Україна багата на природні ресурси. Основні корисні копалини залізна руда, вугілля, цемент кам'яна сіль, гіпс урану, різних металів та інших природних ресурсів.

Україна повністю задовольняє свої потреби в корисних копалин, але він як і раніше змушена імпортувати деякі з них. Таким чином, нафта і газ, імпортований з Росії і Туркменістану, а родовища нафти і газу Україна не може задовольнити потреби країни в цих енергетичних ресурсів.

У нинішній структурі промисловості України велика пропозиція займає важка промисловість, особливо, заліза і сталі, машинобудівної та вугільної промисловості.

Значна частина грає харчової, легкої та хімічної промисловості.

Оборонна промисловість в даний час реорганізовано і перетворено з упором на виробництво товарів народного споживання.

Однак, промисловості сьогодні є не в змозі задовольнити споживачів хоче, тому що вони не інтегровані в світовий процес економічного, технологічного та наукового прогресу. Національні галузі промисловості низький рівень переробки сировини і застарілого та зношеного виробничого устаткування.

Україна є одним з найбільш продуктивних господарства регіонів світу і відома як "житниця Європи".

Існують два основних галузей сільськогосподарського виробництва в Україні: рослинництво і тваринництво.

Серед культур, вирощуваних в Україні цукровий буряк, пшениця, жито, ячмінь, овес, кукурудза, соняшник, велика різноманітність зернових культур, фруктів і овочів.

Найбільш поширеними галузями тваринництва є розведення молочної та м'ясної худоби і свиней.

Два допитали процеси характеризують економіку Україну сьогодні, а саме його твердження, що й незалежна держава, і його transitionfrom планово-централізованого до ринкових контролем.

Україна має в даний час досягнута макроекономічна стабільність. Ціни, внутрішньої і зовнішньої торгівлі було лібералізовано. Сувора грошова політика була введена. Податкової та бюджетної системи також реформований. Структура подвійний рівень банківської склалася: Національний банк України та комерційних банків всіх типів і форм власності.

"Мала" приватизація практично завершена в Україну сьогодні. Приватизація прискорило для великих і середніх підприємств, включаючи підприємства в агропромисловому секторі.

Зовнішня політика України спрямована на широке і довгострокове співробітництво. Україні діє на припущенні, що це найбільш ефективний спосіб вирішення не тільки економічних, але і політичні проблеми.

To be rich in smth - бути багатим на щось

Iron and steel industry - чорна металургія

Outdated and worn-out equipment - застаріле та спрацьоване обладнання

Europe's granary - житниця Європи

Crop production - рослинництво

Animal husbandry - тваринництво

Dairy and beef cattle breeding - розведення молочної та м'ясної худоби

Pig raising - свинарство

9. transition from planned-centralized to market-controlled - перехід від планово-централізованої до ринково - регульованої

Austere monetary policy - жорстка монетарна політика

Twin-level banking structure - дворівнева банківська система

To speed up - прискорювати

To aim at smth - націлювати на щось

Wide and long-term co-operation - широкомасштабне і довгострокове співробітництво

On the assumption - виходячи з припущення

Наша кн.

WHAT IS BUSINESS?

Business is a word which is commonly used in many different languages. Traditionally, business simply meant exchange or trade for things people wanted or needed. Today it has a more technical definition. One definition of business is the production, distribution, and sale of goods and services for a profit. To examine this definition we will look at its various parts.

1) Production is the creation of services or the changing of materials into products.

2) Next this products need to be moved from the factory to the marketplace.

3) Third is the sale of goods and services. Sale is the exchange of a product or service for money. Goods are products which people either need or want. Services, on the other hand, are activities which a person or group performs for another person or organization.

Business is a combination of all these activities: production, distribution and sale. A major goal in the functioning of an American business company is making a profit. Profit is the money that remains after all the expenses are paid.

DIFFERENT FORMS OF OWNERSHIP

A business may be privately owned in three different forms. These forms are: the sole proprietorship, the partnership and the corporation.

The sole proprietorship is the simplest organizational form. There is one owner who makes decisions without consulting anyone. First of all they are services industries, such as beauty shops, different repair shops, restaurants. But they account for a small part of all business receipts/

A partnership is an association of two or more persons to carry on a business for profit. When the owners of the partnership have unlimited liability, they are called general partners. There may be a silent partner – a person who is known to the public as a member of the firm but without authority in management, and a secret partner – a person who takes part in management but who is not known to the public. This form of organization can be useful in international trade if one partner is well-equipped with purchasing and marketing skills and the other with trade documentation and related skills. The advantages of this form are obvious: it can provide a big capital, diversified management, tax benefits from the government.

A business corporation is an institution established for the purpose of making profit. It is operated by individuals. Their shares of ownership are represented by stock certificates. A person who owns a stock certificate is called a stock-holder. The advantages of this form are the following:

1) the ability to attract financial resources;

2) the possibility to invest the capital in plants, equipment and research;

3) the possibility to offer higher salaries and attract talented managers and specialists.

 

MANAGEMENT

Management plays a vital role in any business or organized activity. Management includes those personnel who have right to make decisions that affect company’s affairs. The four basic functions of management are: Planning, Organizing, directing and controlling.

Planning. Preparation of the plan is always considered as the initial phase of management. It means that someone has to decide: what, how, when and who should be executed. Management organization must find the answers to these questions:
Where we are at this time? (Assess strengths and weaknesses of organizations in finance, marketing, manufacturing, human resources).

Where we want to move? (Assess opportunities and threats in the environment: competition, environmental sustainability, supply, what should be the goals and how to achieve them). How are we going to do?

Organizing. Is the process of putting the plan into action.

Directing is guiding and motivating the employees to work efficiently to achieve the goals and objectives of the organization.

Controlling is evaluating how well the company’s objectives are being met.

MONEY

Money is a very important factor in the economy and economics. Goods are produced to be sold. They are sold to meet the needs of consumers or customers. Services are rendered to make life easier/ People earn money to be able to pay for both goods and services / Banks cannot operate without money / That is why people say that Money makes the world go round /

Money has three basic function / It serves as a medium of exchange as a measure of relative value and as a store of value/

As a medium of exchange money enable two individuals to exchange without having to barter/

As a measure of relative value money allows two dissimilar items to be purchased on a similar bases/ It is in terms of money that we think value/

As a store of value money makes it possible for us to hold onto the value over time.

Inflation

Inflation is generally defined as a persistent rise in the general prise,level with no corresponding rise in output, which leads to a corresponding fall in the purchasing power of money.It leads to a redistribution of income and wealth, often hurting sectins of society with little economic power, affects balance of payments because exports – become relatively expensive and therefore less competitive as imports become relatively cheaper.

Ukraine’s inflation rate hit 26.2% year on year in March, up from 21.9% in February and 19.4% in January, according to the state statistics office. Food and beverage prices rose by 40.7% year on year in March, health and education costs each grew by more than 17% and restaurant and hotel charges increased by 25.2%. Underlining the generally inflationary environment, prices for miscellaneous goods and services also expanded faster than headline inflation.

How to Fight Inflation

1. Work within a community. Throughout tough times, communities have worked together,

2. Get the means of production. When inflation is rampant, it helps to be actually producing something.

3. become as self-sufficient as possible. Another way inflation hits consumers is that their currency will not buy as much or as many goods and services as before.

 

Money

Money is any object or record, that is generally accepted as payment for goods and services and repayment of debts in a given country or socio-economic context.[1][2][3] The main functions of money are distinguished as: a medium of exchange; a unit of account; a store of value; and, occasionally, a standard of deferred payment.[4][5] Any kind of easily verifiable record serves these functions as well as an object (an "object" that is taken as money actually serves as just a type of secure record), and "digital money" that exists only as secure records in computerized files, is now the most common form of money.

Coins and banknotes – the two most common physical forms of money.

The money supply of a country consists of currency (banknotes and coins) and demand deposits or 'bank money' (the balance held in checking accounts and savings accounts.

Types of money

4.1 Commodity money

4.2 Representative money

4.3 Fiat money

4.4 Commercial bank money

Functions

2.1 Medium of exchange

2.2 Unit of account

2.3 Store of value

2.4 Standard of deferred payment

Medium of exchange

When money is used to intermediate the exchange of goods and services, it is performing a function as a medium of exchange. It thereby avoids the inefficiencies of a barter system, such as the 'double coincidence of wants' problem.

Unit of account

A unit of account is a standard numerical unit of measurement of the market value of goods, services, and other transactions. Also known as a "measure" or "standard" of relative worth and deferred payment, a unit of account is a necessary prerequisite for the formulation of commercial agreements that involve debt. To function as a 'unit of account', whatever is being used as money must be:

Divisible into smaller units without loss of value; precious metals can be coined from bars, or melted down into bars again.

Fungible: that is, one unit or piece must be perceived as equivalent to any other, which is why diamonds, works of art or real estate are not suitable as money.

A specific weight, or measure, or size to be verifiably countable. For instance, coins are often milled with a reeded edge, so that any removal of material from the coin (lowering its commodity value) will be easy to detect.

Store of value

To act as a store of value, a money must be able to be reliably saved, stored, and retrieved – and be predictably usable as a medium of exchange when it is retrieved. The value of the money must also remain stable over time. Some have argued that inflation, by reducing the value of money, diminishes the ability of the money to function as a store of value.[4]