The following adjectives are often used to describe designs. Work with your partner to check that you understand them all.

 

Elegant, functional, futuristic, handmade, innovative, mass-produced, retro, simple, streamlined, stylish, traditional, up to date…

What words refer to the following?

The past (2 words)

Methods of manufacture (2 words)

Designs which are new and different (2 words)

What words mean the following?

Attractive and fashionable

Modern

With a smooth shape

Useful

 

Complete the word families in the table below. Check your answers with your partner.

Verb	Noun (person)	Noun (thing, concept)	Adjective
design
		science	scientific
		manufacturing
produce			productive
engineer		engineering
	user		usable
	developer
innovate
	inventor
		art	artistic

 

Make up 5 questions of different types using the words from the table. Ask your partner.

5. Match English word combinations with their equivalents in Ukrainian:

1. drum brakes	a. гальмівна рідина
2. disc brakes	b. головний циліндр
3. friction lining	c. фрикційна гальмівна накладка
4. braking action	d. гальмівна колодка
5. brake fluid	e. рідина для заповнення гідравлічної системи
6. hydraulic brake	f. гальмування
7. master cylinder	g. фрикційна накладка
8. brake shoe	h. гальмо з гідравлічним приводом
9. brake lining	i. дискове гальмо
10.hydraulic fluid 11.leaf spring 12.coil spring 13.shock absorber 14. antilock braking system	j. барабанне гальмо k. АБС l. амортизатор m. спіральна пружина n. листова ресора

Discuss the following famous words:

· Research is the answer, if any one should ask why modern cars are so much improved. (Walter P. Chrysler)

· The motor car that is thrilling proof of what designers the world over have always known – that the lower a car can be built, the more graceful its lines can be made. (From a Hudson advertisement)

· The wheel is one of mankind’s greatest inventions. Why attempt to hide it? (Virgil Exner, Chrysler chief designer)

· Modern science and techniques have taught mankind at least one lesson – nothing is impossible. (Lewis Mumfold)

 

Text 21.

THE HISTORY OF THE AUTOMOBILE   

(K) Along with other concept cars, Carabo took ground hugging to extremes. Bertone used a mid-engine layout to turn what would normally have been a hood into an acute-angled nosecone, from which the enormous windshield was a continuation in one unbroken styling line. The main intention of these cars was to shock and impress in equal measures. It was a technology showcase, boasting lightweight copper-tinted glass and a metallic green paint with fluorescent orange highlights. This was clearly the inspiration for the Lamborghini Countach – adding to the car’s iconic status.

Tom Karen had planned his own tiny 3-wheeled fun car, called the Rascal. It was designed to be cheap to make and own. At first, Karen was occupied with sports station wagon. The final production car was amazingly faithful to his proposal, including the vertically truncated tail, the exposed rear axle and even a plywood trunk lid. Manufacturers insisted on more luggage space within the plastic body, but made the car more radical with side-screens instead of a fixed roof. The car went on sale as the Bond Bug.

Sommer Joker rode on a stout box-section separate chassis on which an external framework of steel pipes acted as the body frame. Between their gaps, on the inside, were attached totally flat fiberglass panels, giving it appearance of a mobile building. It had excellent acceleration. Sommer wanted to offer a none-too-serious car that could be practical and he did it.

 Fiat’s attempt to create the safest possible city car came from the USA. The world’s first safety car weighing 680kg featured a massively strong inner skeleton. ESV1500 was the standard mechanical hardware. Its wheelbase and doors resembled Fiat 850. Finely, it became a marketing nightmare.

Answer these questions:

a) What specific features did Carabo have?

b) What was this car manufactured for?

c) What car was designed to be cheap in maintenance?

d) Sommer wanted to offer a practical car, didn’t he?

e) Can you tell anything about Fiat cars?

 

2. Match English words and phrases with their equivalents in Ukrainian:

1. sequence of operations	a) хід (такт) стискання
2. firing order	b) послідовність операцій
3. compression stroke	c) в кінці такту стискування
4. induction stroke	d) в кінці такту впуску
5. exhaust stroke	e) порядок запалювання
6. power stroke	f) хід (такт) впуску
7. at the top of the compression stroke	g) робочий хід (такт)
8. at the bottom of the induction stroke 9. air dam 10. air and petrol mixture	h) хід (такт) випуску   i) повітряно-бензинова суміш j) повітряний спойлер

3. Translate this extract in written form:

As automobiles changed through the years, mechanics or automobile service technicians, as they are now called, have kept them running. The “Big Three” (Ford, GM and Chrysler) automobile makers produced millions of cars for a public eager for freedom and mobility the automobile promised. With the ill-prepared roads suddenly overrun by inexperienced drivers, accidents and breakdowns became common. People were not only unskilled in driving but also were ignorant of the basic maintenance and service the automobile required. It suddenly became apparent that a new profession was in the making.

Automobile service technicians maintain and repair cars, vans, small trucks and other vehicles. Using both hand tools and specialized diagnostic test equipment, they pinpoint problems and make the necessary repairs or adjustments. In addition to performing complex and difficult repairs, they perform a number of routine maintenance procedures, such as oil changes, tire rotation and battery replacement. Technicians interact frequently with customers to explain repair procedures and discuss maintenance needs.