VII. Complete the following sentences. Use the required information from the text above.

1. The specialized social processes to which the word ‘______ refers include many things beside rules.

2. International law is the entire ________ process, and not just the reference to the trend of past __________ which are termed __________.

3. The ________ which characterizes law exists not in a vacuum, but exactly where it intersects with _________.

4. Differences between national and international law arise from the fact that ________ law operates in a vertical legal order, and ________ law in a horizontal legal order

5. There will be particular circumstances when power _________ authority.

6. Authority can exist in the total absence of _______ control, or power.

7. This view rejects the notion of law merely as the ________ application of rules.

8. By insisting on international law as rules to be impartially ________ will it be possible to avoid the __________ of international legal _____________ for political ends.

 

VIII. Define if the following sentences are true or false. Use the required information from the text above and correct the false statements.

1. Normative systems make possible to avoid chaos in the web of bilateral and multilateral relationships that that society embraces.

2. The role of law is to provide an operational system for securing values.

3. International law is a set of rules that are meant to be impartially applied.

4. International law is a continuing process of authoritative decisions.

5. The social purpose of international law and domestic law is broadly similar.

6. ‘Rules’ are not accumulated past decisions.

7. Judges and legal advisers simply ‘find the rule’ and then apply it.

8. Sir Hersch Lautcrpacht rejected the notion that the judicial function meant finding the appropriate ‘rule’ in an impartial manner.

 

LANGUAGE FOCUS

Authority [ɔθɒ̱rɪti] 1) the power or right to give orders, make decisions, and enforce obedience: he had absolute authority over his subordinates a rebellion against those in authority; 2) the right to act in a specified way, delegated from one person or organization to another: military forces have the legal authority to arrest drug traffickers; 3) official permission; sanction: the money was spent without parliamentary authority; 4) a person or organization having political or administrative power and control: health authorities issued a worldwide alert; 5) the power to influence others, especially because of one’s commanding manner or one’s recognized knowledge about something: … he has the natural authority of one who is used to being obeyed.

International [ɪntə'næʃənl] 1) existing, occurring, or carried on between nations: international trade; 2) agreed on by all or many nations: a violation of international law; 3) used by people of many nations: large international hotels.

Municipal [mjʊnɪsɪp(ə)l] relating to a town or district or its governing body national and municipal elections municipal offices.

Law 1)(often the law) the system of rules which a particular country or community recognizes as regulating the actions of its members and which it may enforce by the imposition of penalties: shooting the birds is against the law … they were taken to court for breaking the law … law enforcement 2) an individual rule as part of a system of law: … a new law was passed to make divorce easier and simple; 3) systems of law as a subject of study or as the basis of the legal profession he was still practising law: a law firm law students.

Rule 1) one of a set of explicit or understood regulations or principles governing conduct or procedure within a particular area of activity: the rules of cricket … those who did break the rules would be dealt with swiftly; 2) a law or principle that operates within a particular sphere of knowledge, describing or prescribing what is possible or allowable: the rules of grammar; 3) a code of practice and discipline for a religious order or community: the Rule of St Benedict.

Delict [dɪ’lɪkt] a violation of the law; a tort.

Conduct [kɒndʌkt] 1) the manner in which a person behaves, especially in a particular place or situation: they were arrested for disorderly conduct … a code of conduct for directors of listed companies; 2) the manner in which an organization or activity is managed or directed: the conduct of the elections; 3) organize and carry out: in the second trial he conducted his own defence … surveys conducted among students.

Sanction [sæ̱ŋkʃ(ə)n] 1) a threatened penalty for disobeying a law or rule: a range of sanctions aimed at deterring insider abuse; 2) measures taken by a state to coerce another to conform to an international agreement or norms of conduct, typically in the form of restrictions on trade or official sporting participation; 3) give official permission or approval for (an action): the scheme was sanctioned by the court.

Legal [lig(ə)l] relating to the law: the European legal system; 2) appointed or required by the law: a legal requirement.

Order [ɔ(r)də(r)] 1) the arrangement or disposition of people or things in relation to each other according to a particular sequence, pattern, or method: I filed the cards in alphabetical order; 2) a state in which everything is in its correct or appropriate place: … she tried to put her shattered thoughts into some semblance of order; 3) a state in which the laws and rules regulating public behaviour are observed and authority is obeyed: the army was deployed to keep order; 4) the prescribed or established procedure followed by a meeting, legislative assembly, debate, or court of law: the meeting was called to order.

Manifestation [mæ̱nɪfesteɪʃ(ə)n] 1) an event, action, or object that clearly shows or embodies something abstract or theoretical; the first obvious manifestations of global warming; 2) the action or fact of showing something: the manifestation of anxiety over disease.