Текст 7 digital computer operation

 

Задание 1 Выполните письменный перевод текста по вариантам

DIGITAL COMPUTER OPERATION

 

1. A digital computer is a machine capable of performing operations on data represented in digital or number form. The individual operations performed by a digital computer are very simple arithmetic or logical processes involving the manipulation of the bits in words or characters of information. The great power of any digital computer rests in the ability to store large volumes of data and to perform these operations at extremely high speed.

In most electronic digital computers the method of number representation is based on the system of binary notation. The binary notation system is most widely used because of the convenience in constructing logical circuits and storage devices capable of handling data in this form. For example, a magnetic memory unit consists of many thousand individual magnetic cells, each of which can be energized in either of two ways to represent the binary digits 0 or 1. If these cells are grouped to form words or binary coded characters, information can be stored for processing in units of specified size. In the same way, digital data can be recorded as a series of magnetized spots on a magnetic tape or a magnetic disk.

2. The computer has pervaded most fields of human activity and is the most important innovation of our age. Born out of the technology of communication, it is capable of handling enormous amounts of information at tremendous speeds. What makes it so potent is the fact that a single mechanism can perform any information-processing task. The same mechanism can control industrial processes, guide space vehicles or help to teach children. This diversity of tasks is made possible by the simple idea of the stored program.

A program is the enumeration of determining commands. It specifies the method used for the solution of a problem in detail. When the machine is in operation, both the commands and the numbers to be processed are constantly being taken out of and put into a depository of information known as a memory.

It can be seen that the processes performed by a digital computer are essentially simple. These operations can be performed at extremely high speeds and with a high degree of coordination between the different functional units of the hardware system, and this ability means that digital computers can undertake highly complex tasks.

Текст 8 MEMORY

 

Задание 1 Прочитайте, переведите текст в письменной форме и ответьте на вопросы

 

MEMORY

 

It is interesting to note that memory, one of the basic components of the computer, is often called storage. It stores calculation program, the calculation formulae, initial data, intermediate and final results. Therefore, the functions of the computer memory may be classified in the following way. Firstly, the computer memory must store the information transmitted from the input and other devices. Secondly, memory should produce the information needed for the computation process to all other devices of the computer.

Generally, memory consists of two main parts called the main, primary or internal, memory and the secondary, or external memory. The advantage of the primary memory is an extremely high speed. The secondary memory has a comparatively low speed, but it is capable of storing far greater amount of information than the main memory. The primary storage takes a direct part in the computational process. The secondary storage provides the information necessary for a single step in the sequence of computation steps.

The most important performance characteristics of a storage unit are speed, capacity and reliability. Its speed is measured in cycle time. Its capacity is measured by the number of machine words or binary digits. Its reliability is measured by the number of failures (отказ) per unit of time.

1. What is memory?

2. What is the function of memory?

3. What are the main parts of memory?

4. What are advantages and disadvantages of a storage unit?

5. What are their functions?

6. What are performance characteristics of the main and secondary memory?

7. What units are performance characteristics measured by?

Тема 3

 

ОБРАБОТКА ИНФОРМАЦИИ

 

Цель: овладеть новой лексикой по теме, согласованием времен.

 

Студент должен:

иметь представление:

· о способах обработки информации;

знать:

· согласование времен, косвенную речь;

уметь:

· прочитать, перевести и пересказать текст, использовать его в коммуникативно-обращенном устном монологическом высказывании, диалоге, письменном сообщении.

 

Тематика текстов для чтения: Что такое устройство ввода-вывода данных, Обработка информации.

 

Грамматика: согласование времен, косвенная речь;

 

Виды практических занятий: лексические и грамматические упражнения: упр.316, 318,321,325,327,339,345(1), упр. 1 стр.100, упр.1 стр.101, упр. 1 стр.102, упр.3 стр.103 (2); перевод и пересказ текстов.

Вид контроля: устный и письменный опрос.

 

 

Текст 1 WHAT IS HARDWARE?

 

Задание 1 Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста и подготовьтесь к лексическому диктанту

input hardware — устройства ввода данных

to convert — преобразовывать

suitable — подходящий, пригодный

mouse — «мышь»

to roll — катать, перекатывать

to reach — достигать

keyboard — клавиатура

cursor — курсор

processing hardware — устройства обработки данных

execution — выполнение

to direct — управлять

central processing unit (CPU), microprocessor — микропроцессор

brain — мозг

to interpret — переводить, интерпретировать

RAM — ОЗУ (оперативное запоминающее устройство)

ROM — ПЗУ (постоянное запоминающее устройство)

storage hardware — устройства хранения данных

to retrieve — извлекать

hard disk — жесткий диск, «винчестер»

CD - ROM — накопитель на компакт-дисках (CD)

CD - ROM drives — дисководы CD - ROM

digitized — в цифровом виде

graphics — графика

temporary — временный

output hardware — устройства отображения информации

printer — печатающее устройство, принтер

scanner — сканирующее устройство, сканер

modem — модем

purpose — цель

to connect — соединять

to provide — обеспечивать

to affect — влиять

amount — количество

 

Задание 2 Прочтите текст и выполните задания следующие за текстом

 

WHAT IS HARDWARE?

 

Webster's dictionary gives us the following definition of the hardware — the devices composing a computer system.

Computer hardware can be divided into four categories:

a) input hardware

b) processing hardware

c) storage hardware

d) output hardware.

Input hardware

Input hardware collects data and converts them into a form suitable for computer processing. The most common input device is a keyboard. It looks very much like a typewriter. The mouse is a hand-held device connected to the computer by a small cable. As the mouse is rolled across the desktop, the cursor moves across the screen. When the cursor reaches the desired location, the user usually pushes a button on the mouse once or twice to give a command to the computer.

Another type of input hardware is optic-electronic scanner. Microphone and video camera can be also used to input data into the computer.

Processing hardware

Processing hardware directs the execution of software instructions in the computer. The most common components of processing hardware are the central processing unit and main memory.

The central processing unit (CPU) is the brain of the computer. It reads and interprets software instructions and coordinates the processing.

Memory is the component of the. computer in which information is stored. There are two types of computer memory: RAM and ROM.

RAM (random access memory) is the memory, used for creating, loading and running programs

ROM (read only memory) is computer memory used to hold programmed instructions to the system.

The more memory you have in your computer, the more operations you can perform.

Storage hardware

The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data and retrieve when needed for processing. Storage hardware stores data as electromagnetic signals. The most common ways of storing data are Hard disk, floppy disk and CD-ROM.

Hard disk is a rigid disk coated with magnetic material, for storing programs and relatively large amounts of data.

Floppy disk (diskette) — a thin, usually flexible plastic disk coated with magnetic material, for storing temporary computer data and programs. There are two formats for floppy disks: 5.25' and 3.5'. 3.5' disks are formatted 1.4 megabytes and are widely used.

CD-ROM (compact disc read only memory) is a compact disc on which a large amount of digiti z ed data can be stored. CD-ROMs are very popular now because of the growing speed which CD-ROM drives can provide nowadays.

Output hardware

The purpose of output hardware is to provide the user with the means to view information produced by the computer system. Information is in either hardcopy or softcopy form. Hardcopy output can be held in your hand, such as paper with text (word or numbers) or graphics printed on it. Softcopy output is displayed on a monitor.

Monitor is a display screen for viewing computer data, television programs, etc. Printer is a computer output device that produces a paper copy of data or graphics.

Modem is an example of communication hardware — an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data to or from computer via telephone or other communication lines.

Hardware comes in many configurations, depending on what you are going to do on your computer.

Задание 3 Ответьте на вопросы:

1. What is the Webster's dictionary definition of the hardware?

2. What groups of hardware exist?

3. What is input hardware? What are the examples of input hardware?

4. What is the mouse designed for?

5. What is processing hardware? What are the basic types of memory used in a PC?

6. What is a storage hardware? What is CD-ROM used for? Can a user record his or her data on a CD? What kind of storage hardware can contain more information: CD-ROM, RAM or ROM?

7. What is modem used for? Can a PC user communicate with other people without a modem?

 

Задание 4 Какие из приведенных ниже утверждений верны/неверны? Аргументируйте свой ответ, опираясь на текст

 

1. The purpose of the input hardware is to collect data and convert them into a form suitable for computer processing.

2. Scanner is used to input graphics only.

3. CPU reads and interprets software and prints the results on paper.

4. User is unable to change the contents of ROM.

5. Printer is a processing hardware because it shows the information.

6. Modem is an electronic device that makes possible the transmission of data from one computer to another via telephone or other communication lines.

7. The purpose of storage hardware is to store computer instructions and data.

Задание 5 Дайте определения, используя текст

 

a) CPU

b) ROM

c) Floppy-disk

d) CD-ROM

e) Printer

f) Modem

g) Hard disk

h) Keyboard

 

Задание 6 Что из ниже перечисленного является оборудованием?

 

a) program

b) mouse

c) CPU

d) printer

e) modem

f) instruction

g) cursor or the pointer

h) keyboard

Текст 2 DATA PROCESSING AND DATA PROCESSING SYSTEMS

Задание 1 Ознакомьтесь с терминами текста и подготовьтесь к лексическому диктанту

data processing — обработка информации (данных)

to convert — преобразовывать; переводить (в др. единицы)

to accomplish —завершать, заканчивать; осуществлять, выполнять

to house — помещать, размещать

to improve — улучшать, совершенствовать

to control — управлять, регулировать; управление, регулирование

to store — хранить, запоминать, заносить (размещать) в памяти

storage — запоминающее устройство, память; хранение

resource — ресурс; средство; возможность

facility — устройство; средство

facilities — приспособления; возможности

equipment — оборудование; аппаратура; приборы; устройства

available — доступный; имеющийся (в наличии); возможный

display — дисплей; устройство (визуального) отображения; показ

manner — способ, образ (действий)

sequence — последовательность, порядок (следования)

successively — последовательно

data storage hierarchy — иерархия (последовательность) запоминания информации (данных)

to enter — входить; вводить (данные); заносить, записывать

comprehensive groupings — полные, обширные, универсальные образования

meaningful — имеющий смысл; значащий (о данных)

item — элемент; составная часть

record — запись, регистрация; записывать, регистрировать

file — файл; заносить (хранить) в файл

set — набор; множество; совокупность; серия; группа; система

data base — база данных

related — смежный; взаимосвязанный; относящийся (к ч.-л.)

 

Задание 2 Прочтите текст и выполните задания следующие за текстом