I. Перепишите следующие предложения, определите в каждом из них видо-временную форму и залог глагола- сказуемого (см. Образец 1). Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.The answer was known to all of us.

2.Countries are often described as underpopulated or overpopulated.

3.The first industrial revolution took place in England between 1760 and 1840.

4.What were you doing at this time last month?

5.Automation is being increasingly used in all branches of industry.

 

II. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните в каждом из них модальный глагол или его эквиваленты. Переведите предложения на русский язык.

1.You should have checked the TV set before you bought it.

2.They will have to deliver the equipment within 12 months.

3.Student Smirnov is to defend his diploma project next month..

4.She may use this new device for testing her design.

5.She had to send the letter yesterday.

 

III. Перепишите следующие предложения; подчеркните Participle I и Participle II и установите функции каждого из них, т. е. укажите, является ли оно определением, обстоятельством или частью глагола- сказуемого. Переведите предложения на русский язык. (см. образец 2.).

 

1. Having looked through all the documents and letters received that day he called his secretary.

2. World public opinion is concerned about the rising level of pollution.

3. The house restored by the Johnsons is quite unusual.

4. Being in London, I could not help them.

5. Roman towns in Britain were real military camps surrounded by walls for defense.

 

IV. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на функцию инфинитива.

1.To reduce the power losses, thick wires should be used.

2.No additional components were used since they were not needed to actuate the relay.

3.I tried to make him understand that his behaviour was no good.

4.Various installations were used in order to transform electric power into mechanical, heat, and chemical power.

5.At least 90 per cent of electric energy to be generated at present is a.c.

 

V. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на герундий и его функцию.

 

1.He risks loosing all of his money.

2.His taking part in the development of the new system was a great help to us.

3.After having been subjected to severe testing the material was recomended for use.

 

VI. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения глаголов to have, to do, to be.

1.The Tower of London was built by William the Conqueror in 1078 as a castle and palace.

2.I don’t understand that man because I don’t know English.

3.Although he has his own car, he often uses buses.

4Economic conditions are changing all the time.

5.Trade credit is an important source of finance for the small firm.

 

VII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на разные значения слов it, that, one (см. образец 3.).

 

1.Having looked through all the documents and letters received that day he called his secretary.

2.One can learn English well in two years.

3.There are many insulating materials from which one may choose.

4.Specialisation means that many different occupations created.

 

VIII. Перепишите следующие предложения и переведите их на русский язык, обращая внимание на бессоюзное подчинение.

1.The man you wanted to see is in the hall.

2.This is the house Timiryazev lived in.

3.The experiment they are speaking about was repeated three times.

4.A loan is the capital a person may borrow from the bank.

 

IX. Переведите текст и отработайте его чтение.

В тексте найдите:

 

1) предложения со сравнительной конструкцией the … the …;

2) модальные глаголы, определите их значение;

3) причастие I в функции правого определения;

4) прилагательные в сравнительной и превосходной степени, назовите их исходную (словарную) форму.

 

Conductors and Insulators

 

Conductors are materials having a low resistance so that current easily passes through them. The lower the resistance of the material, the more current can pass through it.

The most common conductors are metals. Silver and copper are the best of them. The advantage of copper is that it is much cheaper than silver. Thus copper is widely used to produce wire conductors. One of the common functions of wire conductors is to connect a voltage source to a load resistance. Since copper wire conductors have a very low re­sistance a minimum voltage drop is produced in them. Thus, all of the applied voltage can produce current in the load resistance.

It should be taken into consideration that most materials change the value of resistance when their temperature changes.

Metals increase their resistance when the temperature increases while carbon decreases its resistance when the temperature increases. Thus metals have a positive temperature coefficient of resistance while carbon has a negative temperature coefficient. The smaller is the tem­perature coefficient or the less the change of resistance with the change of temperature, the more perfect is the resistance material.

Materials having a very high resistance are called insulators. Cur­rent passes through insulators with great difficulty.

The most common insulators are air, paper, rubber, plastics.

Any insulator can conduct current when a high enough voltage is applied to it. Currents of great value must be applied to insulators in or­der to make them conduct. The higher the resistance of an insulator, the greater the applied voltage must be.

When an insulator is connected to a voltage source, it stores electric charge and a potential is produced on the insulator. Thus, insulators have the two main functions:

 

1. to isolate conducting wires and thus to prevent a short between them and

2. to store electric charge when a voltage source is applied.

 

X. Письменно ответьте на вопросы:

1. What materials are called conductors?

2. What is the advantage of copper compared with silver?

3. What is the most common function of wire conductors?

4. Why is minimum voltage drop produced in copper conductors?

5. What is the relation between the value of resistance and the temperature in carbon?

6. What materials are called insulators?

7. What are the most common insulators?

8. What are the two main functions of insulators?

ВАРИАНТ 3