What differences in resistance to hypoxia are seen in this experiment?

How can we explain the observed variations in sensitivity to hypobaric hypoxia?

Does hypothermia caused by evaporation of water from the surface of the body affect the resistance of mice 1 and 2 to hypobaric hypoxia? How can we name this factor in terms of pathophysiology?

Case 2

Three mice are used in the following experiment. Mouse N 1 is narcotized by a subcutaneous injection of morphine. This mouse is used in the experiment after it loses righting reflex indicating deep sleep. Mouse 2 is administered a central nervous system stimulator phenamine. Mouse 3 serves as control. All three mice are put in the pressure chamber, and the air is pumped out as in experiment N 1. Mouse 2 dies during the 1-2 min of its staying in the chamber, mouse 3 - during the 4th min; and mouse 3 survives 15 min in hypobaric conditions. At this point the last mouse is taken out of the chamber and examined after it has taken up. It shows no signs of pathology.

Questions:

What are differences in reactivity of mice toward hypobaric hypoxia in this test?

What are the possible mechanisms of these differences?

 

Case 3

1 year old child, 35 years men and 78 years men have lobar pneumonia. Will be the difference in current of the disease in these 3 cases?
 Questions:

1. Determine the form of response in patients justify the answer
2. Define the concepts of reactivity and resistance of the body
3. Which types of reactivity can be seen in this experiment
4. Indicate the role of age in reactivity

 

Case 4

N., a healthy woman, whose father suffered from hemophilia A and mother was healthy, went to a genetic counseling unit. She was anxious about the risk of hemophilia to her grandsons. Her husband, as well as her son and two daughters were healthy.

Questions:

What is the pattern of inheritance of hemophilia A? What are the main features of this type of inheritance?

What is the risk of the disease descending from her son to her grandson?

What are the etiology and pathogenesis of hemophilia A?

Can this disease have lethal and sublethal forms?

 

Case 5

A male patient, 3 years old, was admitted to a pediatric department.

On examination: signs of growth retardation, flat facial profile, half-open mouth, oblique palpebral fissures and epicanthic folds are evident; transverse skin folds on the palms. Study of the patient's karyotype revealed the following: 46,XY,+t(+14,21).

Questions:

What disease does the patient suffer from?

Describe and characterize the patient's karyotype? By what features does it differ from the normal one?

What are the possible causes and pathogenesis of this disease?

Are other variants of karyotype modification possible in this disease? Which of the variants is the most common?

Hand-outs: cases, lecture, multimedia presentation

THE LIST OF LITERATURE:

The basic

1. Litvitsky P.F., Pirozhkov S.V., Tezikov E.B. Concise lectures and tests on pathophysiology E-tekstbook. – ГЭОТАР-Медиа, 2007

2. Lectures, handouts.

Control – conclusions on cases

4. THEME:

«CELL INJURY»

The purposes of the class:

· Formation of knowledge of the main issues of the theme

· Formation of skills of experimental work

· Formation of communicative skills for discussion of the problem

Tasks of study:
• To learn the main issues of the theme
• To develop the skills to use the glossary in three languages for discussion of the theoretical material
• To Learn how to make pathogenetic schemes
• To apply the theoretical knowledge in solving of clinical cases

• To form communicative skills for discussion of the theoretical material
Questions for the theme

1. The notion of cell injury. Causes of cell injury. The factors determining resistance of cells to damage.

2. Types of cell injury, the characteristic. Stages of acute and chronic cell injury. Reversible and irreversible ischemic/hypoxic cell injury.

3. Specific and nonspecific (ionic imbalance, reduction of energy supply, changes of рН, membrane potential, sorption ability) manifestations of cell injury, mechanisms of development.

4. General mechanisms of cell injury: Pathogenesis of cellular membrane damage (activation of lipid peroxidation, phospholipases, osmotic and immune damage). Derangements of the energy supply and utilization, Ionic and water dysbalance.

5. Adaptive mechanisms operating during cell injury.

Methods of teaching

Discussion the major issues under the supervision of a teacher, discussion of videos and results of the experiment.

Methods of control

Oral questioning, checking conclusions on experiment, testing