GRAMMAR: The Infinitive – Інфінітив

 

1. The infinitive has the following forms:

 

	Simple	Continuous	Perfect	Perfect Continuous
Active Voice	to ask	to be asking	to have asked	to have been asking
Passive Voice	to be asked	–	to have been asked	–

 

2. The infinitive can be used as:

 

the subject (підмет)	It was hard to raisethis question.
the predicative (частина присудка)	The main problem is to getto the office on time.
an object (додаток)	She tried to speakcalmly.
an attribute (означення)	There was nothing to argueabout.
an adverbial modifier (обставина)	I have come to seethe manager.

 

3. Some verbs can be followed by object + infinitive:

I'd like you topay now.

 

a) verbs followed by an object + infinitive with "to":

 

advise, allow, ask, expect, forbid, force, get, hate, help, intend, invite, permit, order, prefer, recommend, remind, tell, want, persuade, like, warn, wish, would like, encourage

 

My boss always encouraged me towork as hard as I could.

 

b) verbs followed by an object + infinitive without "to":

 

let, make, feel, see, hear, watch, notice

 

Let me explain the rule.

 

Ex.1. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian. State the form and function of the Infinitive:

 

1 She was the last to solve the problem. …………………………………………………………………..

2 To do it accurately was the main problem. …………………………………………………………………

3 This is a prestigious company to work in. ………………………………………………………………….

4 It was kind of your boss to have offered it to you. …………………………………………………………

5 Our plan was to finish this work by the end of the month. …………………………………………………

6 I was lucky to have been chosen for this job. …………………………………………………………….

7 This is a very good hotel to stay at. ………………………………………………………………………

8 There’s a lot of work to be done today. …………………………………………………………………..

9 She was the first to be given a rise. ………………………………………………………………………

10 It's nice to be working right now. ………………………………………………………………………

11 He hopes to be chosen for this position. ………………………………………………………………….

12 Our boss doesn't like to be interrupted while he’s working. ……………………………………………..

13 Do you know him well enough to ask him for some money? ……………………………………………

14 I don’t want to be misunderstood. ……………………………………………………………..

15 All the necessary changes may be made any moment. …………………………………………………

16 I hope to find a job in accounting. …………………………………………………………….

17 I'm sorry not to have kept my promise. …………………………………………………………………..

18 It was a big mistake for them not to keep him as accountant. …………………………………………….

 

Ex.2. Put "to" or "-" into the gaps:

 

1 We made him... do it all over again. 2 I recommended him... learn the laws of my country. 3 The boss made the secretary... repeat the message. 4 They won't let you... leave the Customs area till your luggage has been examined. 5 Will you help me... fill in this application form? 6 Please let us... know about his decision as soon as possible. 7 I'd like him... accept this invitation. 8 I don't want anybody... use the results of my experiments. 9 He made me... sign this paper. 10 I saw him... leave the office. 11 Nobody noticed him... come in. 12 I don't want anybody... know about our plans. 13 She knew him... be a good marketer. 14 I believe this... be the only way out.

 

Ex.3. Translate into English:

 

1 Він не хотів, щоб касир перераховував гроші. 2 Всі вважають, що він дуже успішний підприємець. 3 Це змусить менеджерів компанії подумати, як вирішити проблему захисту свого виробника. 4 Це змусило уряд підвищити ціни на імпортні товари. 5 Я сподівався, що ця новина змусить його підвищити тобі заробітну платню. 6 Я не хочу, щоб ви контролювали мою діяльність. 7 Він не сподівався, що це питання розглянуть так швидко. 8 Ніхто не сподівався, що ця перспективна компанія стане банкрутом. 9 Ніхто не знав, що примусило їх змінити їхні плани. 10 Я хочу, щоб ви проглянули цей звіт. 11 Що змусило його зробити цей крок? 12 Дозвольте мені дати вам пораду. 13 Мені б не хотілося, щоб ти так погано думав про нього. 14 Вони не сподівалися, що ми закінчимо цей звіт без їхньої допомоги.

 

Aggregate demand

 

decision-making units – самостійна господарча одиниця, наділена правом приймати рішення aggregate demand – сукупний попит

expenditures – витрати, видатки household–домашнє господарство, сім’я purchases – закупівлі

The economy of any advanced country is very complex. It involves millions of individual decision-making units – individuals, business and governments make billions of decisions daily.

Microeconomics is the branch of economics that deals with decision-making and other behaviour by these individual units. Another branch of economics, known as macroeconomics, deals with large groups or aggregates. Because GNP deals with the output of the country as a whole, it is macroeconomic concept.

As a first step in understanding the macroeconomics we think of the economy as being made up of several different parts called sectors. These sectors represent individuals, business, government and foreign markets. The sum of expenditures of these sectors is known as aggregate demand. When aggregate demand or spending falls over a period of one to two years, the economy tends to go into recession, while a rise in aggregate demand tends to lead to booms in the economy.

One part of the economy is the consumer sector. The basic unit in this sector is the household, which is made up of all persons who occupy a house, flat, or room.

The business or investment sector is made up of proprietorships, partnerships, and corporations. It is the productive sector responsible for bringing the factors of production together to produce output.

The public sector is the part of the economy of a country that is owned or controlled by the government. It includes the local, regional and state levels of government.

The foreign sector includes all consumers and producersoutside the country.

Ukraine, for example, exports aeroplanes and farm products to foreign buyers. It also imports a large number of different items from foreign countries. It makes no difference whether foreign buyers are governments or private investors or if purchases are made from governments or private individuals. They are all part of the foreign sector.

 

1 What does microeconomics deal with? 2 Macroeconomics deals with large groups or aggregates, doesn’t it? 3 Why is GNP considered as macroeconomic concept? 4 What do the sectors of the economy represent? 5 What is the basic unit in the consumer sector? 6 What is the business or investment sector made up of? 7 Is the business sector of the economy responsible for bringing the factors of production together to produce output? 8 What does the public sector include? 9 Does the foreign sector include all consumers and producersoutside Ukraine?

 

I. Match the antonyms:

To export, income, to import, demand, to consume, to produce, supply, private sector, expenditure, buyer, external, microeconomics, public sector, macroeconomics, boom, unlike, native, internal, different, recession, similar, like, foreign, seller.

ІI. Match the terms with their definitions:

1. microeconomics	a. A fall in business activity lasting more than a few months, causing stagnation in a country’s output.
2. macroeconomics	b. Quantity of goods and services produced or provided by a business organization or economy.
3. aggregate demand	c. The study of the individual parts of the economy, with special attention to the market process and how it works.
4. recession	d. The total demand for goods and services in the economy.
5. boom	e. The peak of the business cycle; the economy is expanding and aggregate demand is rising quickly.
6. output	f. The study of the economy as a whole.
7. public sector	g. Regular fluctuations in the level of economic activity in an economy.
8. investment	h. Part of the economy that is owned and controlled by the state, namely central government, local government, and government enterprises.
9. business cycle	i. Using money to purchase real capital (equipment, new tools, industrial buildings) to be used in the production of goods and services.

ІІІ. Define which of the following items best completes the statement:

1 An increase in aggregate demand would most likely mean an increase in spending by...

a. business b. government

c. consumers d. all of them

2 The macroeconomics is:

a. government’s share of the nation’s output b. goods and services that are produced but not sold in the marketplace

c. everything produced in the nation d. none of these

3 Rising unemployment, together with a reduction in business spending and production, is characteristic of..

a. boom b. contraction

c. recession d. expansion

ІV. Fill in the blanks below with the most appropriate terms from the list:

aggregate demand; recession; decision-making; economics; corporations; consumers; items; services; proprietorships; the public sector; producers; goods; booms; the private sector

1 Microeconomics is the branch of ________ that deals with ________ and other behaviour by these individual units. 2 The sum of expenditures of these sectors is known as _________. 3 When aggregate demand or spending falls over a period of one to two years, the economy tends to go into ________, while a rise in aggregate demand tends to lead to ___________ in the economy. 4 The business or investment sector is made up of __________, partnerships, and ___________. 5 In a free market economy, __________ is responsible for allocating most of the resources within the economy. 6 Most _________ and __________ provided by __________ in any economy are allocated on the basis of need rather than on ability to pay. 7 Foreign sector includes all _________ and _______ outside the country. 8 Ukraine imports a large number of different _________ from foreign countries.

V. Complete the following sentences:

1 Microeconomics is.... 2 Macroeconomics deals with.... 3 As a first step in understanding the macroeconomics we think of the economy as.... 4 These sectors represent.... 5 The sum of expenditures of these sectors is known as.... 6 One sector of the macroeconomics is.... 7 The basic unit in this sector is.... 8 Another sector is.... 9 It is the productive sector responsible for.... 10 The public sector includes.... 11 The foreign sector includes....

VI. Translate into English:

1 Мікроекономіка – це галузь економіки, зв’язана із прийняттям рішень та іншими діями самостійних господарських одиниць, які наділені правом приймати рішення. 2 Сума витрат секторів макроекономіки відома як сукупний попит. 3 Основна одиниця споживчого сектору – домашнє господарство. 4 До складу сектору бізнесу або капіталовкладень входять одноосібна власність, партнерство та корпорації. 5 Іще один сектор макроекономіки – це державний сектор, який включає місцевий, регіональний та державний уряд. 6 До складу зовнішнього сектору входять усі споживачі та виробники за межами країни.

VII. Replace the Ukrainian words and phrases by their English equivalents in the correct form:

(Макроекономіка) is the study of the functioning (економіки в цілому), and it deals mainly with the total output and income of the economy, (загальним рівнем занятості), and movements in the average level of all prices. The heart of macroeconomics consists of analyzing the determinants of (сукупної пропозиції) and (сукупного попиту). In the short run, the main problem in macroeconomics is why (сукупний попит) sometimes exceeds (сукупну пропозицію), thereby bringing on (інфляцію), and why aggregate demand sometimes falls short of aggregate supply, thereby bringing on (безробіття) and deflation – or at least less inflation. Over the long run, macroeconomics is concerned primarily with (економічним зростанням) – increases in the productive capacity of the economy and in average (реальним доходом) per person.