Exercise 4. Speak on the topic “Ukraine”, using the sentences from the above exercise as a plan in your story.

 

Тема 6. Exercise 1. Read and translate the following text:

Great Britain

The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland (UK) occupies most of the territory of the British Isles. It consists of four main parts: England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. London is the capital of England, Edinburgh is the capital of Scotland, Cardiff – of Wales and Belfast – of Northern Ireland. The UK is a small country with an area of some 244,100 square kilometres. It occupies only 0,2 per cent of the world’s land surface. It is washed by the Atlantic Ocean in the north-west, north and south-west and separated from Europe by the North Sea in the east and by the English Channel in the south. The Strait of Dover or Pas de Calais is the narrowest part of the Channel. The North Sea and the English Channel are often called “the narrow seas”; they are not deep but are frequently rough and difficult to navigate during storms. In the west the Irish Sea and the North Cannel separate the UK from Ireland. The seas around Britain provide exceptionally good fishing grounds. The country has many bays favourable for shipping. Britain’s main ports are: London, Liverpool, Glasgow and others.

Britain has a temperate climate due to the influence of the Gulfstream. The climate is mild and humid.

One will not find very high mountains or large plains in Great Britain. Everything occupies very little place. Nature has carefully adapted things to the size of the island itself. The highest mountain is Ben Nevis in Scotland. The longest river is the Severn in England. The population of the United Kingdom is over 57 million people. Foreigners often call British people “English”, but the Scots, the Irish and the Welsh do not consider themselves to be English. The English are Anglo-Saxon in origin, but the Welsh, the Scots and the Irish are Celts.

The official language of the United Kingdom is English. The UK is a highly developed industrial country. It is one of the world’s largest producers and exporters of machinery, electronics, textile, aircraft and navigation equipment. One of the chief industries of the country is shipbuilding. The UK is a constitutional monarchy. In law, Head of the State is Queen. In practice, the country is ruled by the elected government with the Prime Minister at the head. The British Parliament consists of two chambers: the House of Lords and the House of Commons. There are three main political parties in Great Britain: the Labour, the Conservative and the Liberal parties. The flag of the United Kingdom is known as the Union Jack. It has the big red cross of St. George, the patron saint of England, the white cross of St. Andrew, the patron saint of Scotland, and the red diagonal cross of St. Patrick, the patron saint of Ireland.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions:

1. What is the official name of Great Britain?

2. Where are the British Isles situated?

3. What is the area of Great Britain?

4. What is the name of the flag of Great Britain?

5. What is the capital of Great Britain?

6. What is the political system of Great Britain?

7. Are there any high mountains in Great Britain?

8. How many people live in the country?

9. The country has many bays favourable for fishing, hasn’t it?

10. The UK is a constitutional monarchy, isn’t it?

Exercise 3. Complete the following sentences:

1. The UK consists of ….

2. The UK is a small country with area ….

3. It occupies only ….

4. It is washed by ….

5. The seas around Britain ….

6. The country has many bays …

7. The highest mountain is ….

8. The longest river is ….

9. The population of the UK is ….

10. The official language is ….

11. The UK is a highly developed ….

12. The UK is a ….

13. In practice, the country is ….

14. The British Parliament consists of ….

15. The flag of the United Kingdom is ….

Exercise 4. Speak on the topic “Great Britain”, using the sentences from the above exercise as a plan to your story.

Тема 7. Exercise 1. Read and translate the text:

My Future Speciality

Are you considering aquaculture as a new business or as a way of diversifying your existing business? If the answer to this question is ‘yes’, then you should ask yourself, “How much do I really know about aquaculture? ” There are many levels of knowledge of aquaculture - from the person who has many years of experience in running a successful aquaculture operation, to the beginner who has an interest in, but really no knowledge of, what aquaculture is or involves. The “art” of aquaculture is very old. World fish farming first practiced as long ago as 2000 B.C. The Bible refers to fish ponds and sluices. Ornamented fish pond appeared in paintings from ancient Egypt. European aquaculture began sometime in the Middle Ages and transformed the “ art” of Asian aquaculture into a science that studied spawning, pathology and food webs. Aquaculture is a form of agriculture that involves the propagation, cultivation and marketing of aquatic animals and plants in a controlled environment. In the historical past, aquaculture remained multilocational and isolated. Each location has evolved its own pattern. But with the development of fast means of communication and travel bridging distances, species are being cultured adopting a measure of standardized practices and sites where they are most suited. Aquaculture is the fastest growing form of global food production and is one of the healthiest and most popular sources of protein for people in many countries. In the broadest sense, aquaculture efforts are focused on creating domestic seafood supply to meet the nation’s growing demand for seafood products. Nowadays, human demand for fish is higher than ever.The salt and the fresh water fishing industries are unable to support our demand for this source of animal protein and omega three, which means that fish farms and the aquacultute industry is booming. Aquaculture now accounts for about 40% of the seafood consumed by humans worldwide. As you see today, aquaculture is not only the art and the science but is the fastest growing production system too. So many thousands of people of different professions and skills are involved in this activity. Scientists with abackground in inbiology and those that have fishery experience are in great demand to determine environmental factors; combat dangerous bacteria; maintain fish health; ensure the overall safety and regulation of fish production. Aquaculturist is one of them. His activity embraces such problems as:producing protein rich, nutritive human food; providing new species and strengthening stock of existing fish in natural and man-made water bodies; production of sport fish to support recreational fishing; production of bait fish for commercial fishing; production of ornamental fish for aesthetic appeal; recycling of human and livestock origin organic wastes; utilization of land and aquatic resource; production of industrial fish; providing means of sustenance and earning livehood. For successful realization of these activities specialists who are engaged in fishing industry need thorough knowledge and skills in engineering, technological and scientific subjects and have to obtain Bachelor or Master Degrees in a chosen speciality. National University of Water Management and Nature Resources Use offers young people the opportunity to get all these. Since 2000 Faculty of Ecology and Nature Resources Use has been training future specialists in the following areas of concentration: Ecology and Environmental Engineering, Agrochemistry and Soil Science, Water Bioresources and Aquaculture. During the first course students who have chosen the speciality of Aquaculturist study general biological and special subjects as: zoology of invertebrate, gystology and embryology, hydrology and hydrobiology, on the third course they study special subjects as: ihtyology, fish farming, ihtiopathology. The study of theory is accompanied by industrial training on fish farms. Graduates of this speciality may find themselves on different fish farming positions as: hatchery technitians, fish farming technitians, food inspectors, aquaculture veterinarians, fish biologists, fish health technicians, fishing tool operators, sanitary surveillance inspectors, specialists in environmental monitoring, in finance and administration, in human resources management, in supply chain and logistics, in sales and marketing. Our University as a Ukranian institution of higher learning represents definite traditions of Ukrainian educational heritage. By means of its curriculum and educational policy it supplies the young men and women with occupational competence and scholarly training necessary to meet engineering and scientific needs.

Exercise 2. Answer the following questions:

1. Are there any levels of knowledge of aquaculture?

2. Is the “Art” of aquaculture old?

3. When was world fish farming first practiced?

4. What does the Bible refer to?

5. Where did ornamented fish pond appear?

6. When did European aquaculture begin?

7. Where did the “art” of aquaculture ransformed into a science?

8. What do science of aquaculture study?

9. What changes have brought fast means of communication?

10. What are aquaculture efforts focused on?

11. Is human demand for fish higher than ever today?

12. What is the percentage of the seafood consumed by humans worldwide?

13. People of what professions are involved in the fastest growing production system?

14. What activities perform aquaculturist?

15. Where can specialists of these professions get higher education?

16. Where do you see yourself working in future as a specialist in one of these areas of concentration?

17. What do you think should be changed and improved in future for your better work in fish farming?

18. Do you think that you have to be responsible for those improvements?

 

 

Exersise 3. Complete the following sentences:

1. The “art” of aquaculture is.......

2. European aquaculture began.......

3. Aquaculture is a form of.......

4. Aquaculture is the fastest.......

5. The salt and the fresh water fishing industries are......

6. Aquaculture now accounts......

7. As you see today, aquaculture is not only......

8. Scientists with a background in inbiology and those that have fishery experience are......

9. His activity embraces.......

10. Since 2000 faculty of ecology and nature resources use has been training....

11. During the first course, students who have chosen the speciality of aquaculturist study........

12. Graduates of this speciality may find themselves on.......

13. Our University as a Ukrainian institution of higher learning represents.....

14. By means ot its curriculum and educational policy it supplies....

 

Part 4

Літера	Літера	Вимова		Літера	Літера	Вимова
A	a	ей	N	n	ен
B	b	бі	O	o	оу
C	c	сі	P	p	пі
D	d	ді	Q	q	кью
E	e	і	R	r	ар
F	f	еф	S	s	ес
G	g	джі	T	t	ті
H	h	ейч	U	u	ю
I	i	ай	V	v	ві
J	j	джей	W	w	дабл ю
K	k	кей	X	x	екс
L	l	ел	Y	y	вай
M	m	ем		Z	z	зед

 

 

ЧАСТИНИ МОВИ

 

Іменник (THE NOUN)

 

Загальна характеристика іменників

 

Іменники означають назву предметів і речовин, живих істот, явищ і абстрактних понять.

 

1. Перед іменниками звичайно ставлять спеціальні частки – артиклі: a, an, the.	I am a pupil. He is an engineer. Close the door, please.
2. Тільки живі іменники мають загальний (a girl, girls) і присвійний відмінки (girl’s, girls’).	May I take the girl's pen, please? Show me the doctors' room.
3. Іменники можуть вживатися як безприйменникові означення до інших іменників.	She usually wears school uniform.
4. Іменники сполучаються з прийменниками.	Where will you go after dinner?
5. Іменники визначаються прикметниками.	My favourite writer is Shevchenko.

 

Число (The Category of Number)

 

Загальні іменники поділяються на зчислювальні (Countable Nouns) і незчислювальні (Uncountable Nouns), іменники в англійській мові вживаються в однині та множині. Множина іменника утворюється додаванням до форми однини закінчень -s, -es.

 

 

Утворення множини іменників (the Plural Number) та правопис їх закінчень

 

-S	shop – shops; day – days
-es	після -у з попередньою приголосною, при цьому - у змінюється на і: country – countries
після -о: tomato – tomatoes; але piano – pianos; photo – photos
після -s, -ss, -ch, -sh, -tch, -x, -z: box – boxes; dress – dresses; wish – wishes; bench – benches
після -f, -fe, при цьому - f, -fe змінюються на v: wife – wives; life – lives; shelf – shelves; wolf – wolves; thief – thieves; calf - calves; knife – knives; half – halves; leaf – leaves; loaf– loaves. Усі інші іменники на -f, -fe – за загальним правилом: safe – safes; roof- – roofs.

 

Незлічувальні іменники

 

Вживаються в англійській мові тільки у формі однини.	friendship, peace, money, ink, sugar, weather, advice, business, hair, information, knowledge, news, progress	The weather is wonderful today. This informationis very important.
Іменники, що мають форму однини, яка завжди узгоджується з дієсловом у формі множини.	people, cattle, police, the poor, the rich, the wounded	Are there many police in the streets? There were many the wounded in the last battle.

 

 

Інші способи утворення множини іменників

 

Винятки	man – men, woman – women, foot – feet, child – children, tooth – teeth, ox – oxen, goose – geese, mouse – mice
Однина = множина	a swine – many swine, a sheep – many sheep, a deer – many deer, a species - many species
Іменники грецького та латинського походження	curriculum – curricula; datum – data; phenomenon – phenomena; basis – bases; thesis – theses; crisis – crises; radius – radii; nucleus – nuclea; stimulus – stimuli; index – indices
Складені іменники	mother-in-law – mothers-in-law; fellow-worker –fellow-workers; commander-in-chief – commanders-in-chief; forget-me-not – forget-me-nots

 

Відмінок (Case)

 

Іменник має два відмінки: загальний (the Common Case) (він не має спеціальних відмінкових закінчень) та присвійний (the Possessive Case). Як правило, тільки іменники, які означають назви людей і тварин, можуть мати форму присвійного відмінка.

 

Утворення форм присвійного відмінка

 

Однина	Множина
Додається закінчення -'s до форми загального відмінка однини: my brother's book	Додається на письмі тільки апостроф (') після закінчення множини -s або –es: my brothers' books
До іменників, які закінчуються на -s, -ss, -х додається тільки апостроф ('): Marx' life	Іменники, які утворюють множину іншим способом (child – children, man – men) мають закінчення -'s: children's books

 

Артикль (The Article)

 

Артиклі – це спеціальні частки, які вживаються при іменниках, в англійській мові є два артиклі: неозначений (the indefinite article) – a, an і означений (the definite article) – the.

 

Артикль a вживається перед словами, що починаються з приголосного: a ball, a map. An – перед словами, що починаються з голосного: an egg, an apple.

 

Вживання неозначеного артикля a (an)

 

1. 3 іменником	My father is an engineer.
2. Після звороту there is (there was, there will be)	There is a big lamp on the table.
3. В окличних реченнях	What a big apple you've got!
4. Після such	It is such a funny story! Tom is such a nice boy!
5. 3 іменником-прикладкою	Petrov, a ninth-form pupil, is our best sportsman.
6. У значенні числівника one (один) з іменниками, які позначають час, відстань, вагу	He'll be back in a minute. She has English twice a week. The oranges cost four hryvnias a kilogram.
7. Перед числівниками dozen, hundred, thousand, mil­lion	There was about a thousand flowers there.
8. У сталих виразах	as a rule; to be in a hurry; to be at a loss; It's a pity...; It's a shame...; not a word
9. У сполученні з дієсловами to nave, to take, to give	to have a good time; to have a bath; to give a hand

 

3 означеним артиклем the вживаються

1. Назви річок, морів, озер, океанів, пустель і гірських хребтів. Примітка: Lake Baikal – озеро Байкал вжи­вається без артикля. Примітка: Elbrus –Ельбрус Ararat – Арарат Ceylon – о. Цейлон вживаються без артикля	the Mississippi – Місісіиі the Dnieper – Дніпро the English Channel – протока Ла-Манш the Sahara – Сахара the Bermudas – Бермудські острови the Black Sea – Чорне море the Azov Sea – Азовське море the Arctic Осег.п – Північний Льодовитий океан the Atlantic Ocean – Атлантичний океан the Indian Ocean – Індійський океан the Pacific Ocean – Тихий океан the Crimea – Кримські гори the Caucasus – Кавказькі гори the Pamirs – Памір
2. Назви країн, що складаються із загальної назви та означувального слова, що стоїть пе­ред ним: union – союз, state – штат.	The United States of America – Сполучені Штати Америки The United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland – Сполучене Королівство Великої Британії і Північної Ірландії
3. Назви газет, журналів.	"The Morning Star", "The Canadian Tribune"
4. Предмети та поняття, єдині у своєму роді.	the earth, the sun, the moon, the sky, the world, the ground, the air
5. Сталі висловлювання.	in the morning, in the evening, in the afternoon
6. Назви сторін світу.	the South, the North, the East, the West