Translate the words and their derivatives.

To officiate-office-officer-official-officialese-officialdom

To implement-implementation

To legitimize-legitimist-legitimacy-legitimization-legitimate

To administer-administration-administrator-administrative

To pervert-perversion-perversity-perverseness-perverse

Find the synonyms to the words from list A in list B.

A: legal, to rule, to keep, cruelty, misuse, dominion, entity, empirical, shop, endeavor, to encompass, to enforce

В: to govern, power, to put into effect, organization, post, to include, juridical, practicable, try, to maintain, violence, abuse

3. Give the Russian equivalents to the following English word-combinations and phrases from the text.

Influential definition; monopoly on legitimate violence over a specific territory; rules and laws; free from outside influence; making agreements; to declare war; government involvement; the rule of the officialdom; the perversion of means and ends; day-today functions

Translate the sentences paying attention to different meanings of the word «way».

1. She's come a long way in her studies.

2. They paused at the top of stairs, doubtful as to which way to go next.

3. He had his own way in the end.

4. I'll find a way to do it.

5. She smiled in a friendly way.

6. They are alike in most important ways.

7. He is in a terrible way.

8. Unemployment is way above the official figure.

9. Way to go, Mary! You've done a great job!

10. If you speak standard English anywhere round our way, people tend to view you with suspicion.

Find in the text the English for.

a. все люди

b. вооруженные силы

c. просить помощи у богов

d. вводить ответственные должности

e. административно-территориальная единица

f. поддерживать дипломатические отношения

g. групповые интересы

h. пропагандистско-агитационная деятельность

i. социально-культурные рычаги управления

Match up the following half – sentences.

1. In autocracies one individual	office power.
2. In oligarchies political power is	a lack of government.
3. Democracies are	governments where peo­ple as a whole hold the power.
4. Anarchy is	holds all the power.
5. A government is	of a government to exert control over its territory.
6. Sovereignty is the ability	held by a small group of people who share the same interests.
7. Bureaucracy means	a body intended to en­force rules and laws within different groups.

Answer the questions.

1. What is a state?

2. What is a government?

3. How are governments classified as?

4. What methods do governments employ to maintain the estab­lished order?

5. What methods are designed to maintain support and legiti­macy?

6. What is bureaucracy?

7. Why is it necessary to control the bureaucracy?

8. How can public administration be described?

9. What activities is public management involved in?

10. What is public management?

Sum up the contents of the text.

Read text 2 and headline it.

Text 2

The history of the state in the West usually begins with classical antiquity. During that period, the state took a variety of forms, none of them very much like the modern state. There were monarchies whose power (like that of the Egyptian Pharaoh) was based on the religious function of the king and his control of a centralized army.

Perhaps the most important political innovations of classical an­tiquity came from the Greek city-states and the Roman Republic. The Greek city-states before the 4th century granted citizenship rights to their free population, and in Athens these rights were combined with a directly democratic form of government that was to have a long af­terlife in political thought and history.

In contrast, Rome developed from a monarchy into a republic, governed by a senate dominated by the Roman aristocracy. The Ro­man political system contributed to the development of law, constitu­tionalism and to the distinction between the private and the public spheres.

The story of the development of the specifically modern state in the West typically begins with the dissolution of the western Roman em­pire. The state-system of feudal Europe was an unstable configuration of suzerains and anointed kings. A monarch, formally at the head of a hierarchy of sovereigns, was not an absolute power who could rule at will; instead, relations between lords and monarchs were mediated by varying degrees of mutual dependence, which was ensured by the ab­sence of a centralized system of taxation. This reality ensured that each ruler needed to obtain the «consent» of each estate in the realm.

The formalization of the struggles over taxation between the mon­arch and other elements of society (especially the nobility and the cities) gave rise to what is now called the state of Estates, character­ized by parliaments in which key social groups negotiated with the king about legal and economic matters. Beginning in the 15th centu­ry, this centralizing process gives rise to the absolutist state..

The rise of the «modern state» as a public power constituting the supreme political authority within a defined territory is associated with western Europe's gradual institutional development beginning in ear­nest in the late 15th century, culminating in the rise of absolutism and capitalism.

As Europe's dynastic states–England under the Tudors, Spain under the Hapsburgs, and France under the Bourbons–embarked on a variety of programs designed to increase centralized political and economic control, they increasingly exhibited many of the institution­al features that characterize the «modern state.» This centralization of power involved the delineation of political boundaries, as European monarchs gradually defeated or co-opted other sources of power, such as the Church and lesser nobility. In place of the fragmented system of feudal rule, with its often indistinct territorial claims, large, unitary states with extensive control over definite territories emerged. This process gave rise to the highly centralized and increasingly bu­reaucratic forms of absolute monarchical rule of the 17th and 18th centuries, when the principal features of the contemporary state sys­tem took form, including the introduction of a standing army, a cen­tral taxation system, diplomatic relations with permanent embassies, and the development of state economic policy–mercantilism.

N o t e s:

dissolution	1. распад
suzerain ['suizarein]	2. сюзерен
anointed kings	3. миропомазанные короли
sovereign ['sovrin]	4. монарх, правитель
taxation	5. налогообложение
consent	6. согласие, разрешение
realm	7. государство, королевство
the state of Estates	8. сословное государство
to embark	9. начинать
to co-opt	10. кооптировать
nobility	11. аристократия
standing army	12. регулярная армия
embassy	13. посольство