International Youth Contacts

Nowadays international youth contacts become very important. From Europe to Australia, Asia and Africa teenagers pack their bags and go to the country they have probably only read about or seen on TV. There are special exchange programmes between schools and universities, which give students the possibility to visit different countries, to study there and to learn the culture of the countries.

The main goals of the exchange programmes for secondary school students are the following:

• to break the stereotypes;

• to improve understanding between the countries and the students;

• to represent the country;

• to learn more about the countries;

• to practise foreign languages;

• to study in another country;

• to apply knowledge when students return back in order to build a better future in their own country, and, of course, many other goals.

Not every student can participate in the programme. The student needs to demonstrate good knowledge of a foreign language, ability to adapt to a very different way of life and new people, ability to make friends and communicate, to represent their country and to be flexible and outgoing.

Today many Russian and American students participate in such programmes because they want to know more about other countries. The programmes are very successful. The desire to learn more about the country attracts more and more students to participate in them.

When students arrive in different countries, everything is different for them: the way people eat, sleep, work, and all the various leisure activities. So there are special programmes for adaptation especially with those students living with host families.

During the Soviet period a very limited number of students could come to Russia and vice versa. That's why during that period foreign people knew very little about the life in Russia. Now the situation is different. Students can travel to different countries, they can learn and work there, they can participate in different exchange programmes between countries. It is an incredible experience and something that the students will remember forever.

 

1. What are the main goals of the exchange programmes for secondary school students? 2. What docs a student need to participate in this programme? 3. What problems do exchange students have? 4. Do the students know much about different countries before the programme? 5. How docs the programme influence the students' lives? 6. Why are the programmes successful? 7. Wiry do such programmes build a bridge between countries?

 

Dialogues

l.

— What's wrong with today's teenagers?

— That's easy — everything. They want to be treated like adults, but they won't take adult responsibilities. They just sit around, listening to loud music. And do you have any problems with your teenage children?

— My daughter's fine, she works hard at school, but I have problems with my son Sam. He and his friends use the house as a hotel, and he wears these terrible clothes. 1 think he does it to upset us. And he often tells us that we are boring and we want him to accept our way of life.

— Yes, my son often says that the young generation knows better and that the young are not what we were.

— And they say that parents think they are all delinquents an criminals, just because their parents don't like the way they look and behave.

— My son often says that he likes us, but we treat him like child. He even says that we are jealous because he has a much better time we did when we were young. He intends to grow a beard when he leaves school, chiefly because I don't want him to. It is his way of rebelling, the first step towards breaking ties with a home for which he feels little sympathy.

— By the way, I agree that the young are better educated, the have a lot more money to spend and enjoy more freedom. The grow up more quickly and are not so dependant on their parents. They think more for themselves and do not blindly accept the ideal of their parents and grandparents. And I agree that every new generation is different from the one that preceded it. And this difference is called a generation gap.

— Yes, but I think that we, parents, are people who our children can trust. It's our duty to tell them about it. And we must help our children to solve their problems but not to be at odds with them.

 

2.

 

— Would you like to go to the cinema?

— Of course, I do. But now I don't have enough pocket money. When I was younger, I used to spend most of my pocket money о crisps and sweets, and then a couple of years ago I got a bike. So now I spend a lot on accessories and spare parts. The last ones were rather expensive, that's why I don't have money now.

— And my Dad and Mum set up a bank account for me and they deposit some money into it every week. I get extra on my birthday and at Christmas. Basically, I want to save as much money as I can for later. I'd like to study foreign languages at university and will probably be spending time abroad as part of the course, so I think I'm going to need the money later.

— And as for me, I get extra money for lunch and bus fares. Now I'm saving up to get a new bike because the one I've got is already a bit small for me.

— So, it's a pity. We are both saving our pocket money and can't go to the cinema. I'll call you next week. Bye-bye.

— OK. See you later.

 

3.

 

— How do you usually spend your pocket money, Andrew?

— I spend a bit of time in fast-food restaurants. I also like music and a lot of money goes on CDs. I go to the cinema quite often but that doesn't cost much. And you?

— I don't get much pocket money, but 1 have a part-time job. I work in a supermarket, stacking boxes and crates. I do it on Saturdays. So I can afford to pay for guitar lessons myself. And I feel independent because I can decide for myself what to spend it on.

— Do you buy clothes yourself?

— I find going shopping pretty boring. So my Mum gets most of my clothes for me.

— And I buy a lot of clothes myself. And Mum says I waste a lot of money because I get sick of wearing them. Fashion changes all the time, doesn't it?

— Sure. That's why I am not keen on fashion. I love collecting things. Now I've got a collection of stamps, but sometimes I spend money buying old ones from friends. But they have to be in good condition to be really worth anything.

— Oh, it's very interesting. I'd like to see your collection.

— OK. Come to see me at 6 pm tomorrow. Bye.

— Bye-bye.

 

4.

 

— Professor, you must have to deal with a wide range of problems faced by teens.

— That's right. My research has focused on the learning difficulties of young children.

— And what makes some pupils succeed and others fail?

— Well, research suggests that if you get on well with people, it helps you make the most of your abilities.

— So, why do you think a personality is important?

— Because it's important to feel good about yourself.

— But what should a student do if he doesn't get on well with his mates?

— First of all it's very important not to be negative all the time. If someone gets the teacher's question wrong, you shouldn't start sniggering or giggling. But a lot of kids do it. So the main task is not to look only on the gloomy side.

— Gloomy sides?

— Yes, nobody likes to hear every day that things are bad. Most people know they are bad. If a child doesn't like maths, he doesn't have to keep going on about it.

— And what should we do if we're feeling depressed?

— It you're feeling depressed, one strategy is to try and listen to what other people are saying. Listen to the problems of others, and it may take your mind off your own problems.

— Thank you, professor. It was very interesting.

— My pleasure. Goodbye.

— Goodbye.

 

Writing

1.

4 April 2005 Dear Mary, I got your letter yesterday and I am writing to ask for more information. I am not a member of your organization, but I would be interested in finding out how to join your organization and become a member of the exchange programme. You know that I am a good language learner. I am interested in the culture of English speaking countries. At school we have done some projects about customs and traditions in Canada and Australia. And my project was at the top of the class. I would be grateful if you could let me know how I can become a member and what kind of exams are involved. Hope to hear from you soon,   Helen

2.

15 May 2005 Dear Maria, The reason I'm writing now is because I've got some amazing news. I'm coming back home for a holiday in summer. I'll be there for a month, so I hope we've got plenty of free time. I hope you'll recognize me. After all these years, I think I've really become English. The only language I've spoken since I came here is English. I've got a North London accent. Anyway, that's enough about me. There is so much I want to know. How are you and how have you changed? What's happened to our old friends from school? Do write soon to let me know what your plans are forthe summer. Lots of love, Alice

3.

10 April 2005 Dear Sir or Madam, I saw your advertisement forthe International Youth Conference Debate on global warming in Youth magazine and I am writing for more information. I am a member of the Debating Club and we are all keen to take part in the event but require further details. First of all, is there any age limit? We would also like to know the exact dates of the Convention. We are going to be taking exams till the end of June and so we will only be free from July onwards. We would like to bring a total of seven people; will this be acceptable? Do we have to be accompanied by a teacher? Also, there were no details about accommodation in your advertisement and it would be useful for us to know what the options are and whether bookings are made by you or by the participants themselves. Finally, could you please send us an information pack, including application forms and any other useful information about the Conference. I look forward to receiving your answer. Yours faithfully, Sophie Wyss

UNIT 9

OUR ENVIROMENT

Animals

Ever since true humans appeared on Earth, they have lived in close association with animals. They needed animals for tasks that required strength and speed. People depended on animals for food and clothing, but they also found a source of pleasure and spiritual strength in the animal life.

Humans domesticated some animals for food, clothing, power and companionship. Through protection and selective breeding people changed early domesticated forms into highly productive dairy and beef cattle, sheep, pigs and poultry. Bull despite the domestication of many species, we still depend on wild animals for food and clothing. Besides, a lot of animals arc used for medical research. In addition, wild animals provide recreation in the form of hunting, bird watching, and visits to zoos and wildlife reserves.

Unfortunately, unmanaged commercial exploitation has driven some species of wild animals to the edge of extinction. For example, 143 elephants are slaughtered in Africa every day to get ivory. At this rate, they'll be wiped out in 25 years. What can we do to help animals survive? First of all, environmental organizations must analyse the consequences of humans' actions. Besides, people should create nature reserves for wild animals and birds. And of course, we must take care of those animals that are around us. There are a lot of abandoned animals in cities and towns, because their owners got rid of them. We must build and run animal shelters where neglected animals can find safety, food and veterinary care.

Nowadays a lot of people keep pets at home. A pet is a domesticated animal that is kept for pleasure rather than utility. Domesticated animals such as dogs, cats, hamsters and guinea pigs make good pets because they have been bred for thousands of years to coexist with humans.

Some people keep exotic pets like snakes, lizards or wild cats. Of course, exotic pets are fascinating and beautiful to watch. However, very often people keep exotic pets only in order to look extraordinary. They regard them as a status symbol. But captivity is not natural for wild animals. It is a constant stress to them, so they may become very aggressive as they get older. Besides, wild animals need to be examined by a vet with special knowledge and training in wildlife medicine. That's why it's not desirable to keep exotic animals as pets.

To sum up, we can say that for centuries animals have been our friends and companions, and we must do our best to ensure that this coexistence will continue in the future.

1. What is the role of animals in people's lives? 2. What did people use animals for in the past? 3. What do they use them fog now? 4. Why do people keep pets at home? 5. What animals make good pets? 6. Why do people keep exotic pets? 7. Is it dangerous to keep exotic pets? Why? 8. Would you like to keep a pet? Why? 9. How can we help animals?

Trees

Trees are amongst the biggest and longest-living things on Earth, some dating back longer than the oldest buildings. Trees are one of the most valuable parts of the environment. People like trees for a lot of reasons.

As well as being nice to look at, trees also play an important role in improving the quality of our life. They offer shade and shelter, which in turn reduces the amount of energy needed to heat and cool nearby buildings. They also give us a lot of fruit to eat and the place for children to play. Besides they remove impurities from the air we breathe.

Urban trees are especially important because for many people they provide the only daily contact with the natural world. What's more, urban trees also provide a home for birds, small animals and butterflies. Without the trees we would lose the pleasure of seeing these creatures in our cities.

Regrettably, however, trees in cities are now coming under | threat. There is a limit to the level of pollution they can put up with, and down at street level their roots are being seriously disturbed by digging needed to make a way for modern telephone, television and other cables.

On a world-wide scale forests help to slow down the effects of global warming by using up the gas known as carbon dioxide and giving out the oxygen we need to breathe. The world's largest rainforests (in Brazil, Africa and South East Asia) supply about 80 percent of the oxygen for the world's fresh air.

Rainforests also give us thousands of valuable wild plants. One square kilometre of rainforests sometimes contains 250 different types of plants, including 125 different trees. These plants and trees are valuable because scientists use them to make a lot of medicines.

Unfortunately, every year an area of rainforest as big as England and Wales disappears. Large companies cut down the trees for valuable hardwood and for wood for making paper. There are also forest fires. This breaks the ecological balance and deprives lots of animals of places to live. Every day about 50 kinds of rainforest plants and animals become extinct. Whole systems of plant and animal life are disappearing forever.

If nothing is done about it, soon there will be very few trees and animals on Earth. Environmental protection is more than just picking up litter. We must take into consideration all factors that people's survival depends upon.

 

 

1. Why do people like trees? 2. Why are trees one of the most valuable parts of the environment? 3. How can trees and wild plants help to cure people? 4. What is happening to rainforests now? 5. Are trees in cities in safety now? Why? 6. How does the disappearance of forests influence animals and birds? 7. What can people do to protect plant and animal life?

 

 

Pollution

People are now more concerned about their environment. One of the most serious environmental problems is pollution in its many forms: air pollution, water pollution, noise pollution and nuclear pollution.

As the population of large cities continues to grow, pollution problems become worse. The air around us becomes polluted as a result of our own activities. For instance, when coal is burnt, gases and smoke are produced that make the air dirty and unpleasant. The air in big cities is being polluted by traffic and industry. The most dangerous pollutant from cars is lead. Even small amounts can affect the brain and nervous system of people. The number of cars and lorries is growing all the time. On the one hand, they bring mobility to millions of people, but on the other hand, they need bigger, better and more expensive roads, which often ruin the countryside.

Every year the world's industries pollute the atmosphere with about 1,000 million tons of dust and other substances. Some factories release harmful substances all the time as a result of removing wastes from the factory. Other factories may usually produce little or no pollution, but can cause huge problems when there is an accident. Air pollution can cause lung diseases like pneumonia or bronchitis.

Water pollution has become a serious problem because factories also pour poisonous wastes into streams and rivers. Farming can also cause water pollution. The chemicals used by the farmer to protect crops against pests, weeds and disease sometimes get into rivers and kill fish. Although these chemicals are carefully controlled, this still sometimes happen. To make things still worse, many towns pour their sewage straight into rivers with little treatment beforehand.

Oil pollution is like a recurring nightmare. Sea birds like gulls are always the most common victims. Covered in a thick black coating of oil, such birds are unable to fly or feed themselves.

Our land is also polluted because of our activities. Rubbish tips, dumped poisonous chemicals, broken cars, thrown away bottles and dropped sweet wrappers are all types of land pollution. Some types of land pollution are just unpleasant to look. Others can be dangerous for people and for animals. Land pollution is something that we can all help to prevent by not leaving rubbish in the streets or in the countryside.

Although noise is not a chemical and cannot be seen like a broken car, it is a kind of pollution. Noise is all around us, wherever we live, and we do not notice it most of the time. But people living near airports suffer from the noise of larger and powerful jet airliners taking off and landing. Loud noise can make people ill. People who are exposed to loud noises all the time become very nervous and upset. Moreover, they run a risk of going deaf.

The most alarming form of pollution is nuclear pollution. Accidents at nuclear power stations cause dangerous health problems. The waste products can last hundreds of years.

To sum up, pollution of the environment threatens human health. It can lead to different diseases. To make the air and water clean we need good filters and purifying systems.

 

1. What are the most serious environmental problems? 2. Where does air pollution in the cities mostly come from? 3. What are the reasons for water pollution? 4. How can we prevent land pollution? 5. What are the consequences of noise pollution? 6. Why are nuclear power stations dangerous? 7. What can people do to stop pollution of our environment? 8. How can you personally help to prevent pollution of the environment?

 

Environmental Problems

Environmental problems have become exceptionally acute in the modern world and environmental protection has become a vital necessity for all people.

Our planet is in serious danger. One of the most important environmental problems in the world today is the shortage of clean
water. Industrial pollution has made many sources of water undrinkable. Rivers, lakes and even seas have become poisonous. Thousands of fish die every year as a result of the illegal dumping of waste in rivers by factories all over the world.

Lake Baikal is one of the world's largest and most beautiful lakes. It contains a rich variety of fish and plants, including 1,300 rare species that do not exist anywhere else in the world. However, they are being killed by the massive industrial waste, which some factories still pour into the lake every day. A few years ago people thought that the supply of clean water was limitless. Now clean water is scarce, and we are beginning to respect this precious resource. We must protect the clean water that remains for the sake of our children and grandchildren.

Air pollution is another important problem. In hundreds of cities and towns the concentration of harmful substances in the air is over ten times the admissible level. Every day a huge number of plants and factories emit lots of harmful substances into the atmosphere of big cities. The great increase in the use of motor cars in the last quarter of the 20th century has caused an increase in a new kind of air pollution. Pollution from factories and cars poisons the air we breathe and is the main reason for the greenhouse effect and acid rains.

The acid rain can damage life in lakes and rivers and destroy forests. Greenhouse effect may also have disastrous consequences for our planet. It is already affecting several areas of the world with unusual weather causing droughts or heavy storms. The world's temperature is going up and the climate is changing. Cutting down on emissions from large plants and exhaust fumes from vehicles could help solve the problem. I think we should try and use alterna­tive energy such as solar energy and wind energy, and design plants and cars that run on electricity, a much cleaner fuel than petrol.

One of the most alarming environmental problems is depletion of the ozone layer, which protects the Earth from the dangerous ultraviolet rays of the sun. Because of the ozone holes the dangerous rays get through the atmosphere, causing skin cancer and other serious diseases. Many scientists think that these ozone holes are the result of air pollution.

In my opinion, the most urgent ecological problem today is the environmental safety of nuclear power stations. Nuclear pollution can't be seen but its effects can be terrible. We all know how tragic the consequences of the Chernobyl disaster are. Nuclear waste also endangers people's lives. People all over the world protest against nuclear tests and nuclear weapons. If we do not take any action, the possibility of a global nuclear disaster is very real.

Of course, we can't help mentioning such burning issues as destruction of tropical forests and wildlife, overpopulation and shortage of natural resources. The list of serious ecological problems could be continued.

In short, people have destroyed our environment by building huge cities and power stations, developing industries, cutting down trees and excavating mountains. In pursuit of new inventions and discoveries, as well as higher and higher profits, man has forgotten about nature, and it has led him to the edge of ecological catastrophe. Ignorance about ecology may lead to further destruction of nature and worsen living conditions for all living beings.

1. Why is our planet in serious danger? 2. What ecological problems are urgent now? 3. What is the influence of pollution on people's health? 4. What is happening to our forests? 5. What are the consequences of nuclear disasters? 6. Was life better a hundred years ago? Why do you think so? 7. What ecological problems exist in your home place? 8. How can we save our planet? 9. What can you personally do to help our ecology?

 

How to Help Our Planet

Today environmental issues are much spoken about on TV, radio and in newspapers. If people want to survive, they must do their best to solve these problems. Fortunately, it's not too late to save our planet. We understand that our environment is not just our home town but the whole Earth. The protection of the environment requires the cooperation of all nations. Governments should take measures that will help improve the environment.

There are a lot of environmental groups and international organizations whose main goal is to strengthen cooperation among environmentalists from different countries. The most famous of them is "Greenpeace", which combines the people's efforts for peace with the huge movement for nature conservation. "The World Wildlife Fund (WWF) is the name of another international
organization that appeared in 1961. It has created or givensupport to National Parks in five continents. You may also join "Friends of the Earth Trust", which is an educational charity set up to help people of all ages become aware of the threats to our environment.

However, there are a lot of simple things we should all do to stop the destruction of the environment. First of all, we must keep our cities and towns clean. That means, we mustn't drop litter in public places. If we see litter on the ground, we must put it into a litter bin. Besides, we shouldn't dump our rubbish without thinking which things, such as bottles and paper, can be recycled. And of course, we mustn't draw or paint on pavements, walls or trees.

We must stop using aerosol sprays because the stuff they contain destroys the ozone layer. We should take care of birds and animals. We can help to plant trees and create parks for endangered species. We can clean rivers and canals and create footpaths. But first of all we must change people's attitude towards the environment.

If we take action now, there might be some hope for the future. If we do nothing, we are heading for disaster!

 

1. How can people protect our planet? 2. How can we save nature resources? 3. Should we reject the technological prog­ress? 4. How can we safeguard the world's wildlife? 5. What is the aim of ecological Organizations? 6. What ecological organi­zations do you know? 7. Do you have environmental program­mes in your city? 8. What can you personally do to keep the world healthy?

 

Dialogues

1.

— Do you have any pet?

— Yes, I've got a cat, Murka. She is black and white and her hair is soft and fluffy. I find it really beautiful.

— How old is she?

— Oh, she is very young, that's why she likes to play very much. I often play with her after school.

— Where did you get her from?

— Well, my aunt gave her to me as a birthday present, and I was really happy. I have always dreamt of having a pet.

— Why? Why did you need a pet?

— You see, I have neither brother nor sister, so I often feel lonely And Murka is my real friend.

— Do you take her with you when you go somewhere?

— Actually, she is very young, so she always stays at home with my grandmother, but I hope I'll be able to take her to our country house next summer. And what about you? Do you have a pet?

— Yes, 1 have a dog Rex. My parents bought it in a pet shop last summer. Rex is a bulldog and he is very strong and brave.

— I know that dogs are good guards, so you are lucky to have such a strong dog.

— You are right. Dogs are very good pets. They can help people in many ways. A lot of dogs help blind people to walk and to cross the street.

— Do you punish your pet?

— Actually, I don't. Rex is a very clever dog. He always answers to his name and does what I tell him to do. And what about you?

— Murka is also very clever, and she never does anything wrong. I think that pets are our friends and we must love them.

— I completely agree with you.

 

2.

— What do you think about zoos?

— In my opinion, they are a good thing. I'm for them.

— Well, I think I'm against them. I don't like to see animals in cages. Personally, I think zoos are bad for the animals and bad for us.

— That's not right. They aren't bad for the animals. Animals are aggressive. We have to put them in cages.

— I don't agree. I think animals like chimps and elephants can't live a happy life in the zoo. Captivity is not natural for wild animals.

— I wouldn't say that. First, elephants don't live in cages and, secondly, why don't they escape all the time? In my opinion, that's because they are happy in zoos.

— Perhaps, you are right. People take good care of animals in zoos. But some people keep exotic pets like snakes, lizards or even wild cats. What are the reasons for having such extraordinary animals at home?

— Well, exotic pets are capable of bringing tremendous joy into the lives of their owners. They are often fascinating and beautiful to watch.

— But we often come across warnings about keeping wild animals at home. Isn't it dangerous?

— Yes, it's very dangerous, because such animals may become unpredictable as they get older. For example, a 13-year-old boy was recently attacked by a tiger kept in a cage built near his grandfather's home.

— Oh, it's really terrible! I agree that wild animals can be only kept in zoos. But what animals make good pets, I wonder?

— Domesticated animals make good pets because they have been bred for thousands of years to coexist with humans. I'd recommend dogs, cats, rabbits, guinea pigs, hamsters, domestic mice or rats, budgies, canaries and tropical fish.

— Thank you for your advice.

— What is your attitude towards animals?

— Well, I think that animals are an important part of our life, aren't they?

— I completely agree with you. Humans have always lived in close association with animals. But unmanaged exploitation and hunting have driven some species to the edge of extinction.

— That's terrible. People all over the world protest against hunting, but many people still prefer this way of spending their free time. For example, in Great Britain fox-hunting is among the most popular leisure activities.

— But today fox-hunting and other blood sports are under discussion in Britain too. Some people suggest using guns that injure without killing.

— Yet not all people realize that animals are very important for humans. A lot of people still regard them as simply lumps of walking meat and they are not against hunting.

— But on the other hand, some people see them as almost human. For example, when a rich Londoner discovered that her poodle was diabetic, she paid for daily injections for 16 years in order to keep it alive. And when it died, she had a memorial erected to it at London's Battersea Dog's Home.

— It's incredible! But I agree that some animals, like dolphins, are truly intelligent. Some scientists who have worked with dolphins believe that they might be even more intelligent than us. But they are still being hunted and killed.

— I'm sure that we must ban hunting and cruel experiments on animals.

— I completely agree with you.

 

4.

— What do you think is the most important environmental issue nowadays?

— Well, in my opinion the most serious ecological problem today is the shortage of clean water.

— Why? Don't we have enough water on our planet?

— My answer is "yes" and "no". On the one hand, there is a lot of water on our planet. It is in oceans, seas, rivers and lakes.

But on the other hand, very little water on Earth is good for drinking.

— Really? Why?

— Because rivers and lakes are polluted by factories and farms.

— Is there any solution to this problem?

— Of course, there is, but it requires cooperation of all people.

— So, what exactly can we do to improve the quality of water?

— First of all, we can ban pouring industrial waste into rivers and lakes. Besides, we can install different purifying systems.

— I am with you there. Fresh water is very important for human beings. But we shouldn't forget about the ocean.

— 1 completely agree with you. Because the ocean gives us food, energy and minerals.

— You arc right, but today the ocean also needs help because ships dump toxic waste, tankers leak and spill oil and boaters throw trash overboard.

— The situation may sound hopeless, but I'm sure we can do something about it.

— Yes, of course. For example, we can protect birds and marine life.

— But how can we do it?

— First, we mustn't throw plastic bags or bottles in or near the water, because sea birds, turtles, whales and other sea animals often mistake plastic things for food and die. Besides, we can take part in beach clean-up projects.

— I can't but agree with you. And I want to add that people should understand that their activities can affect oceans and seas.

— Exactly! People should understand that all water usually flows into seas and oceans, so what they do inland can affect marine life.

— I agree with you, but first of all we must learn more about the state of the ocean and what can be done to improve it.

— You are absolutely right!

 

5.

— Many people think that life was better in the past. The air was cleaner, the water was purer and life was safer.

— No wonder, because there are a lot of environmental problems nowadays. You only have to listen to TV news to realize that they are not solved.

— You arc quite right! However, problems such as the hole in the ozone layer and acid rain often seem unimportant to us. It's difficult to get upset about tropical forests on the other side of the planet.

— 1 can't agree with you. Of course, we can't see ozone holes, but the dangerous rays of the sun get through the atmosphere, causing skin cancer and other diseases. More and more often people are told not to be in direct sunlight.

— To tell the truth, air pollution seems to be much more serious problem. We pollute the air we breathe. Everyone can see smoke coming out of tall factory chimneys. Everyone can smell the gas from the back of a bus. In big cities the concentration of harmful substances in the air is rather high. This can also have disastrous consequences for our health.

— I am of the same opinion. Water pollution is another serious problem. Thousands of fish die every year because factories pour a lot of waste into rivers. If people drink polluted water, they may die too.

— What is more, the seas are also in danger. When I went with my parents to the seaside last summer, I was surprised that the water was not blue but brown with rubbish floating in it.

— But the most urgent environmental problem is nuclear pollution. I am against the use of nuclear energy. The waste products can last hundreds of years.

— And who is to blame for all these environmental pro­blems?

— The answer is simple: all of us. The technological progress of the 20th century resulted in widespread mechanization, atomic powers stations, new roads and highways. But it cannot be denied that the price for rapid industrial development is very high.

— Should we reject the progress then?

— Never! But we must take control of the progress to give it a humanistic direction. We must take into consideration all the factors that people's survival depends upon. The solution of the environ­mental problems requires the cooperation of all nations.

— Are you a Greenpeace supporter?

— Yes, I am. It's a noble aim to keep the planet and cities clean. We want everybody to do his or her best in caring for all human beings and living creatures.

Writing

1.

Flat 147 21 Selezneva Street Moscow 224563 Russia   14 October 2005 Greenpeace Canonbury Villas LondonN1 2PN UK Dear Sir or Madam, I am writing to ask for more information in connection with your "Call for Volunteers" to help Greenpeace. I am not a member of Greenpeace but! would like to know more about how I can help. I would be grateful if you could tell me what kind of work is involved and whether I would need any special qualifications. Also, how old do volunteers need to be? I am sixteen years old and I live in Moscow. I do not have much experience of environmental work but 1 like going for walks. I recently started birdwatching as a hobby. I would also like to know where the work will take place. I would like to work in my own area if possible. I believe there are a lot of ecological problems in my town. Finally, could you tell me when the work would be as I would prefer summer work? I go to school but I have a lot of free time in the holidays. If there is anything else I need to know, please let me know.   1 look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully,   Mark Adamov

2.

15 May 1983 Sandbourne Echo Sandbournc Dorset Dear Sir, When is something going to be done to protect the children of this town from the so-cafled "dog lovers"? The streets arc filthy, and so are the beaches. What annoys me most though, arc the owners who allow their dogs to foul children's playgrounds and playing fields. Dogs are carriers of several serious diseases which can affect children for life. In theory you can be fined for allowing your dog to foul pavements or playgrounds. In practice, nothing is ever done to prevent it happening. I've heard enough about "animal rights". What about children's rights? Yours faithfully.   Mrs P Stephens

UNIT 10

EDUCATION AND CAREER

Choosing a Career

In my childhood I wanted to become a very important person such as a famous musician or a president. But now I understand that it's impossible for me because these profes­sions require certain qualities and abilities that I don't possess. But I also understand that there are a lot of other prestigious jobs. And among them are the jobs in economic, tourist or computer fields.A lot of people work in these areas and get a lot of money. Take the profession of a manager, for example. In my opinion, it's a very interesting job because it involves working with people. But to work as a manager you need to be creative, flexible and possess initiative. If you cope with all the challenges of this job, you can be promoted to the position of a director. This job is very responsible. You must be a leader and have administrative skills.Of course, you can become something like a computer programmer or a web designer because computers are an essential part of our everyday life today. They are in any company, bank or school. So we can say that our society needs people who can work with computers and write computer programmes. That's why this profession is so popular today.

On the other hand, it's a very challenging job, because a good programmer or a web designer must be hard-working, have sharp mind and good logical reasoning and also the ability to work to tight deadlines. Besides, working on computer for a long time can cause health problems.

As for me, I would like to become a tourist agent or a holiday representative, because a lot of people travel nowadays. Today tourism is one of the world's largest industries. You will have to deal with the problems and needs of holidaymakers, but you'll also have to know the area you are working in and plan trips and tours that will please everyone.

I think it's a very interesting job. Besides, this profession is highlypaid and I want to be able to buy everything I want with my salary. What's more, the perks of this job include free travel and living abroad. But this job requires you to be tactful and to stay calm under pressure.

I can say that I'm very communicative and I like working with people. Besides, I'm very organized and hard-working. What's more, I like travelling and I'm ready to go where the company will send me. So I think I can become a good tourist agent or a tourist manager.

I understand that to make a good specialist in this field, I should have good education, extensive knowledge of the world and experience of travel. And, of course, 1 must know several foreign languages. So after finishing school I will try to enter a university or a college and to continue my education.

1. Which are the most prestigious professions today? 2. What professional field can you work in? 3. What are you good at? 4. Which of your personal qualities will help you in your future profession? 5. Would you choose your parents' professions? 6. What do you know about your future profession? 7. What are the pros and cons of your future profession? 8. Why do you think your future profession is important today? 9. Would you like to become a president? Why? 10. Would you like to work as a cleaner? Why?

My Future Profession

What do you want to be when you grow up? We have heard this question many times during our school years. Perhaps, it was difficult for us to give a definite answer earlier. But now we understand that the time to choose our future profession has come. Finishing school is the beginning of an independent life for millions of school-leavers. Many roads are open before us: technical schools, colleges and universities.

Centuries ago there were only a few jobs: people were farmers, bakers, butchers or carpenters. Today there are thousands of different kinds of jobs, and new ones are constantly appearing. No wonder that it is not an easy thing to make the right choice.

When choosing a future career, we should consider different factors. In my opinion, money is one of the most important factors when you make a choice. There are highlypaid jobs and low-paid jobs. For example, a businessman, a president or a film star are highlypaid jobs. A worker, a doctor or an engineer are low-paid jobs. I think everybody wants to earn as much as possible. Further training, promotion prospects and job conditions should be also taken into account.

On the other hand, it's good when you get satisfaction from your job. It is very important to choose a profession that suits your interests. In my opinion, a job should be interesting and socially important. Some jobs are considered to be more suitable for men and others for women. For example, the professions of a secretary or a nurse are more suitable for women. A lifeguard or a pilot is more likely the job for men. You should also decide whether you want to work indoors or outdoors.

To make the right choice, you should take into account your traits of character. It goes without saying that to become a good doctor you must be patient, caring and kind. The teacher's work requires love for children, profound knowledge of subjects and the ability to explain. A secretary has to be efficient and careful in order to do her work quickly and accurately. Salespeople need to be friendly and persuasive to get people buy their products.

There are so many people who influence us in choosing our occupation. Parents and friends play a very important role in our choice.

My father works for an international company as a managing director. It is a highly paid job and it offers a lot of opportunities. You can travel abroad and meet different people. My father is a friendly person and he is easy to talk to. He thinks that'I must choose my future profession according to my taste and preferences. I respect him and I want to become a businessman too.

I have always been interested in economics, and 1 am good at Maths. I have an aptitude for working with people and I think I'm rather communicative and have good social skills. I have good analytical abilities and problem-solving skills. Besides, J am good at English. English has become the standard language for all kinds of international business communication. To know English today is absolutely necessary for every businessman.

To become a successful businessman you should know a lot. So after finishing school I want to enter the university and to study marketing or management. Management deals mainly with people. A manager is a person who directly supervises people in an organization. Managers spend a great deal of time communicating, coordinating and making decisions affecting the daily operation of their organization. Almost everything a manager does involves decisions, and in decision-making there is always uncertainty and risk. So managing is a very interesting but difficult job.

Marketing deals with market research and commercial activity in general. It involves analysing business situations, evaluating market opportunities, developing market strategies and controlling their implementation. It is important for a specialist in marketing to be flexible and prepared to make adjustments where necessary, as it is unlikely that any marketing plan will succeed exactly as planned.

I haven't decided yet what to study. But I still have time to think and to choose.

 

1. What did you want to become when you. were a child? 2. How did you change your mind when you grew older? 3. What's important while choosing a profession? 4. Which are the most prestigious professions today? 5. What professional field can you work in? What are you good at? 6. Which of your personal qualities will help you in your future profession? 7. Would you choose your parents' professions? 8. Have you already decided what you want to be?

9. What do you know about your future profession? 10. Why do you think your future profession is important today? 11. Do you think you will need English for your future career?

 

 

Dialogues

l.

— Hello, Betsy!

— Hi, Joan! In spring I'm leaving our school and entering the university, so I think it's time to speak about our school.

— Yes, I agree with you. As for me, I like my school years. 1 think everything would be OK if we didn't have tests all the time and if there were less pressure. Besides, in my opinion, homework is a waste of time.

— I am with you there. It's always the teacher who decides what we're going to do. In my opinion we need more democracy.

— I agree. A great teacher is a great artist and you know how few artists there are in the world. Teaching might even be the greatest of arts. This job demands great generosity of spirit, love for children and devotion to the cause. If you like children, you will like teaching.

— You are right. But not all our teachers are devoted to their work and not all of them like children. That's why many lessons are boring and I have to doodle on my desk or write letters. Otherwise, I'd fall asleep.

— I'm at the top of my class in Maths. I'm going to be a Maths teacher. And what makes me mad is teachers who think that boys are cleverer in Maths and science subjects. And I think that we need more discipline, because without a bit of discipline no one would ever learn anything.

— Yes, school is not a place for fun like discos. But we can't do without school.

 

2.

— Have you already decided what to do after finishing school?

— It's very difficult to make the right choice now, but we have to. As for me, I want to continue my education and to prepare for entering a university or a college. And what about you?

— Oh, I haven't made up my mind yet. There is so much we can do. But it's a pity that we must leave our school.

— Why do you think so?

— Actually, I like my school. I have a lot of friends and I always feel at home there. There are a lot of extracurricular activities. After classes I can take part in the work of different school clubs. Besides, we have a lot of parties and discos. I think it's great. Social life is very important for me.

— Well, I can't but agree with you. It's good when you have plenty of friends at school. But I am interested in Economics and Maths and I want to continue my education. Besides, I'm not satisfied with the level of teaching English at my school.

— Do you think you will need English for your future career?

— I'm sure of it. English is a must for every educated person, for every good specialist. That's why I'd like to take up special courses in English.

— Have you already decided which college to enter?

— Yes, I'll try to enter Moscow Highest School of Economy.

— Is it far from your home?

— Yes, it's relatively far, but in my opinion, the location doesn't matter much if you want to get good education.

— 1 can't agree with you, I'm afraid. In my view, it's very hard to commute long distances to college every day. My school was just near my house, so I could get there on foot. As for me, I would like to enter a college which is situated not far from my place. But will you have to take preparatory courses to pass entrance examinations?

— Of course, my education at school will form a basis for my future occupation. But it goes without saying that we'll need some extra knowledge to pass entrance exams.

 

3.

— Hello! Haven't seen you forages!

— Hi! I haven't got any free time because I'm preparing for my entrance examinations to STANKIN institute.

— Well, I've heard that STANKIN is not an extremely good institute.

— Nothing of the kind. It has a faculty of Information Technologies, which is very prestigious.

— I see, but there is the same faculty at Bauman University. I think it provides a better education. It's a fantastic university with long-standing traditions.

— I know, but I'm afraid I won't pass the exams in Bauman University. Besides, it's very difficult to study there.

— I think that if you have good grades in your school-leaving certificate, you'll pass your entrance exams successfully.

— And where are you going to study?

— As for me, I would like to study in Moscow State University (MSU). I'm keen on Physics and I'm going to become a scien­tist.

— Great! Nowadays most pupils dream of becoming lawyers or programmers and very few pupils think of becoming a scientist. Why have you chosen this profession?

— I've decided to become a scientist because I enjoy learning new things, and I want a career which always presents new opportunities for intellectual growth and development. The thrill of discovery is unique.

— Are you sure you'll enter MSU?

— I'm not quite sure, because the competition is very high, but I'll try to do my best.

— And would you like to study abroad? For example, in Cambridge University?

— It must be very interesting. But you have to speak fluent English. Besides, you must be flexible and confident. What is more, the tuition fee is too high for Russian students.

— But foreign education is brilliant and you can become a highly-qualified specialist there.

— Well, I'm sure 1 can become a good specialist in Russia too Don't forget that Russian scientists are highly valued all over the world.

— Perhaps, you are right. I wish you good luck!

 

4.

— Choosing a future career isn't easy, is it?

— No, it isn't, yet it is one of the most important decisions you will make in your life. Find the right career and you'll be happy and successful.

— There are a lot of different professions to choose. What can help us to make the right choice?

— I think it's important to consider all factors. For many people money is the most important factor when they choose a job. In this case you should choose your future occupation among the best-paid jobs.

— And what are they?

— In my opinion, the best-paid jobs in Russia are a bank manager, an accountant, a lawyer, a film star or a dentist.

— I'm sure that everybody wants to earn as much as possible, but for me choosing a career is not only a matter of future prestige and wealth. To my mind, a job should be interesting and socially important.

— You are quite right! It's very important to choose a profession that suits your interests. Then start with yourself! Explore your interests, talents and abilities. Besides, you should take into account your traits of character.

— I am really interested in History and Geography. They are my favourite subjects. I enjoy working with people and have good social skills. Besides, I have always wanted to travel and to be physically active.

— Then I can advise you to choose the profession of a tourist guide or a travel manager. It is a very interesting job suitable both for men and women. You can visit different countries and see a lot of interesting places. What is more, this job deals mainly with people. And of course, it is a well-paid job.

— But it also has disadvantages, doesn't it?

— Of course, each job has its pros and cons. You won't be able to stay much with your family. Moreover, nowadays travelling may be dangerous. There are a lot of air crashes and other accidents with transport.

— I'll think it over and discuss my choice with my parents. And what is necessary to become a travel manager?

— It goes without saying that you should continue your education and enter the Academy of Tourism. Besides, you should be good at English if you want to travel abroad.

5.

— Good morning, take a seat, please.

— Good morning, thank you.

— Briefly, tell me about yourself, please.

— I am 16 years old, I've passed my GCSE exam with good grades and I'm planning to continue my education at a Sixth Form College.

— Why do you want to work with us at Camp Elizabeth?

— I enjoy working with children and I'd like to get some work experience.

— What experience do you have?

— I help with the youth club at school. I've organized sports and trips to various places.

— Can you give me the name of someone we can contact for a reference?

— Yes, sure. This is the name, address and telephone number of my Maths teacher, who has known me for 5 years and has already agreed to write or speak to you.

— What qualities do you think are important for the job?

— You certainly must have patience. And another important thing is enthusiasm. And, well, you also have to be careful.

— Are there any questions you would like to ask me?

— Yes, just one thing. When shall I start working?

— I'll be getting in touch with people next week and will tell you about our decision.

— Thank you very much.

 

 

Writing

1.

87 Orchard Rise, Bishops Castle, Oxfordshire   September 15, 2004 Mr Michael Cartwright World Aid, Palmers House, Ludford   Dear Mr Cartwright, I am writing to apply for the job of volunteer worker which I saw advertised in the Guardian last week. I would be interested in teaching Maths to primary children in your camp in Chittagong in Bangladesh. I enclose a copy of my CV. I am 18 years old and I have just finished secondary school in Newcastle. I would like to work for you because I am very interested in teaching. I would also like to learn about a different culture as I feel that intercultural understanding is extremely important. I am a hard-working and committed person. I have participated for the last three years in a voluntary programme, Community Links, visiting elderly people in my local area. I also feel that I can get on well with people from other cultural backgrounds, since I have also taught immigrant children English at our church school. I think I would be a good primary teacher of Maths due to my teaching experience. Also, I have recently passed my Maths A-level (grade B), so I have a good understanding of the subject. In addition, I hold a certificate in first aid, which might be useful. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely,   Ms Maureen Taylor

2.

Flat 11 35 Leninsky Prospect Moscow 115645   15 May 2005 The Manager Happy Pizza Restaurant 5 Leninsky Prospect Moscow 115645   Dear Sir or Madam,   I am writing to apply for the job of part-time salesperson that was advertised in last Sunday's edition of MoscowNews. At the moment I am a second-year student at the College of Trade and Management. In the future I want to run my own restaurant, but first of all I would like to gain the firsthand experience of working in an organization that has western roots. I have been a customer in your restaurants several times and always been impressed by the service provided by your staff. So it would be a wonderful experience to work in your new outlet and give this sort of service to other customers. I have already had some experience of working for McDonalds Restaurant so I know how to work in a team. I enclose my CV and would be very grateful for the opportunity of an interview. I look forward to hearing from you. Yours faithfully,   Vladimir Egorov

3.

 

20 Circa Street Venice Italy 56201   5 May 2005 Max Vogels, 23 Chepstow Crescent London Wl 1 UK   Dear Mr Vbgels,   I am writing to apply for the job of group leader at the Sunny Days Summer Camp in San Remo this summer. I would like to give you some details about myself. First of all, I speak English well and I read and write it fluently. I passed the Cambridge First Certificate exam with a grade В and I am now preparing for Proficiency exam. I am keen on sports: I am a member of the local swimming club, and also play basketball regularly. I don't have any health problems. In terms of experience, although I have never been a group leader before, I have attended several summer camps, and therefore understand the kind of work they do. I believe I am a good leader, since I am President of my class at school and last year I was captain of the basketball team. Finally, I think I would make a good group leader because I am friendly and get on with people, especially children. I am available to work during the period 15-30 July I look forward to hearing from you. Yours sincerely,   Blanca Crechinni

UNIT 11

SPORT AND HEALTH

Sports in Britain

The Englishmen are known to be great sports-lovers. One of the most popular British games is cricket, which foreigners can hardly understand. Cricket is played by two teams of 11 men. Players usually wear white clothes. Cricket is a very' slow game. Matches last from one to five days. It is played all over the country in summer. To many Englishmen cricket is both a game and a standard of behaviour. When they consider anything unfair, they say "That's not cricket."

Another game which attracts the greatest attention is soccer. There are plenty of soccer clubs in every town. The Cup Final played in London is the main event of the football season. Rugby football is also very popular, but it is played mainly by amateurs. It's a kind of English football in which the players use their hands for carrying the ball. This game is played by teams of 15 men with an oval ball.