С) Put up 10 questions to the text.

 

VOCABULARY WORK

a) In his book, The Ecology of Commerce, Paul Hawken outlines practical ways in which we might work our way back towards a sustainable economy. Complete the checklist below by selecting from the lists of words:

 

Technology resources consumption hemisphere

Reduce (1)..........of energy and natural (2) in the northern (3)..........by 75 %. This is not as difficult as it sounds. We already have the (4)..........to make things last twice as long with half the resources.

war inequality employment security

Provide secure (5)..........for the whole populace. A sustainable economy without job (6)..........would only lead to social (7).......... and civil (8)..........quality nature goods dynamics. Honour market principles. Since you cannot change the (9).......... of the market, you have to operate within it. Taxing morality by charging higher prices for environmentally-friendly (10)...... doesn't work. It is basic human (11)..........to shop around for the cheapest goods of comparable (12)...........

earth systems restoration programme

Extensive (13)..........will be needed as it is simply too late to sustain what we have. As part of our overall economic (14)..........we shall need to redesign all industrial, residential and transport (15)..........so that everything we use comes from the (16)..........and returns to it.

acts circumstances society users

Governments alone cannot create a sustainable (17)........... Everything largely depends on the daily (18)..........of billions of ordinary people. Humans are not naturally wasteful and predatory, but intelligent (19).......... who adapt to fit in with their (20)...........In a sustainable culture people would naturally conserve.

b) Find in the article word-combinations with these lexical units, translate them into Russian and learn 10 of them:

Business Word-Combinations

1. environmental 2. solid 3. global 4. private 5. big 6. world 7. eco- 8. global 9. ecological

10. practical 11. track 12. antiquated 13. financial 14. corporate 15. insider 16. commercial 17. environmental 18. global

 

c) Choose one noun to form a frequent word-combination with all the verbs in each example. Give their translation and English equivalents.

resources, the environment, a promise, an issue, power, a goal, pollution, a policy

1. protect / harm / threaten

2. control / create / cut

3. develop / exploit / tap

4. address / face / settle

5. make / break / keep

6. adopt / implement / abandon

7. set / achieve / reach exercise / wield / seize

 

5. Discuss:

What do you know about the following?

Chernobyl

The Union Carbide Company

The Exxon Valdez

Work in two groups. One group should make a list of the ways in which business inevitably harms the environment. The other should make the list of the measures that might be taken to restore the balance. Compare your lists.

How environmentally sound is your country? What environmental problems does your country face? What are their causes? How do you think they could be resolved?

Does Hawken's blueprint for a better planet strike you as plausible or idealistic? Where would the motivation come from for the business community to change its attitude to ecology and commerce?

 

POINT OF GRAMMAR

a) Form teams of 3 people. This activity is designed to help yon use modal verbs more effectively, which show your attitude to events (must, may, might, will, would, can, could, shall, should, have to, need, etc). They are essential when yon want to express doubt, certainty, degrees of ability and feasibility; they are also useful when yon want to give advice or make suggestions.

You have just 10 minutes to solve as many of the language problems as you can. At the end of the project you will be asked to report your findings.

1. In which of the following is spending more money an option?

We mustn't spend any more money on this. We don't have to spend any more money on this. Which of the two sentences means almost the same as. «We don't need to spend any more money on this?»

2. Which of the following is more likely to be my opinion?

We must cut down on waste.

We have to cut down on waste.

Which of the two sentences above could mean:

They've told us to cut down on waste!

3. In which of the following are you sure I finished the report?

I didn't need to finish the report today. I needn't have finished the report today.

4. Which of the following is more diplomatic?

That isn't enough.

That wouldn't be enough.

5. What is the opposite of,

That can't be right!

That can be right. That must be right.

6. What is the opposite of,

We should have known what would happen!

We shouldn't have known what would happen. We couldn't have known what would happen.

7. Which of the following seems more certain?

We could do it if we tried.

We might be able to do it if we tried.

8. Which of the following seems more certain?

If he calls, tell him I'm out.

If he should call, tell him I'm out.

9. Do either or both the following refer to future time?

You could ask her but she won't know yet. You could ask her but she won't help you.

b) Now match up the sentences on the left with their equivalents on the right.

1) It's necessary to take action. a) We should take action

2) It’s not necessary to take action b) We could've taken action, action.

3) It would be a good idea c) We should've taken action, to take action.

4) It's not possible for us d) We must take action, to take action.

5) It's possible we will e) We needn't have taken action, take action.

6) It would have been a good f) We can't take action, idea to take action.

7) It wasn't a good idea to take g) We didn't need to take action, action, but we did.

8) It was possible for us h) We may take action, to take action but we didn't.

9) It wasn't necessary to take action i) We shouldn't've taken action, action, so we didn't.

10) It wasn't necessary to take action but we did j) We don't have to take action.

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Have you ever been in the position at work where you should have taken some kind of action but didn't? Or where you needn't have taken the action you did?