Перепишите и письменно переведите следующие предложения, содержащие конструкции с причастиями, герундием и инфинитивом.

1. Every enterprise would like fuel and raw materials to be cheap. 2. Being a commodity, labour power also has a use-value, which includes the wage, that is worker's capacity to create value greater than the value of his labour during production. 3. Historians suppose the name "London" to come from a Celtic word. 4. The new method is believed to have given good results. 5. Speculation is buying and selling with a view to buying and selling after when prices have changed. 6. The Physiocrats regarded the state's role as simply that of preserving property and upholding the natural order. 7. Communications being easy, buyers and sellers are numerous and competition is completely free. 8. Transfer costs should include all costs of achieving these physical transfers, including loading and unloading costs, administrative costs, etc. 9. Having created products to meet present and future needs, we must ensure that they provide optimum cost performance (оптимальную характеристику стоимости).

 

5. Перепишите и письменно переведите данные предложения,

Содержащие условные придаточные предложения.

1. If prices increase we shan't be able to buy more fuel from you. 2. If

you gave us a 5% discount we would increase our purchase of fuel. 3. If there had been an excess of this commodity the demand would have fallen. 4. Had the terms been reasonable the contract would have been signed immediately. 5.If you think we are living in an age of technology, you are perfectly right. If you think this is a phenomenon of recent years or centuries, you are entirely wrong. 6. If we look at the structure of societies, it will be seen that they are divided into different levels, or strata. 7. If we could go back thousands of years, we should find that people who lived at that time also had to think of necessary supplies of food and clothing, and of suitable shelter. 8. Trade would have developed, if some surplus had been produced. 9. The great development of industry that occurred in the 19^th century would not have been possible if it had not been for the invention of steam.

 

6. Перепишите и переведите на русский язык предложения, содержащие

Усилительные (эмфатические) конструкции.

1. The quality and quantity of the necessary means of substance do

depend on certain factors. 2. It is the development of the forms of value that led to the appearance of money itself. 3. It is the working people who suffer most from the inflation. 4. It was two years ago when the firm built this factory. 5. It was the mechanized cotton mills of the North of England that were making wealth.

 

 

Прочтите и устно переведите 1 абзац текста. Перепишите и

Письменно переведите 2 абзац.

The Open Market

Monopoly is one of the peculiar factors, which can affect the sale, and purchase of certain commodities. In some markets, there may be only one seller or a cartel of sellers working very closely together to control prices. The result of such monopolistic activity is to fix prices at a level suitable to the seller, a level, which may bring him artificially high profits. Many governments dislike this procedure and have taken legal action to restrict or halt any business activities directed towards "cornering the market". In the US, anti-trust laws operate to limit cartels and mergers, while in Britain the Monopolistic Commission examines all special arrangements and mergers referred to them by the Board of Trade which appear to operate against the public interest.

This type of monopoly is not the only possibility, however. There are three other forms: state, legal and natural. State monopolies are quite common nowadays, where the authorities in a particular country control industries like steel and transport or important and prestigious services like national airlines. Legal monopolies are rather different, because the law permits certain individuals to benefit solely from their special inventions, discoveries or processes. No other person may infringe their rights in respect to such monopolies. Finally, natural monopoly arises where a nation or individual possesses most of a particular mineral for reasons of geography and geology. Canadian nickel and South African gold are two well-known examples of this kind of monopoly.

 

КОНТРОЛЬНОЕ ЗАДАНИЕ № 4

MONEY AND FINANCIAL INSTITUTIONS

Для правильного выполнения Задания №4 необходимо усвоить следующие разделы курса английского языка по любым учебникам:

1. Особенности перевода страдательного залога английских глаголов, имеющих предложное дополнение или дополнение без предлога.

2. Место Participle II, выступающего в функции определения, и способы его перевода на русский язык.

3. Бессоюзные дополнительные и определительные придаточные предложения.

4. Бессоюзные условные предложения (Инверсия).

5. Многозначность should / would.

После изучения указанного материала можно приступать к выполнению задания.

READING MATERIAL

Text 4 (A) Functions of Money

All values in the economic system are measured in terms of money. Our goods and services are sold for money, and that money is in turn exchanged for other goods and services. Coins are adequate for small transactions, while paper notes are used for general business. There is additionally a wider sense of the word money, covering anything, which is used as a means of exchange, whatever forms it may take. Originally, a valuable metal (gold, silver or copper) served as a constant store of value, and today the American dollar is technically "backed" by the store of gold, which the US government maintains. Because gold has been universally regarded as a very valuable metal, national currencies were for many years judged in terms of the so-called gold standard.

Paper notes have generally replaced valuable metals. These notes are used by governments and authorized banks, and are known as legal tender. Other arrangements such as checks and money orders are not legal tender. They perform the function of substitute money and are known as instruments of credit. Credit is offered only when creditors believe that they get a good chance of obtaining legal tender when they present such instruments at a bank or other authorized institution. If a man's assets are known to be considerable, then the credit will be good. If his assets are in doubt, it may be difficult for him to obtain large sums of credit or even to pay for goods with a check.

The value of money is basically its value as a medium of exchange, or, as economists put it, its purchasing power. This purchasing power is dependent on supply and demand. The demand for money is the quantity needed to effect business transactions. An increase in business requires an increase in the amount of money coming into general circulation. But the demand for money is related not only to the quantity of business but also to the rapidity with which the business is done. The supply of money, on the other hand, is the actual amount in notes and coins available for business purposes. If too much money is available, its value decreases, and it does not buy as much as it did, say, five years earlier. This condition is known as inflation.

Text 4 (В) Banks and Banking

Banks are closely concerned with the flow of money into and out of the economy. They often co-operate with governments in efforts to stabilize economies and to prevent inflation. They are specialists in the business of providing capital, and in allocating funds on credit. Banks originated as places to which people took their valuables for safekeeping, but today the great banks of the world have many functions in addition to acting as guardians of valuable private possessions.

Banks normally receive money from their customers in two distinct forms: on current account, and on deposit account. With a current account, a customer can issue personal checks. The bank on this type of account pays no interest. With a deposit account, however, the customer undertakes to leave his money in the bank for a minimum specified period of time. Interest is paid on this money.

The bank in turn lends the deposited money to customers who need capital. This activity earns interest for the bank, and this interest is almost always at a higher rate than any interest, which the bank pays to its depositors. In this way the bank makes its main profits.

The primary function of a bank today is to act as an intermediary between depositors who wish to make interest on their savings, and borrowers who wish to obtain capital. The bank is a reservoir of loanable money, with streams of money flowing in and out. For this reason, economists and financiers often talk of money being liquid, or of the liquidity of money. Many small sums which might otherwise be used as capital are rendered useful simply because the bank acts as a reservoir.

The system of banks rests upon a basis of trust. Innumerable acts of trust built up the system of which bankers, depositors and borrowers are part. They all agree to behave in certain predictable ways in relation to each other, and in relation to the rapid fluctuations of credit and debit. Consequently, business can be done and checks can be written without any legal tender visibly changing hands.