Word Order in Questions. Types of Questions

Type of question (тип запитання)	Interrogative word (питальне слово)	Auxiliary verb (допоміжне дієслово)	Subject (підмет)	Predicate (присудок)	The secondary parts of the sentences (другорядні члени речення)
General Alternative Special	- - Where	Did Did did	You You you	Live Live Live?	In Paris? In Paris or in Kyiv?
but	Who	-	-	lived	In Paris?

Tag Questions

			Примітки
	She go es to school, She doesn’t go to school,	Doesn’t she? Does she?
	He is go ing to school, He isn’t going to school,	Isn’t he? Is he?	I am…, aren’t I?
	He went to school, He didn’t go to school,	Didn’t he? Did he?
	She was going to school, She wasn’t going to school,	Wasn’t she? Was she?
	I shall go to school, I shall not go to school,	Shan’t I? Shall I?	Shan’t = shall not Won’t = will not
	I have gone to school, I haven’t gone to school,	Haven’t I? Have I?
	I had gone to school, I hadn’t gone to school.	Hadn’t I? Had I?

Echo Tags

 

1. — Sam is paying. — /she?	1. — Sam isn't paying. — Isn't he?
2. — Sam eats much. — Does he?	2. — Sam doesn't eat much. — Doesn't he?

Remember!

1. No one can do that, 2. Pass me some bread, 3. Please help me, 4. Don't tell anyone, 5. Let's go to the cinema,	can theyl will you? will you / can you / could you? will you? shall we?
But Let me 1 him I her buy this shirt,	will you / wow 't you?
6. There is a book on the desk, 7.1 have to help him,	isn 'r there? don't I?

Direct and Indirect (Reported) Speech

Час, якого вимагає зміст і ситуація	Modals ”present”	Modals ”shall”	Modals ”past” or “conditional”	Modals ”perfect”	Modals ”should”
Час, який фактично вживається в підрядних реченнях	Modals ”past”	Modals ”should”	Do not change	Do not change	Doesn’t change

 

1) I may arrive late. — Sam said (that) he might arrive late.

2) Shall I speak to her? — Ron asked whether he should speak to her.

3)I could help you. — Ted said (that) he could help me/us.

4) I couldn't have said that. — Ted said (that) he couldn't have said that.

b) I ought to have helped her. — Bill said (that) he ought to have helped her.

5) I should go to the doctor. — Sam said (that) he should go to the doctor.

Time and Place Changes

Now-> immediately/then			this -	that
Today->that day			these -	those
Tonight->that night			her	there
Tomorrow->the next day
the day after tomorrow-> two	Two ays	later
Yesterday->the day befre
Ago->before

Note: It is not always necessary to make these changes, especially in spoken indirect speech.

e.g. "I'll see you tonight” — she said. ->She said that she would see me tonight.

Indirect Questions

General and tag questions	Special questions	Requests for advice
1. "Are you hungry?" — He asked (me) if/whether I was hungry, but: if a question has just been asked, we can say: „—Are you hungry?" What did he ask you? He asked (me)	1. a) "When did you go there?" — He asked (me) when I had gone (or went) there. b) "Why is she smil­ing?" — I wondered why she was smiling.	1. "Shall/Should I invite her?" — He wanted to know if/whether h< should invite her. or He wanted to know whether to invite her.
2. You are hungry, aren't you?" — He asked (me) if/whether I was hungry.	2. a) "He left for Lviv" — They asked (me) who (had) left for Lviv. b) "Which film has won the prize?" — He asked which film had won the prize.	2. "How shall/should do that?" — He wanted to know how he should do that. or He wanted to know how to do that. but: He wanted to know why he should do that

Verbals

(Infinitive, Participle, Gerund)

Active Voice

Compare:

a)Form

	Infinitive	Participle	Gerund
Indefinite Present Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous	To write - To have written To be writing To have been writing	- Reading Having read - -	Reading - Having read - -

Passive Voice

Compare:

	Infinitive	Participle	Gerund
Indefinite Present Perfect Continuous Perfect Continuous Past	To be written   To have been written - - -	Being asked having been asked - - asked	Being read - Having been read - - -

 

Infinitive denotes	Participle denotes	Gerund denotes
1. Indefinite (simultaneous action) e.g. I was glad to see him. Я був радий бачити його.	1. Participle I (or Present Participle)(simultaneous action) e.g. He sat smiling. Він сидів, усміхаючись.	1. Indefinite (simultaneous action) e.g. This book is worth reading. Цю книгу варто прочитати. e.g. The house wants/needs/requires repairing. Будинок потребує ремонту.
2. Continuous (simultaneous action in its progress) e.g. It was pleasant to be driving a car. Було приємно вести автомобіль.	-	-
3. Perfect (Prior action) e.g. I am/was happy to have spent my holiday in Paris. Я є/був щасливий, що провів канікули в Парижі.	3. Participle II (or Past Participle)(in most cases – prior action) e.g. I bought a book printed in my town. Я купив книжку, яка була видана в моєму місті.	3. Perfect (prior action) e.g. I am proud of having been his pupil. Я пишаюся, що був його учнем. Remember! After to thank, to forget, to remember, to excuse, to apologize, on and after IndefiniteGerund is usually used for prior action. e.g. Thank you for helping me. – Дякую, що допомогли мені.
4. Perfect Continuous (prior action that lasted for a certain period of time) e.g. It was funny to have been playing hide and seek. Було потішно грати в хованки.	-	-

 

Remember!

Gerund or Infinitive	Infinitive	Gerund or Infinitive
avoid enjoy consider finish reading mind suggest I am busy I look forward to It is (not) worth I can't help	decide offer fail hope (to) leave want would like / love Why not Had better краще Would rather краще Would sooner краще	begin start continue prefer to study / stop studying love / (preferably Gerund) like / (preferably Gerund) hate / (preferably Gerund)

Complexes

Objective Об’єктний	Subjective суб’єктний	Absolute незалежний	Gerundial герундіальний
noun/object pro­noun + Infinitive/ Participle	noun/ subject pronoun + Verb (Pasive) +Infiniti ve/ Par­ticiple	noun/ subject pronoun + Par­ticiple	noun (possessive case) /possessive pronoun + Ger­und or object pram noun + Gerund
1. Infinitive e.g. I saw him cross the street. Я бачив, як він переходив вулицю – факт. e.g. We expect them to arrive on Monday	1. Infinitive e.g. He was heard to play the guitar. Чули, як він грав на гітарі - факт	-	-
Participial a) e.g. I saw him crossing the street. (Present Participle) Я бачив як він переходив вулицю – процес. e.g. She had her hair done. (Past Participle) Їй зробили зачіску.	2. Participial e.g. Her was heard playing the guitar. Чули, як він грав на гітарі – процес.	2. Participial e.g. Her face smiling, she en­tered the room.	-
-	-	-	3. Gerundial a) e.g. They told us of Ann 's/her stay­ ing there. Вони сказали нам, що Аня/вона зупинилася там. b) e.g. I don't like him going there. Мені не подобається, що він йде туди.

Functions

Compare:

 

Function	Participle	Gerund
1. adverdial modifier (обставина)	1. e.g. Entering the room, she said hello. Увійшовши до кімнати, вона привіталася (Вона привіталася (коли?), коли увійшла до кімнати.)	1. e.g. On entering the room, she said hello. Увійшовши до кімнати, вона вона привіталася. (In this function Gerund is used with prepositions.)
2. attribute (означення)	2. e.g. The boy standing at the window dances very well. - Хлопчик (який?), який стоїть біля вікна, дуже гарно танцює.	2. e.g. I have a good habit of giving presents. — Я маю гарну звичку (яку?) дарувати подарунки.
3. predicative (предикатив)	3. e.g. The window is bro­ken. Вікно розбите.	3. e.g. His hobby is collecting stamps. Його улюблене заняття – колекціонувати марки.
4. object (додаток)	—	4. e.g. He likes swimming. Він любить (що?) плавання/плавати.
5. subject (підмет)	—	5. e.g. Seeing is believing. Бачити – значить вірити.

Remember!

to enjoy — насолоджуватися to be tired of— втомитися to be interested in — цікавитися to be used to — звикнути to feel like — мати настрій (щось робити) to dream of—мріяти to congratulate on — вітати to prevent from —перешкоджати

 

 

+ Gerund

e.g. I don't feel like going to the theatre. — У мене немає настрою йти в театр.

Modal Verbs

can	may	must
could (past)	might (past)	—
to be able to (equivalent)	to be allowed to be permitted (equivalent)	to have to (equivalent)

Means

1. ability(уміння, здатність) e.g. I can swim. Я вмію плавати.	1.possibility e.g. You may go there by train. Ви можете дістатися туди поїздом.	1. obligation/necessity (обов’язок, необхідність) e.g. You must tell the truth. Ти повинен сказати правду e.g. It's cold. I must put on my sweater. Холодно. Я мушу одягнути светр.
2.permission (дозвіл) (informal) e.g. Can I use your pen? e.g. You can use my pen.	2. permission (formal) e.g. May I go out? e.g. You may go out.	-
3. doubt (сумнів) only in questions and negative sentences. e.g. Can /Could he know German? Невже він знає німецьку мову? e.g. He can’t/couldn’t live there. Не може бути, що він живе там. Could – лише підсилює сумнів.	3. supposition(припущення з відтінком сумніву) only in affirmative and negative sentences. e.g. He may be waiting for you. Можливо він чекає тебе.	3. assumption (припущення, що межує з упевненістю) only in affirmative sentences. e.g. He must be waiting for you. Він, напевно, чекає тебе.
4. request (прохання) (informal)	4. request (formal)	-
Could 1)ability in the past 2)polite request 3)asking permission more politely	Might 1) possibility in the future e.g. Take your umbrella. It might rain. Візьми парасолю. Може бути дощ. 2) reproach (докір) e.g. You might write me a	-
	letter. Miг 6u написати мені листа. 3) asking permission (more formal)	-
1) Compare:	They will win the match. (I am sure they will)	They might win the match. (It's possible, but I don't know)

to be to	need	should/ought to	dare
1. obligation (resulting from a previous agree­ment, plan, time table etc) e.g. We are to meet at 5 o'clock.	1. necessity e.g. Your hair needs cutting. Тобі потрібно підстригтися.	1. advice (saying what the best thing to do is) e.g. You should stop smoking. Тобі слід перестати палити.	1. to have the cour­age to do something (in questions and negative sentences) e.g. How dare you ask me such a ques­tion? Як смієш питати мене таке?
2. order or in­struction e.g. The medicine is to be kept in a cool place. Ліки слід зберігати у прохолодному місці.	-	2. obligation only ought to e.g. We ought to respect elderly people. Нам слід поважати старших людей.	-

 

shall	will	would
1. suggestions, offers e.g. Shall I close the window? Зачинити вікно?	1. predictions, requests, offers, warn­ings. e.g. You will get fat if you eat so much. Ти поправишся, якщо будеш так багато їсти. e.g. I'll open the door for you (an offer). Я відкрию тобі двері.	1. polite or formal re­quests Would you type this let­ter, please?
2. asking for advice e.g. Shall I tell him the truth? Сказати йому правду?	2. shows that thing fails to perform its function (only in negative sentences) e.g. The knife won't cut. Ніж не ріже.	2. shows that thing fails to perform its function (only in negative sentences) e.g. The knife wouldn't cut. Ніж не різав

Conditionals

I. Type 0 (zero) and I Conditionals. Real Condition

Zero Conditionals.

subordinate clause (підрядне речення)	main clause (головне речення)
for instructions
If + present simple present simple
e. g. If you press the button, the machine switches off.
Якщо ви натиснете кнопку, апарат вимкнеться
to express a general truth or scientific fact.
If/ when + present simple present simple
e.g. If / when you mix red and yellow
paint you get orange.
to talk about things that always / often / sometimes happen if something else (in
the if-clause) happens.
If/ + present simple present simple
e.g. If you cook vegetables for too
long, they taste awful.

Type I Conditionals, (likely to happen in the present or future)

subordinate clause	main clause
If (as soon as, present simple, till, before, + present after, present perfect when) e. g. If you phone me, Якщо ти зателефонуєш мені, e. g. If you have finished your work, Якщо ти закінчила роботу,	Future   I'll pick you up. Я Te6e 3a6epy. we can go home. Ми можемо йти додому

Remember!

If is used for things which may possibly happen.

e.g. //the weather is fine, we shall go swimming.

When is used for things which are sure to happen.

e.g. I'll phone you when I get home.

By the time means before, not later than.

e.g. By the time I am twenty-five, I will be a skilful engineer.

Until means up to the time when.

II. Type II and III Conditionals. Unreal Condition (unreal to happen in the past, present or future).

Form

Subjunctive II	Conditional
Present Past	Present Past
2nd form of t he verb had done (= Past Simple) (= Past Perfect)	should should would would could + Indefinite Perfect could + Infinitive Infinitive might might

Note: Present Subjunctive II + Present Conditional = Type II Conditionals

e. g. If I had money, I would buy a car.

e.g. But for him, I should go to Lviv. Якби не він я поїхав би до Львова.

Past Subjunctive II + Past Conditional = Type III Conditionals

e. g. If I had had money, I would have bought a car.

Mixed Conditionals

e.g. If I were you / In your place I should have bought this camera. На твоєму місці я купив би цей фотоапарат.

 

Subjunctive II is used: 1. after if/(якби) Present Subjunctive II e. g. If I had money, Якби я мав гроші, Past Subjunctive II e. g. If I had had money,. Якби я мав гроші,	Conditional Is used: 1. in complex sentences (in the main clause) Present Conditional I would buy a car. Я купив автомобіль Past Conditional I would have bought a car. Я купивби автомобіль
2. after as if, as though (наче,ніби) e. g. She looks at me as if she had never seen me before. Вона дивиться на мене, ніби ніколи раніше не бачила.	2. in simple and compound sentences e. g. I should write him a letter but I don't know his address. Я написав би йому листа, але не знаю його адреси.
3.after wish!if only. {If only is more emphatic or more dramatic) I wish you were happy (but you are not). Я хотів би, щоб ви були щасливими If only it were summer now! Якби тільки зараз було літо!
3. wish 1 if only + subject + would + Indefinite Infinitive To express: 1. a polite imperative; 2. a desire for a situation or person's behavior to change. e.g. I wish you would behave better in class. If only it would stop raining.

Subjunctive I	Suppositional
Infinitive without to e.g. read, go	Present Should + Indefinite Infinitive	Past Should + Perfect Infinitive

 

 

Subjunctive I and Suppositional show that action is necessary, important, or­dered etc.

They are used:

1. after it is necessary, it's important, it's ordered etc.

e.g. It's important we go/should go there. Важливо щоб ми пішли туди.

2. after the verbs denoting order, request, suggestion etc.

e.g. They offered that we have/should have ju ice for breakfast. Вони запропонували, щоб ми випили соку на сніданок.

3. with lest (mp6... He).

e.g. I worry lest we should miss the train.

Я хвилююся, щоб ми не запізнилися на поїзд.

 

SYNTAX

Word Order

1.

subject	verb	object	adverbials
		indirect To/For whom?	direct What?	manner How?	place Where?	time When?
e.g. I	bought	him	a new picture		at the exhibition	at 5 o'clock yesterday

 

2.а) verb (bring, give,

lend, pay, prom­ise, + direct object + to + indirect object

send, show,

take, tell)

e.g. Give the money to him.

b) verb (buy, find, get, make) + direct object + For + indirect odject

e.g. Buy a present for your girl-friend.

Inversion

Inversion is:

1.changing of normal positions of verb and subject.

2.using a question form of the main verb,

e.g. Not only did he fail.

These words and phrases are followed by a change in word order when they
begin a sentence or an independent clause:

at no time hardly ever/barely (тільки - тільки) in no way little neither never no sooner...than (як тільки) nor not after not once not only...as well not until nowhere on no account (ні в якому разі) only

only after/then only by only if/when only in this way only later rarely (рідко) scarcely (ледве) scarcely... when seldom (рідко) so so/such... that under no circumstances (за жодних умов)

But: 1. When only refers to the state of begin the only one, there is no inversion following it.

Compare:

Only after posting the letter did I remember that I had forgotten to write the address.

Only Mary realized that the door was not locked.

2. Inversion after so/such... that occurs:

a) when the main verb is be.

e.g. So devastating were the floods that some areas may never recover.

b) such used with be means so much/so great.

e.g. Such was the force of storm that trees were uprooted.