. When Mary finished... dinner... looked at... watch, put on... coat and went out. (Now Mary tells her little brother John what he must do when he goes to the dining room):... must take off... coat and sit down. Then the waitress will bring... some soup. When

... finish... dinner... must put on... coat and go out.

 

Контрольная работа №4

I.    Translate the text.

III. Translate the text.

Галогенные лампы стали применять и в быту, так как оказались достаточно экономичными и удобными в эксплуатации. Галогенная лампа, в сущности, является лампой накаливания, только вместо вакуума в ней находится специальная смесь, как правило, содержащая бром или йод, которая повышает светоотдачу лампы. При той же мощности, что и лампа накаливания, галогенная лампа имеет меньшие размеры, светит более ярко.

Контрольная работа №5.

I. Translate the text.

  Conductors, insulators, semiconductors Conductors are materials that have a large number of loosely bound valence-ring electrons; these electrons are easily knocked out of their orbit and are then referred to as free electrons. Insulators are materials in which the valence-ring electrons are tightly bound to the nucleus. In between the limits of these two major categories is a third general class of materials called semiconductors.

Capacity

When two insulated conductors, one of which is charged, are brought into contact, the charge spreads over both conductors. The uncharged conductor becomes charged. A larger conductor receives a larger part of the charge. The potential of the two conductors becomes the same as soon as they are brought into contact, but the quantity of electricity is not the same on each. The larger portion of the charge is on the larger conductor.

We say that the conductors have not the same capacity for electricity. The capacity of the conductor depends upon its size.

The capacity of the conductor is measured by the quantity of electricity which must be given to it in order to raise its potential to a given amount.

From this definition it is seen that if the capacity of a conductor increases while the quantity of electricity on it remains constant, its potential will become less.

Condenser

Any arrangement by which the capacity of a conductor is increased artificially is called a condenser.

II. Translate the text.

Техника безопасности:

Ни в коем случае нельзя одновременно дотрагиваться до бытовых приборов и заземленных предметов (водопроводные трубы, батареи центрального отопления и т. д.). Вполне возможно, что на корпус бытового прибора пробивает электричество. В последнее время все больше и больше приборов имеют заземление. Это делается для обеспечения безопасности потребителей. Такие бытовые приборы имеют трехжильный шнур и вилку с тремя контактами.

IV. Fill in the blanks with the articles a, an, the where necessary.

I have... hobby. I like to cook. During my leisure time I make … cakes and pies. It is not difficult to make... pie. Sometimes my brother helps me. He is... good boy and we get along well with... each other. My brother usually goes... shopping and buys... different things, which are necessary for... cooking. My cakes are tasty but I like... pies... best of all.

I. Translate the text.

Potential and difference of potential

    Two bodies oppositely charged have a difference of potential or voltage is measured by the work required to carry a unit of positive charge from one body to another against the force of attraction or repulsion. The magnitude of the difference of potential depends upon the concentration of the charge and not on the amount of the charge.

   If appositively charged body and a negatively charged body are brought in contact, electrons from the body with negative charge will move over to the body having the positive charge until an equilibrium of charge has taken place.

  There is a very instructive analogy between the use of the word "potential" in electricity and "pressure" in hydrostatics. Just as water tends to flow from points of higher hydrostatics pressure to points of lower hydrostatic pressure, so electricity tends to flow from points of higher electrical pressure, or potential, to points of lower electrical pressure, or potential.

 II. Translate technical terms and phrases.

Амперметры, ваттметры, вольтметры, измерительные преобразователи, индукционные, счетчики, контрольно-измерительные приборы, магнитодинамические приборы, магнитоэлектрические приборы, мультиметры, омметры, приборы выпрямительного типа, термоэлектрические приборы, фазометры, ферродинамические приборы, частотомеры, цифровые электроизмерительные приборы, электрические счётчики, электромагнитные приборы, электростатические приборы.

III. Supply   many, much or little, a little.

When we came to the dining-room there were... people there already. We sat down at a table, took the menu-card and began to read it. "I shall not eat... today", said. "... soup, some milk and... cake-nothing else". "I never eat very... said Mary. "But today I am hungry, and I want to eat as... as I can: soup, meat, fish and potatoes". "But it will take a lot of time", said Peter, "and we have very... time, you know. We have... things to do before the lecture begins".

Why you (to speak) so fast?

Контрольная работа №7

I.    Translate the text.

Чтобы обезопасить себя от воздействия электричества, принято работать в резиновых перчатках или стоять на резиновом коврике. Электрики (как, впрочем, и не электрики) берутся починить розетку или другой электрический прибор, не отключая ток. В таком случае они обязаны выполнять только одно правило: не замыкать собой электрическую цепь. Поэтому они не должны касаться каких-нибудь проводников электричества, а также обоих контактов электрического провода одновременно.

III. Choose the correct word form those given in brackets:

When I saw that actress on the stage for the first time, she (to look like, to take after) a small girl. From her biography I learnt that she (to look like, to take after) her mother, who had also been a great actress. 2. If you want some information on trade, go to the Ministry library. There are a lot of good (magazines, a journals) on the subject there.

How you (to feel)?

I.    Translate the text.

How does it work?

  It takes billions of electrons to make electricity operate. Electrons move through an electric wire in much the same way water moves through a garden hose. Turning on the faucet pushes the water through the hose. Pushing electrons makes electricity move through the wire.

III. Translate the text.

Техника безопасности:

Ни в коем случае нельзя одновременно дотрагиваться до бытовых приборов и заземленных предметов (водопроводные трубы, батареи центрального отопления и т. д.). Возможно, что на корпус бытового прибора пробивает электричество. В последнее время все больше и больше приборов имеют заземление. Это делается для обеспечения безопасности потребителей. Такие бытовые приборы имеют трехжильный шнур и вилку с тремя контактами.

IV. Supply somebody, anybody, nobody, (no one, none), something, nothing, everybody,
everywhere nowhere, somewhere, anywhere where required.

1. Good morning...! 2. He never goes by train: he goes... by plane. 3. There is... here. 4. He did … all day yesterday. 5. They want chairs. They have... to sit. 6.... of the pupils will go to school. It is too cold. 7.... is coming to see us. 8. She will tell us... about her holidays.  He will go... to have a little rest. 10. Is... coming to inspect us? 11. Have you... interesting to tell us? 12. Haven't you... to go?

Контрольная работа №9

I.   Translate the text.

Kinds of circuits

Circuits can be divided into four classes: series, parallel, combination of serial-parallel, and network.

Series circuits are those having one closed path for the flow of electricity. All the elements, or devices which make up the circuit are connected in tandem, one after the other, so that the end of one is connected to the beginning of the other; or, in other words, the positive terminal of one is connected to the negative terminal of another. If the series circuit is opened anywhere, the current will not flow through the circuit.

A parallel circuit is one divided into two or more branches, each brand carrying part of the current. Another way of saying the same thing is that all the elements or devices are connected so that one half of the terminals are fastened to a common conductor, and the other half are fastened to another common point, or another conductor.

 II. Translate the text.

Контрольная работа №10

I. Translate the text:

Measuring devices

Ammeters and Volt meters. - Ammeters measure the current flowing in a circuit and normally have scales which are graduated or calibrated in amperes, milliamperes or microamperes.

Voltmeters are used to measure the potential difference between two points in a circuit. The calibration of voltmeters is usually in volts, millivolts or microvolts.

The main difference between the two instruments of the same type or design is in the
resistance of the operating coil, identical moving units may be used for either meter. An ammeter
is connected in the positive or negative lead in series with a circuit and, therefore, must have a
low resistance coil, otherwise the readings will be incorrect as the coil would absorb an
appreciable amount of power.                         

A voltmeter is connected in parallel across the points of a circuit where the difference of potential is to be measured. The resistance of the operating coil must, in this instance, be as high as possible, to limit the amount of current consumed by it, or else a drop in potential due to the meter would occur and the pointer indication would not represent the true potential difference across the circuit.

Wattmeters.- The measurement of the power in a D. С circuit at any instant can be achieved by means of an ammeter and voltmeter as the power in watts is the product of the current and the voltage. With A.C. circuits, however, the instantaneous values are always changing. To measure A.C. power correctly, therefore, it is necessary to use the third instrument to measure the phase difference. The normal practice, however, is to combine these three instruments in one which will give a direct reading of power in watts.

 II. Translate the text.

Электроинструменты:

Контрольная работа № 11

I.   Translate the text.

What is electricity?

  Have you ever gotten a shock when you touched a doorknob, or seen sparks fly when you combed your hair? That's electricity.

   Electricity is a type of energy that gives things the power to work. This energy comes from electrons. Scientists have learned how to use electrons to produce electricity.

Meghometer

  The most commonly used apparatus for insulation resistance is the meghommeter or "megger". The device is easy to handle. It consists of a hand-driven generator in a permanent magnet frame which causes a moving coil to register the insulation resistance in ohms or megohms, the amount of which is indicated by a pointer.

The "megger" is also used for continuity, ground, and short-circuit testing in general electrical power work.

Electricity- Sound and Light

Flip a switch and a light goes on. It's simple, right? Wrong! Every time you flip a light switch, you make billions of little electrons go to work for you. Uncountable hours of work have gone into providing you with the electricity you need to turn that light on. Without electricity you wouldn't have telephones, television, video games, and many other things you use every day.

 II. Translate the text.

Техника безопасности:

Чтобы обезопасить себя от воздействия электричества, принято работать в резиновых перчатках или стоять на резиновом коврике. Электрики (как, впрочем, и не электрики) берутся починить розетку или другой электрический прибор, не отключая ток. В таком случае они обязаны выполнять только одно правило: не замыкать собой электрическую цепь. Поэтому они не должны касаться каких-нибудь проводников электричества, а также обоих контактов электрического провода одновременно.

IV. Fill in the blanks with the articles a, an, the and prepositions, where necessary:

We live in... nice flat... new house near... park.... flat is on... second floor. There are... two rooms in it. We have also... kitchen and... bathroom... kitchen is... big enough. As... rule, my mother cooks for us. We spend... lot of... time together in... kitchen. There is... TV set in

... corner of... kitchen, and we often watch... TV there The young scientist shook hands... his friends who had come... the airport to see him...

When I saw that actress on the stage for the first time, she (to look like, to take after) a small girl. From her biography I learnt that she (to look like, to take after) her mother, who had also been a great actress. 2. If you want some information on trade, go to the Ministry library. There are a lot of good (magazines, journals) on the subject there. 3. After coming home from work, my father likes to spend an hour reading (a newspaper, a magazine).

Контрольная работа № 12

I.   Translate the text.

Бытовые приборы, имеющие защиту от воздействия влаги, имеют специальную маркировку, однако это вовсе не значит, что не следует быть внимательным. Всегда помните о том, что сочетание воды и электричества очень опасно.

IV. Fill in the blanks with prepositions and adverbial particles where necessary:

1.Instead... buying something... everyday wear, as she had first intended, Mary bought

a... sleeveless dress... better waer.2. I don't advise you to buy this pair... shoes. I am afraid

they’ll soon wear....3. I wonder why the water has set the table... two persons instead... three. 4. Speaking at the production meeting, the director... the factory pointed... that each... the workers and engineers was responsible... carrying... the plan.

Контрольная работа №13

I.   Translate the text.

  Direct current generations and their applications

  The Essential difference between a d.c. generator and a. c. generator is that the former has a commutator by means of which the generated e. m. f. is made continuous, i. е., the commutator mechanically rectifies the alternating e. m. f. so that it is always of the same polarity. This is not, however, the only difference between them.

  A d.c. generator as well as a motor of conventional type is made up of the following parts: outer frame, or yoke, pole cores, pole coils, armature windings, commutator, bruches, and bearings. Of these, the yoke, pole cores, armature core and the air gap between armature and pole core form the magnetic circuit while the pole coils, armature windings, commutator, and brushes form the electric circuit.

Generator fields may be either of two main types-separately excited or self- excited. The self-excited type is further, classified as series-wound, shunt-wound and compound-wound. In general practice compound-wound machines are used.

 II. Translate the text.

Величина электрического тока (количество переносимого заряда) измеряется в амперах. Напряжение, т. е. разность потенциалов, которая заставляет течь ток (ЭДС – электродвижущая сила), измеряется в вольтах.

 III. Fill in the blanks with the articles a, an, the and prepositions, where necessary.

When Mary was to open a meeting... the first time... her life, her voice shook... excitement. The young scientist shook hands... his friends who had come... the airport to see him.... I wonder why Bob is such an ill-natured boy. It's a pity he takes... his mother only... appearance! Ask Kate to join... our party. She looks serious, but I know she is very gay... nature and is fond of... singing and dancing.

V. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct voice and tense-forms:

Don't let the boy stay out so long. He (to run about) for three hours, and may catch cold. 2. That young singer has had very good training. He (to sing) for half an hour and never (to stop) for a moment to rest.  3. It is unfair of you to be so cross with the man. He (to be) away for two weeks and you can't blame him for few mistakes that (to make) during his absence.

Контрольная работа №14

I. Translate the text.

The d.c. generator of small capacities is used for various special purposes such as arc welding, automobile generators, train lighting systems, etc. It also finds rather extensive use in connection with communication systems.

For supplying direct-current power networks, the supply comes first from an alternating-current source and is converted to direct current by synchronous convenors or motor-generator sets.

 II. а) Find in the text English equivalents:

-производство стали

-малых мощностей - дуговая сварка

-силовые сети постоянного тока - энергия поступает

b) Translate the text.

Атомы любого вещества располагаются на некотором расстоянии друг от друга. В металлах расстояния между атомами настолько малы, что электронные оболочки практически соприкасаются. Это дает возможность электронам свободно блуждать от ядра к ядру, создавая при этом электрический ток, поэтому металлы, а также некоторые другие вещества являются проводниками электричества.

IV.Fill in the blanks with the articles a, an, the and prepositions, where necessary:

We live in... nice flat...new house near … park.... flat is on... second floor. There are... two rooms in it. We have also... kitchen and... bathroom, kitchen is... big enough. As... rule, my mother cooks for us. We spend... lot of...time together in … kitchen. There is...TV set in... corner of... kitchen, and we often watch... TV there.

V. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct voice and tense-forms:

I (not meet) him last week.

Контрольная работа № 15

I.  Translate the text:

The compound motor

The features of the shunt and series type of motors may be combined in one machine by providing both series and shunt windings for the field. This arrangement gives the compound motor. There are two windings on each field pole; a heavy or series winding for carrying the armature current, and a shunt winding connected to the supply. Each winding is formed by the series connection of the corresponding coils, and the fields due to the respective windings aid each other.

Speed control of a compound motor may be obtained by means of resistance in the field or armature circuit, as in the case of the shunt motor.

The compound motor may be regarded as having a higher starting torque than a shunt motor and a more constant speed under changing load conditions than the series motor. Either feature may be emphasized by varying the proportion of the total field strength due to each winding.

 II. а) Find in the text English equivalents:

- используя обмотки как последовательного, так и параллельного возбуждения для создания поля

-соединенный с источником питания - регулировка числа оборотов

b) Translate the text:

Вещества, которые имеют далеко расставленные атомы, электроны, прочно связанные с ядром, которые не могут свободно перемещаться. Такие вещества не являются проводниками и их принято называть диэлектриками, самым известным из которых является резина. Это и есть ответ на вопрос, почему электрические провода делают из металла.

IV. Fill in the blanks with the articles a, an, the and prepositions, where necessary:

1. What... fine day it is today! 2.  ... History and Computer Science were... my favorite subjects at... school. 3.1 don't know  ... way to... station. 4. He is... engineer by... profession. 5. Usually I get up at...7 o'clock in...morning. 6....Rostov is on... right bank of... Don. 7. Will you have...cup... of tea?  8....Warsaw is... capital of Poland. 9. We shall go to... cinema together with... our friends. 10. This is... book... book is very interesting. 11. Do you see... sun in... sky today?

V. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense-forms:

She (not like) loud music.

What you (do) yesterday?

Контрольная работа № 16

I. Translate the text:

Transformers

One of the great advantages in the use of the alternating currents is the ease with which the voltage may bechanged by means of a relatively simple device known as a transformer. Although there are many different applications, the principles of action are the same in each case.

The basic arrangement consists of a laminated iron core forming a closed magnetic circuit on which two separate windings are mounted. One winding, called the primary, is connected to the a.c. supply, and the other winding, the secondary, produces a voltage which can have any desired value if the respective windings are suitably designed.

The transformer relies for its action upon the fact that when a magnetic field passing through a coil is changed or varied a voltage is produced in the coil. The amount of this voltage is proportional to the number of turns in the coil and to the rate at which the magnetic field varies.

In general, it is approximately true that the ratio of the primary to the secondary voltage is equal to the ratio of the number of primary turns to the number of secondary turns.  This ratio is not exact because of leakage effects in the magnetic circuit.

 II. a) Find in the text English equivalents:

- источник переменного тока

- работа трансформатора основана на

- пропорционален числу витков

  b ) Translate the text:

Оборудования работающего на основе использования возобновляемых источников энергии для автономного тепло- и электроснабжения частных домов и зданий. С его помощью можно частично или полностью покрыть энергозатраты практически любого объекта.

-  солнечные вакуумные водонагреватели для круглогодичного производства горячей воды

-  ветрогенераторы для выработки электроэнергии.

-  солнечные фотоэлектрические батареи и товары на их основе – зарядные устройства, фонари, энергоэффективные светодиодные лампы.

Контрольная работа № 17

I. Translate the text:

Auto-Transformers

The Transformer effect can also be obtained with a single tapped winding instead of separate primary and secondary windings. The arrangement is called an auto-transformer. If the primary winding n 'resents the whole coil, the secondary voltage will be substantially the same proportion of the applied voltage as the proportion between the turns up to the secondary tapping and the total number of turns. By interchanging the voltage so that the supply is connected to the smaller number of turns, a voltage larger than the supply voltage appears across the whole coil. The auto-transformer can thus be used to obtain a higher or lower voltage than the supply, as in the case of the convential transformer with two separate windings.

In practice, the use of auto- transformers is limited to fairly small voltage ratios, one reason being that if a break occurs anywhere in the secondary section of the winding, the primary Voltage is applied to the apparatus connected to the secondary. With a high primary voltage this would give dangerous conditions. The chief uses of auto- transformers, are in a.c. voltage regulation and for infrequent service such as the low-voltage starting of induction motors.

 II. a) Find in the text English equivalents:

- на одной обмотке с отпайкой

- общее число витков

- запуск асинхронных двигателей на низком напряжении

b)Техника безопасности:

Бытовые приборы, имеющие защиту от воздействия влаги, имеют специальную маркировку, однако это вовсе не значит, что не следует быть внимательным. Всегда помните о том, что сочетание воды и электричества очень опасно.

 III.  Fill in the blanks with the articles a, an, the and prepositions, where necessary:

1.What... fine day it is today! 2 .... History and Computer Science were... my favorite subjects at... school. 3. I don’t know... way to... station. 4. He is... engineer by... profession. 5. Usually I get up at... 7 o'clock in... morning. 6.... Rostov is on... right bank of... Don. 7. Will you have... cup... of tea?  8....Warsaw is... capital of Poland.

V.  Put the verbs in brackets into the correct tense-forms:

She (not like) loud music.

I (not meet) him last week.

Контрольная работа №18

I. Translate the text.

Вещества, которые имеют далеко расставленные атомы, электроны, прочно связанные с ядром, которые не могут свободно перемещаться. Такие вещества не являются проводниками и их принято называть диэлектриками, самым известным из которых является резина. Это и есть ответ на вопрос, почему электрические провода делают из металла.

When I saw that actress on the stage for the first time, she (to look like, to take after) a small girl. From her biography I learnt that she (to look like, to take after) her mother, who had also been a great actress. 2. If you want some information on trade, go to the Ministry library. There are a lot of good (magazines, a journals) on the subject there.

VI. Fill in the blanks with the necessary forms of Modal Verbs:

(must, should, would, ought to, needn't, can, could, may, might)

1. They... not do this work themselves. 2. You...take my dictionary. 3. You don't look well, you... consult the doctor. 4. Why... I give you my money? 5. She... not speak any foreign language. 6. He... to help them, they need his help. 7.... you tell me the time?  8.... I go with you? No, you....  9. Your daughter... have told about it. 10. In winter we... often skate. 11. You... not miss your classes. 12.... you play the piano before?

Контрольная работа №19

I. Translate the text

Контрольная работа №20

I. Translate the text:

Ни в коем случае нельзя одновременно дотрагиваться до бытовых приборов и заземленных предметов (водопроводные трубы, батареи центрального отопления и т. д.). Вполне возможно, что на корпус бытового прибора пробивает электричество. В последнее время все больше и больше приборов имеют заземление. Это делается для обеспечения безопасности потребителей. Такие бытовые приборы имеют трехжильный шнур и вилку с тремя контактами.

IV. Fill in the blanks with the articles a, an, the and prepositions, where necessary:

When Mary was to open a meeting... the first time... her life, her voice shook... excitement. The young scientist shook hands... his friends who had come... the airport to see him.... I wonder why Bob is such an ill-natured boy. It's a pity he takes... his mother only... appearance! Ask Kate to join... our party. She looks serious, but I know she is very gay... nature and is fond of... singing and dancing.

V. Put the verbs in brackets into the correct voice and tense-forms:

1. Don't let the boy stay out so long. He (to run about) for three hours, and may catch cold. 2. That young singer has had very good training. He (to sing) for half an hour and never (to stop) for a moment's rest. 3. It is unfair of you to be so cross with the man. He (to be) away for two weeks and you can't blame him for few mistakes that (to make) during his absence. 4. Our reply (to send) to you as soon as all the dates (to fix) finally. At the moment some of them (to consider) still.

VI. Fill in the blanks with prepositions and adverbial particles where necessary:

1. Instead  ... buying something... everyday wear, as she had first intended, Mary bought a... sleeveless dress... better wear. 2. I don't advise you to buy this pair... shoes. I am afraid they'll soon wear.... 3.1 wonder why the water has set the table... two persons instead... three.

4. Speaking at the production meeting, the director... the factory pointed... that each... the workers and engineers was responsible... carrying... the plan. 5. She said that the new film was worth seeing, but there was such an expression... her face that I thought she was saying it only... fun.

Контрольные работы для студентов специальности техник-механик

Контрольная работа №1

I. Translate the text.

Types of Loading

   As to the manner in which loads are applied or transmitted to a structure of machine they may be considered as static loads, repeated loads, impact and energy loads.

  1.In static, steady or dead loads are forces that are applied slowly and remain nearly constant after being applied to the body such as the loads on most buildings or the load applied to a bar in the usual type of testing machine.

Repeated loads are forces that are applied a very large number of times causing a stress in the material that is continually changing, usually through some definite range. Such are the loads applied to the connecting rod of an engine is running, the wheel loads on a railroad rail as a train passes over the rail and similar ones.

Impact loads are forces that are applied to the resisting body in a relatively short period of time. An impact load, in general, is applied by a moving body when it comes in contact with the resisting body. The force exerted by the moving body and the period during which it acts in general cannot be determined. For this reason in some problems it is more satisfactory to calculate the stress and strain produced by an impact load from the energy delivered to the resisting body by the moving body.

  Other Classifications of Loads.-Loads may be classified as distributed loads and concentrated loads. A distributed load may be uniformly distributed or non-uniformly distributed. A concentrated load is one whose area of contact with the resisting body is negligible in comparison with the area of the resisting body.

11. Translate the text.

Зимние шины не рекомендуется эксплуатировать при температуре выше +5 по Цельсию. Они мало того, что становятся мягче и буквально «плавятся», но кроме того еще и не выполняют в полной мере своих функций, устойчивость автомобиля на дороге при этом становится большим вопросом.

 

 

Контрольная работа №2

I.  Translate the text.

Four-stroke engine

    The internal combustion engine is a machine that develops power from the combustion of fuel within a cylinder. The cycle of operation is as follows:

  a) Suction Stroke- Just before the piston reaches the inner dead-centre, a valve, usually of the "poppet" type, is opened.

   On its outward stroke, the piston draws into the cylinder an explosive mixture of air and fuel vapour.

Shortly before the piston reaches the outer dead-centre, the inlet valve is closed and the compression stroke begins.

b) Compression stroke- During this stroke, the whole of the gas in the cylinder is compressed into the free space at the head of the cylinder.

c) Explosion, or Working Stroke- When the compression stroke is almost complete, the explosive mixture is ignited by an electric spark or by other suitable means. The gases reach their maximum pressure almost immediately, and work is done until the piston has again reached a position just before the outer dead- centre, when a second exhaust valve is opened.

   If the ignition takes place too late, the piston begins its outward journey before the maximum pressure is developed and power is lost.

Летняя резина, при приближении температуры воздуха к «нулю» твердеет и становится абсолютно «дубовой», что существенно повышает вероятность заноса (даже на относительно сухом покрытии), а также вероятность разрыва колеса при обычном проколе.

Контрольная работа № 3

I. Translate the text.

Two-Stroke engine.

This engine differs from the four-stroke engine in having one working stroke during each complete revolution of the crankshaft.

During the inward stroke of the piston a port leading to the crankcase is uncovered and the explosive mixture of air and fuel is drawn into the crankcase. On beginning its outward stroke, the inlet port is soon covered, and the mixture is compressed in the crankcase to pressure of about 20 lb. per sq. in. As the outer dead- centre is approached the exhaust port is opened, and shortly afterwards another port opens, which allows the partially compressed charge of gas to enter the cylinder, driving out the exhaust gas before it. A baffle in the piston top directs the unburnt charge to the top of the cylinder, thus preventing undue loss through mixing with the exhaust gas.

The gas is compressed on the inward stroke and is exploded as the piston reaches inner dead-centre.

 II. Translate the text.

Инжекторный двигатель существенно улучшает эксплуатационные и мощностные показатели автомобиля (динамика разгона, экологические характеристики, расход топлива). Инжекторные двигатели, безусловно, гораздо совершеннее карбюраторных. Отечественные инжекторные двигатели хорошо адаптированы к нашему холодному климату, поэтому неплохо заводятся при очень низкой температуре.

 

 

 

Контрольная работа №4

I. Translate the text.

The fluid.

Tank and filter.

It can only function as a pump while the piston is moving into the cylinder and acts as a motor while the piston moves back. If non-return valves are added, the inlet valve is connected to a tank and the piston is given a to-and-fro motion, the device, becomes a source of continuous supply of liquid, except for interruptions during the suction stroke, which can be avoided by having two or more cylinders and pistons. Thus we obtain continuous pump.

III. Find in the text English equivalents:

Контрольная работа №5.

I. Translate the text.

Посадочные размеры.

Класс точности подшипников.

Требования к смазке.

Шумы подшипника

 

Контрольная работа №6

I. Translate the text.

Контрольная работа №7

I. Translate the text.

Machine Elements

Screw fastenings

Machine parts are held together by parts:

a)  working in tension,

b)  working in shear,

c)  creating friction, and

d)   using both shear and friction forces.

Types of Fastenings-All fastenings can be divided into two classes- disconnectable fastenings and permanent joints.

Disconnectable fastenings, in turn are effected by:

a) bolts and screws

b) b) wedges

c) c) dowel pins

d) d) keys

E) casting

Forms if Threads. Screw fastenings are used for holding two or more machine parts together or for adjusting one part with relation to another. In screw fastenings the threads are made in several forms but are always of triangular-type single thread.

Screw threads are made right-hand and left- hand.

 II. Translate the text.

Свеча зажигания — устройство для воспламенения топливно-воздушной смеси в самых разнообразных тепловых двигателях. Бывают искровые, дуговые, накаливания, каталитические. В бензиновых двигателях внутреннего сгорания используются искровые свечи.

Контрольная работа №8

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PINS.

Geometrically pins can be divided into cylindrical pins, called straight pins, and conical or taper pins. Dynamically pins can be classified as those used only to locate the relative position of two parts when there is little or no force acting upon the pin, and those that fasten two or more parts together and are subjected to considerable stresses, which are mostly in shear but sometimes in bending. Locating pins are called dowel pins or simply dowels. A connecting pin, like a dowel, may be used either as a permanent connection or as a fulcrum for a movable joint.

 II. Translate the text

Комбинированный двигатель внутреннего сгорания (комбинированный ДВС) — двигатель внутреннего сгорания, представляющий собой комбинацию из поршневой (роторно-поршневой) и лопаточной машины (турбина, компрессор), в котором в осуществлении рабочего процесса участвуют обе машины.

Ce of his destination.

 III. Use little or few.

 1. I have... time, so I can't go with you. 2. He has... English books. 3. There is... ink in my pen. Have you got any ink? 4. There are... bears in the zoo. 5. Tom Canty was the son of poor parents and had very... clothes. 6. There is tool... soup in my plate. Give me some more, please. 7. The children returned from the wood very sad because they had found very... mushrooms. 8. There was too... light in the room, and I could not read. There are very... people who don't know that the earth is round.

Контрольная работа №9

I. Translate the text.

KEYS

Types of keys.-The main function of a key is to transmit torque between a shaft and a machine part assembled on it. In most cases keys prevent relative motion, both rotary and axial. In some constructions keys allow an axial motion between the shaft and the hub, such keys are called feather or spline keys. In spite of the tendency to standardize there are many key types in use by various manufacturers.

According to various characteristics keys can be distinguished as straight and tapered; rectangular, dovetailed, chamfered round, and disk- shaped: radial and tangential; and (according to their use) for light duty and for heavy duty

Контрольная работа №10

I. Translate the text.

Если Вы ездите в основном на газе, снимите электромагнитный клапан бензина и штатный бензонасос, установите вместо последнего заглушку. Купите и установите электромагнитный бензонасос печки от автомобиля ЗАЗ-968 вместо штатного. Это существенно улучшит эксплуатацию автомобиля

 III. Use little or few.

 1. I have... time, so I can't go with you. 2. He has... English books. 3. There is... ink in my pen. Have you got any ink? 4. There are... bears in the zoo. 5. Tom Canty was the son of poor parents and had very... clothes. 6. There is tool... soup in my plate. Give me some more, please. 7. The children returned from the wood very sad because they had found very... mushrooms. 8. There was too... light in the room, and I could not read. There are very... people who don't know that the earth is round.

Контрольная работа № 11

I. Translate the text.

Riveted Joints.

General Remarks.- Riveting has been the standard method of joining plates and structural parts before welding began to replace it with increasing rapidity.

Rivets.-A rivet is a round bar consisting of an upset end called the head, and a long part called the shrank. The rivet blank is heated to a red glow, inserted into one of the holes, and, while the head is held firmly against the plate by a heavy sledge, the projecting end is formed into a second head, called the point, by means of a hand hammer and set or by a press.

Button heads are used for small rivets which are driven cold; pan heads are used chiefly in ship work; countersunk heads are used only in special cases, chiefly in structural work and below the water line in ships; the countersunk points weaken the plate so much that they should be used only when unavoidable; the others, including button heads, are used in boiler and structural work.

11. Translate the text.

 Транспортный контроль - система мониторинга и диспетчеризации транспорта.

Транспортный контроль позволяет гибко настраивать отчетность по каждому ТС, либо по группе ТС, вести подробный журнал событий, и при необходимости, выводить отчеты в существующую информационную систему клиента. C истема контролирует абсолютно все: пройденное расстояние, отработанные моточасы, отклонения от планового маршрута, несанкционированные сбросы груза, выезды из заданной зоны. Повышает эффективность Вашей работы на 30%.

Контрольная работа № 12

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Bearings

A Beaming is a machine part which supports a moving part and confines its motion. That part of a shaft which rotates in a bearing is called a journal. Bearings in which one rubbing surface slides over another are called plain bearings and may be divided into two classes: Those with a continuous rotary motion and those with an intermittent motion. To the first class belong journal bearings, which carry a load acting at right angels to the shaft axis, and thrust bearings, which take a load acting in the direction of the shaft axis. To the second class belong bearings of parts having a rocking motion, as crossheads.

Bearings with a continuous rotary motion form the great majority of all bearings. Bearing failures.-The failure or need of replacement of a bearing with sliding contact may be due to:

a) excessive wear of the bearing surfaces;

b) overheating; or

c) cracking of the bearing metal.

Excessive Wear.-Wear is caused by metal-to-metal contact. It cannot be entirely eliminated but can be reduced by providing a sufficient bearing area and by adequate lubrication

Overheating, if not stopped in time, may cause either seizure of the journal if it runs in a hard-metal bearing or melting of the bearing surface if the bearing is lined with a metal having a low-melting temperature. Overheating is primarily caused by metal- to-metal contact. Lubrication decreases the danger of overheating.

Cracking of the bearing metal is due to heavy shock loads, such as are taking place in the running gear of internal combustion engines when