Сборник упражнений по переводу гуманитарных текстов с английского языка на русский

СБОРНИК УПРАЖНЕНИЙ ПО ПЕРЕВОДУ ГУМАНИТАРНЫХ ТЕКСТОВ С АНГЛИЙСКОГО ЯЗЫКА НА РУССКИЙ

ПРАКТИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ

В конце каждого раздела приводится сводное упражнение, содержащее значительное количество смешанных примеров. Кроме того, в конце сборника дано общее повторение всего материала, включающее смешанные упражнения на грамматические, лексические и синтаксические трудности. К отдельным упражнениям прилагается лексика, связанная с данной грамматической темой. В сносках дается перевод некоторых специальных терминов.

Материал для упражнений взят из оригинальной английской и американской литературы по всем указанным специальностям — из монографий, общих курсов, учебников и руководств. Всего использовано около 80 наименований книг. Лишь в упражнениях облегченного типа в небольшой степени используется бытовая лексика.

СТРАДАТЕЛЬНЫЙ ЗАЛОГ

ОСНОВНЫЕ СПОСОБЫ ПЕРЕВОДА СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОГО ЗАЛОГА

Если сказуемое выражено глаголом в страдательном залоге, то подлежащее не выполняет действия, а подвергается действию, выраженному этим глаголом; ср.:

Действительный залог

They asked about it. Они спросили об этом.

Страдательный залог

They were asked about it. Их спросили об этом (Они были спрошены об этом).

Формы страдательного залога

 

	Present	Past	Future
Indefinite	The house is built.	The house was built.	The house will be built.
Continuous	The house is being built.	The house was being built.
Perfect	The house has been built.	The house had been built.	The house will have been built.

При переводе на русский язык страдательную конструкцию можно передать следующими способами.

Русской формой страдательного залога данного глагола в соответствующем времени, лице и числе:

The paper was written last year.

Статья была написана в прошлом году.

Возвратной формой глагола на «-ся», «-сь» в соответствующем времени, лице и числе:

The excavations were made on the left side of the hill. Раскопки производились на левой стороне холма.

Неопределенно-личной формой глагола действительного залога в соответствующем времени в 3-м л. мн. ч.:

The excavation was made with great care. Раскопку производили с большой осторожностью.

Личной формой глагола в действительном залоге (такой перевод возможен только в том случае, если указано лицо, производящее действие, т. е. если в предложении есть дополнение с предлогом by):

These papers were written by one and the same author. Эти работы писал один и тот же автор.

Примечание. В некоторых случаях сочетание глагола to be с причастием II не является формой страдательного залога, а представляет собой именное сказуемое, которое в отличие от форм страдательного залога выражает состояние, а не действие; ср.:

Простое глагольное

сказуемое

(действие)

This door is (usually) locked

by the porter. Эту дверь (обычно) запирает

швейцар.

Составное именное

сказуемое

(состояние)

This door is locked. Эта дверь заперта.

Упражнения

1. Определите время сказуемого. Дайте все возможные варианты перевода.

1. Only a few instances will be given here.

2. His answer was appreciated by everybody.

3. A new exhibition has been organized in this building.

4. The most important documents are signed here.

5. His lecture will be broadcast by the radio tomorrow.

6. The new-discovered language was described and deciphered.

7. The inscriptions have not yet been fully studied.

8. The most important archaeological collections are housed in museums.

9. This paper was first published in another edition, and is reprinted here with the permission of the editors.

в

10. The above problem is being investigated by one of the writers,¹ and the results will be published separately.

11. All these ancient tools have been mentioned above, and something more will be said about them in the following chapter.

2. Подберите наилучший вариант перевода.

1. According to one version the famous library was destroyed during the strife between Ptolemy XV and his sister Cleopatra for the throne; according to another, it was burned six centuries later.

2. Almost all sciences except perhaps medicine suffered a relapse ² during the Dark Ages ³ when scientific pursuits were considered antireligious. The occasional scholar who attempted such studies was often persecuted and his progress discouragingly slow.

3. The origin of the race of men who made the Nile valley the cradle of civilization is still being sought by scholars.

4. On the whole ⁴ Chekhov's plays are constructed in the same way as his stories. The differences are due to the differences of material and are imposed by the use of dialogue.

5. These papers were in their original form read at a conference of the English Institute, 1954.

ПЕРЕВОД СОЧЕТАНИЙ

МОДАЛЬНОГО ГЛАГОЛА

С ИНФИНИТИВОМ В СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ⁵

 

Модальный глагол	Русское значение
must) should I + Infinitive Pas-to have (to) ] give to be (to) j	должен, необходимо, нужно, следует

¹ writers — здесь: авторы.

² a relapse — здесь: период упадка, застоя (амер.).

³ Dark Ages — средние века.

⁴ on the whole — в целом.

⁵ Подробнее о переводе модальных глаголов с инфинитивом см. стр. 36—43.

Модальный глагол	Русское значение
can may	+ Infinitive Passive	можно, может
cannot must not	+ Infinitive Passive + Infinitive Passive	не может не должен, нельзя

Упражнение

Переведите. Обратите внимание на значение и время модального глагола.

1. The question can be decided later.

2. The newspaper must be translated without a dictionary.

3. The lecture is to be delivered at eleven o'clock.

4. The teacher fell ill, so the lesson had to be postponed.

5. A word should be said about the origin of this term.

6. This rule cannot be applied here.

7. These books must not be touched without permission.

8. A word or two⁶ may be said as to the plan upon which the book is constructed.

9. The letters will have to be posted in the morning.

ОСОБЕННОСТИ ПЕРЕВОДА ПОДЛЕЖАЩЕГО

ПРИ СКАЗУЕМОМ

В СТРАДАТЕЛЬНОМ ЗАЛОГЕ

Подлежащее английской страдательной конструкции от целого ряда глаголов ⁷ следует переводить косвенным или прямым дополнением (т. е. в дательном, винительном и творительном падеже), а сказуемое (форму страдательного залога) — неопределенно-личной формой глагола:

I was shown the new photographs.

Мне показали новые фотографии.

Не was asked to wait.

Его попросили подождать.

⁶ a word, a word or two — несколько слов. ⁷ Имеются в виду глаголы, принимающие два дополнения — прямое и косвенное.

При следующих глаголах,⁸ употребленных в страдательном залоге, подлежащее английского предложения следует переводить дательным, винительным или творительным падежом:

 

 

 

 

 

 

В дательном падеже
to advise — советовать	to order — приказывать
to aid — помогать	to permit — позволять, разрешать
to assist — помогать
to deny — отказывать (в)	to precede — предшествовать
to give — давать, дарить	to promise — обещать
to forbid — запрещать	to refuse — отказывать
to forgive — прощать	to send — посылать, присылать
to help — помогать
to inform — сообщать	to show — показывать
to oppose — противиться, противостоять	to tell — сказать, велеть
to threaten — угрожать
В винительном падеже
to ask — (по)просить, спрашивать	to send — посылать
to see — видеть
to avoid — избегать	to teach — учить, обучать, преподавать
to oppose — быть против
В творительном падеже
to admire — восхищаться	to own — владеть, обладать
to ignore — пренебрегать

Упражнения

1. Переведите. Обратите внимание на то, каким падежом следует перевести подлежащее английского предложения.

1. We were informed that he had been sent to a conference.

2. He was sent only two copies of this book.

3. They were asked about it yesterday.

4. We were asked to come in.

5. He had been taught Latin and Greek in his boyhood.. 6. We were given only three tickets instead of five.

7. She was given a watch as a birthday present.

⁸ Здесь и во всех последующих списках глаголов приводятся лишь те значения, которые данные глаголы имеют в страдательной конструкции.

8. The visitors were shown many new exhibits.

9. They were shown into a large hall.

 

10. He has not been seen anywhere today.

11. We were shown in ⁹ and asked to wait.

12. She was advised to spend the summer in the Crimea.

13. They were ordered to be silent.

14. The painter was assisted by two of his disciples.

15. We have not been offered anything yet.

16. The boy was helped with his lessons by his elder sister.

17. I was told that all the strangers were refused admittance to that building.

18. To this end ¹⁰ lengthy discussion has been avoided here.

19. He was admired not only for his technical skill, but also for his ability to attract people.

20. This information should not be ignored.

21. This unpleasant meeting is not to be avoided.

2. Переведите. Обратите внимание на то, каким падежом следует перевести подлежащее английского предложения.

1. By 1542 Negro slaves were forbidden to leave the haciendas, villages or cities after dark.

2. The preservation of an archaic literary language is greatly helped by its being at the same time a written language.

3. Tents were quickly dressed, and the knights were told to dismount from their horses.

4. This work cannot be given a high place as literature,¹¹ but it is valuable for the contemporary documents it contains.

5. This analogical tendency is to some extent ¹² aided by grammarians who prefer «regular» to «irregular» schemes.

6. Fielding's last novel «Amelia» has been admired by some even more than «Tom Jones» ¹³ probably because of the beautiful character of the heroine.

⁹ to show in — провести в дом кого-л.

¹⁰ to this end — для этого, с этой целью.

¹¹ a literature — здесь: литературное произведение. ¹² to some extent — до некоторой степени.

¹³ «Амелия», «Тон Джонс» — романы Генрн Филдинга (1707— 1754).

7. For a number of years commercial relations were kept up with Spain through Mexico, and the Dutch and the English were both permitted to establish trading factories in the South.

8. In the later history of Chinese, the use of the classifier was favoured by the increasing phonetic poverty and different classifiers served to distinguish words which were becoming homophones.

9. Esarhaddon's¹⁴ appointment had been opposed by his brothers and some district governors who incited his father against him.

 

10. Consequently expert seamen and ship's carpenters were sent out from St. Petersburg. On one hand the men were promised both worldly and spiritual rewards: wealth, promotions and imperial favour if by the Grace of Christ they would reach Kamchatka. On the other hand they were threatened with certain death if they delayed or slowed down their voyage.

11. Festivals were preceded by hunting expeditions to obtain small animals, such as rats, which were smoked and strung together to be worn as necklaces.

12. The sword in Old English times was owned (judging from finds), by only one man in twenty.

ИНФИНИТИВ

II ИНФИНИТИВНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ

Мы заставили его вернуться.

Если глагол to make употребляется в страдательном залоге, то после него инфинитив употребляется с частицей to:

Не was made to return.

Его заставили вернуться.

Примечание 2. Глагол to cause + дополнение (не лицо) + инфинитив страдательного залога переводится «служить (быть) причиной того, что...»:

The earthquake caused these layers to be removed.

Землетрясение послужило причиной того, что эти слои сдвинулись (сместились).

Примечание 3. Глагол to allow + дополнение + инфинитив страдательного залога переводится «позволить (разрешить)» + русский инфинитив действительного залога+дополнение:

The chief of the expedition allowed the tents to be set up on the slope.

Начальник экспедиции разрешил поставить палатки на склоне.

Глагол to enable + дополнение + инфинитив страдательного залога переводится таким же образом:

This enabled all the corrections to be made in time.

Это дало возможность сделать все поправки вовремя.

Упражнение

14. При переводе обратите внимание на глаголы, стоящие перед инфинитивом.

I

1. Esarhaddon, in accordance with Assyrian custom made the suppliants pay dearly for the help given them, for tribute and takes were imposed on their cities.

2. The American Indians, particularly the Plain Tribes, had a system of gestures or sign-language that enabled members of different tribes, speaking totally different languages, to communicate with one another, and also with the white man,

3. His acts of violence had caused him to be bitterly hated by the natives who surrounded him.

4. Between the Coral islands in the Tuamotu Archipelago, Magellan ordered his sounding line to be lowered.

5. The use of the Chinese written characters, which required a different sign for each word, was made easier by introducing signs for syllables. This helped to make the written language conform more nearly to everyday speech.

6. The alteration of the position of the accent had caused another change in pronounciation to take place, namely, the change of the vowel into [э] in the second syllable.

7. In this part of the tool there is an irregularly made hole of a size large enough to allow a strong cord to pass through for the purpose of suspension.

8. Some opponents of that school would have us believe that the historical studies were simply disguised theorising.

9. The warm climate and the mild temperature of this part of the country caused man in Early Palaeolithic time, to prefer stations in the open, and so he encamped on the lower slopes of hills, or on the sandy shores of rivers.

10. This author unites the Basque in one group with the African and the Semitic languages, making the Caucasian languages to form a second branch.

II

11. This porosity, added to the unbroken violence of the winds, makes all the trees planted on the island lead so hard a life; the only chance for them is huddling together.

12. In as far as ²³ this text will help to an increased understanding of the relation between king and people and of the political thought of the Assyrians, it will enable the

²³ in as far as — поскольку, настолько 54

debt owed them by succeeding civilization to be more clearly appreciated.

13. The greatest contribution of Coleridge's Shakespearian criticism is his continual insistence that every work of art must be judged by its own organic laws. If this sometimes led him to explain away Shakespeare's faults or to ascribe them to another hand, it also led him to recognize qualities which earlier critics had missed.

14. In this part of the land it is the universal practice to allow the land to lie fallow for at least two years after a single crop has been raised, while crops are raised from other lands.

15. Like many other hypersensitive children, this boy could not, or would not, bring himself to ask for those books, and his conscience prevented him from reading them on the sly.²⁴

16. At the same time maritime importance of the Dutch caused a great many Dutch nautical terms and other Dutch words to be borrowed by English.

17. Madness of jealousy in Othello causes its possessor to destroy the woman who represents everything in the world for him.

18. He loved to perform such experiments as the one in which liquids of various colours are made to form different layers in a single vessel.

19. Most specimens were either carved or impressed with characters giving the name of a place or person, leading us to believe they were produced in professional workshops.

20. When the king heard that the awful dragon was outside his very gates, demanding food, he had his servants give the beast two sheep a day (a legend).

21. It is said that in 1219 Bishop Richard Poore ordered an arrow to be shot from the heights of Old Sarum and where it fell ho built Salisbury Cathedral as we see it now.

ИНФИНИТИВНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ

Инфинитивный оборот, вводимый предлогом for (for-phrase). В этом обороте предлог for + существительное в общем падеже или местоимение в объектном падеже

²⁴ on the sly — исподтишка, тайком,

и инфинитив с to образуют единое смысловое целое, где инфинитив выражает действие, субъектом которого является существительное или местоимение.

for + smth/smb + to + инфинитив

For the man to enter

For everybody to see

(субъект действия

инфинитива)

Такие обороты переводятся на русский язык придаточным предложением, подлежащим которого становится субъект действия, а сказуемым — инфинитив. Тип придаточного предложения зависит от функции, выполняемой оборотом в предложении. Чаще всего оборот употребляется в функции обстоятельства. В таком случае придаточное предложение вводится союзом «чтобы (для того, чтобы)»:

For this material to be published this year you must have it typed as soon as possible.

Для того чтобы этот материал был опубликован в этом году, вам нужно как можно скорее перепечатать его на машинке.

Оборот с for выступает также в функции других членов предложения:

There isn't enough time for the material to be published this year.

Недостаточно времени для того, чтобы материал был опубликован в этом году (обстоятельство следствия).

It is quite possible for this material to be published very soon.

Вполне возможно, что этот материал будет очень

скоро опубликован (часть составного сказуемого).

The main problem is for this material to be published as soon as possible.

Основная задача состоит в том, чтобы этот материал был как можно скорее опубликован (именная часть сказуемого).

Не asked for the documents to be sent to him by post.

Он просил, чтобы ему переслали документы почтой (прямое дополнение).

The only conclusion for him to draw was the following.

Единственный вывод, который он мог сделать, был следующий (определение).

For his thesis to be published this year is out of the question.

He может быть и речи о том, чтобы его диссертация была опубликована в этом году (подлежащее).

Если оборот выступает как часть составного модального сказуемого, то в русском переводе добавляются слова «должен», «следует»:

This is for the reader to judge. Об этом должен судить читатель.

Упражнение

1. Обратите внимание на перевод оборота «for + существительное + инфинитив».

1. It is possible for a word to consist of only one sound, as when you say «a» in «a house».

2. Arrangements were also made for large numbers of books to be made available in that reading-room.

3. He examined the problem and decided that the only solution was for him to return to the order of his old life.

4. When the Heathen king of Kent Ethelbert, heard of Augustin's landing with some forty companions he sent orders for them not to move off Thanet.

5. Suddenly the painter appeared at the door of the studio, and made signs for the visitors to come in.

6. It is less easy for a common language to make its way in a country like Germany which for centuries was politically subdivided and which had no capital.

7. Here, it seems to me, is another very obvious and vital point ²⁵ for a specialist to explain.

8. It is well known, for example, that with people who have often discussed some subject together a few words are enough for them mutually to understand some very complex point, which it would take many words for them to explain to an outsider.

9. It must be almost unheard of for a play to be performed at separate places under completely different titles.

point — здесь: вопрос.

10. For tattooing to be perfect when the subject²⁶ reached adulthood, it had to be started early, generally at the age of eight.

11. The really important conclusion for us to reach is that chance has played an extraordinary part in the survival of the written and graphic evidence of the period under investigation.²⁷

12. The normal way in which culture continues is for one generation of a society to transmit its culture to the next generation.

13. I also believe that the general system and terminology indicated briefly in chapter I has enabled to state many grammatical facts more clearly than has hitherto been possible. But of this is for others to judge.

14. Though in natural circumstances each race retains its own language, it is possible for a people to abandon its own tongue and to take another, and it is also possible for foreigners to be absorbed in large numbers without any perceptible effect upon the speech.

15. But the exceptions here are too numerous for any rule to be stated.

16. Even in the second century trade was not sufficiently organized for the rural hamlets to be supplied with raw iron from centralized foundries.

17. It is impossible for an author, and it would be impossible for the whole body of writers, to alter at will the prevalent type of sentence-articulation.

18. However, for any empirical data to contribute much to an understanding of a complex phenomenon like the learning of a second language, they need to be related to a fairly comprehensive formulation of theory.

Оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» (инфинитив в сложном дополнении – Complex Object). Оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» употребляется после определенных глаголов и представляет собой сложное дополнение, состоящее из существительного в общем падеже или местоимения в объектном падеже и инфинитива. Инфинитив обозначает действие, а существительное или местоимение — субъект этого действия:

²⁶ subject — человек, член племени.

²⁷ under investigation — исследуемый.

I wish my sister to help me.

Я хочу, чтобы моя сестра помогла мне.

I saw him get off the bus.

Я видел, как он вышел из автобуса.

Оборот «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» переводится дополнительным придаточным предложением с союзами «что», «чтобы», «как». При переводе существительное или местоимение становится подлежащим, а инфинитив — сказуемым русского придаточного предложения.

При переводе следует обращать внимание на форму предшествующего глагола и на форму самого инфинитива.

Infinitive Indefinite переводится глаголом в настоящем или прошедшем времени, Infinitive Perfect — прошедшем временем глагола.

После глаголов to expect, to hope инфинитив в большинстве случаев переводится будущим временем:

We expect this book to appear on sale very soon. Мы ожидаем, что эта книга очень скоро появится в продаже.

С оборотом «объектный падеж с инфинитивом» употребляются следующие глаголы:

 

to desire	--- желать, хотеть	to expect	— ожидать, предполагать
to hate	— очень не хотеть	to hold	— считать
to intend	— предполагать	to imagine	— воображать, представлять себе
to like	— нравиться, любить	to judge	— считать
to mean	— полагать	to know	— знать
should (would) like	— хотел бы	to prove	— доказывать, показывать
to want	— хотеть	to reckon	— считать
to wish	— желать, хотеть	to suppose	— предполагать
to assume	-- считать, полагать	to show	— показывать
to believe	-- полагать	to think	— думать, полагать
to consider	— считать
to estimate	— считать

После следующих глаголов инфинитив в обороте употребляется без частицы tо:

to feel ----- чувствовать

to hear — слышать

to notice — замечать to observe — наблюдать to perceive — ощущать to see — видеть

to watch — наблюдать

Упражнение

2. Обратите внимание на перевод оборота объектный падеж с инфинитивом».

1. Historians suppose the name «London» to come from two Celtic words.

2. We sincerely wish good relations to be established between our two countries, — said one of the delegates.

3. In Middle Ages people believed the earth to be the centre of the Universe.

4. We know Australia to be the only continent situated in the southern hemisphere.

5. First we thought the small island to be uninhabited.

6. Presently we saw him emerge from the station, cross the street and disappear into the building.

7. At the Central Station, from behind a convenient pile of luggage the men watched the train come in.

8. The whole problem is so important that I would like you to go over the facts once more.

II

9. It was explained that, although several authorities had included the Melanesian languages in the Malay-Polynesian family, Leenhardt thought them to be a separate family.

10. All other indications showed death to have taken place slightly later than the approximate time put in the report.

11. It is a carefully prepared essay which proves its author to be a man of cultivation, taste, imagination, education and refinement.

12. We often hear people complain that the materialists seek to reduce everything in the world, including life and mind, to a system of soulless mechanisms. This refers to mechanistic materialism.

13. Ever since I was a child I have watched and helped the men of my clan make their weapons.

14. That language (German) which in Goethe and his contemporaries had achieved the highest excellence of precision of flexibility, we have seen in our time under the nazis reach the very depths to which a language can possibly descend.

15. Supposing this conjecture to be well-founded, these objects acquire a peculiar interest as representing in a certain degree the actual work of the inhabitants.

16. In short, an examination of the sources of the Modern English vocabulary shows beyond the possibility of contradiction the once prevalent notion that all modern European words were derived from roots equally old, and could be traced back to a single ancestral tongue, to be a mistake induced by a superficial uniformity presented by languages to their speakers.

Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» (инфинитив в составном глагольном сказуемом – Complex Subject). Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» образуется из подлежащего (существительного или местоимения) и сложного сказуемого, состоящего из глагола в личной форме и инфинитива.

 

Подлежащее a) You б) The book

Сказуемое seem to know German. is said to be very interesting.

Особенность оборота состоит в том, что действие, выражаемое инфинитивом, относится к подлежащему, а стоящий перед ним глагол указывает на отношение к этому действию со стороны говорящего или вообще неуказанного лица.

При переводе на русский язык английское подлежащее переводится подлежащим, инфинитив — сказуемым, а глагол в личной форме — неопределенно-личным предложением:

а) Вы, кажется, знаете немецкий язык.

б) Говорят, что книга очень интересная (Книга, как говорят, очень интересная).

Как и в предыдущем случае, этот оборот употребляется лишь после определенных глаголов. Число глаголов, после которых употребляется оборот, ограничено, и их можно разделить на три группы.

]. Глаголы, употребляемые в действительном залоге;

 

to seem	— казаться
to appear	-- казаться, ло-
to prove to turn out to come out to happen to chance	видимому > — оказываться | — случаться, > случайно
	J оказаться,
	доводиться

11. Глаголы, употребляемые в страдательном залоге

to believe — полагать, считать	to say — говорить
to suppose — предполагать, полагать	to show - показывать
to think — считать, полагать	to report — сообщать
to consider to hold >— считать to take	to announce — объявлять
to assume -- допускать, предполагать	to state — утверждать, констатировать
to know — знать (известно)	to claim - утверждать, считать
to intend — иметь в виду, предполагать	to hold — считать
to mean — полагать, считать	to suffer — терпеть, допускать (чтобы)
to expect — ожидать, полагать, предполагать	to pronounce — объявлять, провозглашать
to estimate — подсчитывать	to find обнаруживать, оказываться
to prove ^28 — Доказывать	to see — видеть
	to observe — наблюдать
	to feel — чувствовать, ощущать

 

III. Составные глаголы:

to be likely — вероятно, может быть

²⁸ Значение глагола to prove в обороте зависит от употребления его в действительном или страдательном залоге; ср.:

Не proved to be right. — Оказалось, что он прав.

Не was proved to be right. — Доказали (было доказано), что on прав.

to be not likely — маловероятно,

не может быть

to be unlikely — вряд ли, едва ли to be sure — конечно, несомненно

to be certain — наверное, обязательно

При переводе необходимо учитывать время глагола, стоящего перед инфинитивом; ср.:

Не is considered to be... Считают, что он... Не was considered to be... Считали, что он..., —

а также форму инфинитива. Infinitive Indefinite и Continuous переводится сказуемым в настоящем времени, a Infinitive Perfect и Perfect Continuous — сказуемым в прошедшем времени; ср.:

Не is said to go to Moscow. Говорят, что он едет в Москву. Не is said to have gone to Moscow. Говорят, что он уехал в Москву.

Примечание. После глагола to expect (to be likely) инфинитив обычно переводится будущим временем: Не is expected to come tomorrow. Ожидают, что он приедет завтра.

Упражнение

5. Переведите, обращая внимание на время глагола и форму инфинитива.

1. Engle, Saxon and Jute are considered to belong to the same Low German branch of the Teutonic family.

2. Historians appear to know but little of his life.

3. In Tacitus chronicles the Germans are reported to be people ploughing their fields.

4. «The Jumping Frog» by Mark Twain is said to have pleased its author best of all he wrote in that style.

5. Such places were held to be frequented by evil spirits.

6. The religion of the English is stated to be the same as that of the whole German family.

7. The bulk of the people is said to have dwelt along the middle Elbe and on the Weser.

8. The name of Jutes happens to be still preserved in their district of Jutland.

9. A number of German tribes appears to have drawn together into the people of Saxons. These are known to have made the land between the Elba and the Ems their homeland.

 

10. The Island of Britain is known, to have been revealed to the Roman world by Julius Caesar in the year 55 В. С.

11. The peoples of all ancient civilizations are known to have made maps.

12. Tiw, the dark God, to meet whom was death, is supposed to have lent his name to Tuesday.

13. Great changes are expected to take place in the economies of these small countries in the near future.

14. Coal has been known to exist in India since 1772, and is said to have been worked as far back as 1775.

15. In 1611 Shakespeare appears to have retired to Stratford for good.²⁹

16. Latin was supposed to be the only language worthy of study, and it was studied for a practical end.³⁰

Оборот «именительный падеж с инфинитивом» с модальным глаголом. Модальный глагол в этой конструкции обычно переводится неопределенно-личным предложением:

Our story may be said to begin here.

Можно сказать, что наш рассказ начинается здесь.

Can be said — Можно сказать, что...

Cannot be said — Нельзя сказать, что...

Упражнения

4. Переведите, обращая внимание на модальные глаголы и отрицания.

1. As regards ³¹ the sound of words, we may almost be said to speak one language and to write another.

2. There is one important class of words to which our analysis does not seem to be applicable: proper nouns.

²⁹ for good — навсегда, совсем.

³⁰ for... end — c... целью.

³¹ as regards -— что касается (в начале предложения).

3. These plays cannot be said to represent an unqualified advance.

4. Neither of the parties ³² can be said to have inified or planned their actions.

5. Four departments of the British Museum might justly be considered to constitute the British National Library.

6. The individuality which characterises any tongue may be said to consist of those general features, which distinguish it from other tongues.

7. In this broad sense of the term all the literature of the early nineteenth century may be said to be a product of Romanticism.

8. If this can be shown to be true, it would greatly improve our understanding of the original code.

Оборот «именительный с инфини-тивом» в о п р e д е л и т е л ь н о м придаточном пре д л о ж е н и и. Если оборот стоит в определительном придаточном предложении (которые начинаются словами which, that, who, а также бывают бессоюзными), то инфинитив переводится как сказуемое соответствующего русского определительного придаточного, а глагол в личной форме, стоящий перед инфинитивом, — как вводное безличное предложение типа: «как известно», «как полагают» и т. тт.:

Then conies a group of ballads which are known to date

from the 14th century.

Затем идет ряд баллад, которые, как известно, восходят к XIV столетию.

Оборот «причастие II от глаголов типа to think + инфинитив» и оборот «прилагательное likely+инфинитив». Иногда определительное придаточное предложение отсутствует и инфинитив стоит после причастия II от глаголов указанного типа или слова likely, выполняющих функцию определения. Перевод в этом случае не отличается от перевода определительного придаточного, причем слово likely переводится как вводное «вероятно», а инфинитив после него -- чаще всего сказуемым в будущем времени:

Now let us turn to the words likely to have taken their origin in Latin.

³² parties — здесь: (враждующие) стороны.

5 Т.Н. Мальчевская 65

Теперь обратимся к словам, которые, вероятно, произошли из латинского (языка).

Now we shall describe some objects thought to belong to this class.

Теперь опишем некоторые предметы, которые, как полагают, относятся к этому классу.

Упражнения

5. Переведите. I

1. The place of discovery was a hall which appears to have been the king's throne-room.

2. In the fifth century A. D. the one country that is known to have borne the name Angeln or England lay in the district now called Sleswick.

3. By far ³³ the greatest of this school of dramatists is Marlow who may well ⁸⁴ be said to have prepared the way for Shakespeare.

4. All the mental functions and activities which are said to be products of mind as distinct from ³⁵ matter, are products of matter.

5. If details remain in which we disagree, they hardly can affect the general picture of this art that our different works will be found to contain.

6. Such ideas are, however, unscientific. Why? Because they assert that the processes they are supposed to be investigating take place without any cause.

II

7. This is one of the oldest roads in England, believed indeed to be prehistoric.

8. Cult-objects may also be identified by the peculiar form, known from other sources to belong exclusively to some group of cultic equipment.

9. Japan had the drama, said in its very beginning to have been associated with its religion.

³³ by far — несомненно.

³⁴ well после may, might — вполне.

³⁵ as distinct from — в отличие от.

10. The Classical Scholar will appreciate that the civilization, reputed to have furnished Greece with many myths, was very ancient and very real.

Повторение инфинитива

Переведите. Определите функции инфинитива

предложении.

1. These conditions are sufficiently homogenious to be grouped together.

2. Sanscrit, the earliest of the Indo-European tongues to make its appearance in written form, definitely displays the pitch-accent ⁴⁰ pattern.

3. There is a distinction to be made between these classes of words.

4. He was the first English painter to portray his native countryside so sincerely.

5. The second book, to be published shortly, will deal with the history of the national-liberation movement,

6. These writers were no pedants. They were practical men who were accustomed to use their pens for practical purposes, and who wrote to make themselves understood, not to display their cleverness or learning.

7. To begin with, dialectal varieties are as numerous in Tuscany as anywhere else in the peninsula.

8. But the exceptions are too numerous here for any rule to be stated.

9. A name, to be a complete word, must, as the logicians put it, possess both denotation and connotation.

 

10. It is significant, however, that over most of England and the Lowlands of Scotland the language which came to predominate was English.

11. This ornament is to be found later in the group of Shibe in the Altai.

12. To consider in turn each of the predecessors of Byzantine culture, which did or could affect its development, and to give a general outline of the character of the contribution of each is the aim of this chapter.

13. In 1542, nearly fifty years after Vasco da Gama rounded the Cape of Good Hope, the Portuguese reached Japan, the first Europeans to view its shores.

14. A few additional factors of a geographical character which may have exercised an influence on artistic developments of one sort or another may also be noted.

⁴⁰ pitch-accent — музыкальное ударение,

15. More curious is the mixture of «literary» and «colloquial» styles, of «high» and «low», to use the eighteenth- century terms.

16. This work was compiled by a learned monk named Dionysios of Fourna, who appears to have lived at the end of the fourteenth century.

17. The vital problem is to examine the premises on which he based his conclusions.

18. Even at the beginning of the seventeenth century the Confucian scholars used to shave their heads like Buddhist priests.

19. It remains, however, for much of this material to be published in an easily accessible form.

20. To his sovereign or lord a man was bound to be faithful, to his parents dutiful, and to his elder brother respectful.

21. The tomb of Shakespeare is in the chancel. A flat stone marks the spot where the bard is buried. There are four lines inscribed on it, said to have been written by himself.

22. The population was divided into a number of different classes: serfs were to be found, and slavery existed.

23. To prepare civil officials, schools were established in the capital and provinces.

24. The only remaining traces of these tribes are pit dwellings and shell mounds, and they must have been in the most primitive stages of culture.

25. The people of this period are supposed to have lived in huts of skins, leaving no traces behind them.

26. In olden days the swordsmen ⁴¹ used to travel all over Japan in order to perfect themselves in this art.

27. The essential fault of this work is to be found in the very plan.

28. The captain managed to secure his sextant, but when he went back for his chronometers, the chart-room was too deep in water for him to be able to reach them.

29. A distinction which one might be tempted to make from our material is that between literary and everyday language.

30. The country was torn to pieces, as it were, politically and socially. All over Japan the feudal lords were at war with one another, The masses must have suffered very much.

⁴¹ swordsman — фехтовальщик.

31. Turning now from prose to poetry, we have to inquire, what are the characteristics of Modern English verse which the nature of the language has permitted or compelled to acquire?

32. The occasions when a Japanese samurai was bound to commit suicide were innumerable.

33. In addition to the local and unimportant peculiarities to be found in the British Isles, many different dialects must be springing up in other parts of the world.

34. My chief object in writing this chapter has been to make the reader realize that language is not exactly what a one-sided occupation with dictionaries and the usual grammars might lead us to think, but a set of habits, of actions, and that each word and each sentence spoken is a complex action on the part of the speaker.

35. Much of the material a biographer ought to consult, moreover, is widely dispersed or difficult of access.

36. As a rule, the poet is believed to be governed by language more than he governs it.

37. To assign all the words of English to their original sources is not to determine the mode of their entrance into English.

38. The dictionary shows that the number of words which may have originated in this way is very large.

39. The attempt is sometimes made to fix laws or rules for correct English in disregard ⁴² of the fact that the language changes, and that the standard or correct expression cannot be made to depend entirely on the use of an earlier time.

40. All the principal species of animal now raised for food seem to have been domesticated already in the Near East and Europe by societies still in the neolithic stage.

41. The polished stone celt ⁴³ used to be regarded by archaeologists systernatists as the type fossil of the neolithic phase. And it was of course used by most but all,⁴⁴ neolithic societies, for carpentry, as in mesolithic times.

42. The student may well ⁴⁵ feel a little disappointed that, after listing as a topic «a survey of the languages of the world», linguistic science turns out to be able to give so little information about so many of them.

⁴² in disregard — несмотря на, не принимая во внимание.

⁴³ celt — каменное или бронзовое долото (археол.).

⁴⁴ most but all — здесь: едва ли не все. ⁴⁵ may well — вполне может.

ПРИЧАСТИЕ И ПРИЧАСТНЫЕ ОБОРОТЫ В ФУНКЦИИ ОПРЕДЕЛЕНИЯ

Причастие, употребляемое в функции определения, может стоять перед определяемым словом или после него. Оно переводится на русский язык соответствующим причастием и ставится перед определяемым словом независимо от его положения в английском предложении:

The conclusions being drawn are based on recent finds. Выводимые заключения основываются на последних находках.

Latin was the ancestor of all the languages mentioned. Латынь была предком всех упомянутых языков.

Причастие с зависящими от него словами образует причастный оборот. Причастный оборот в функции определения стоит после определяемого слова (существительного или местоимения) и переводится причастным оборотом с соответствующей формой причастия или определительным придаточным предложением:

The study was dimly lit by a candle burning in the adjoining room.

Кабинет был слабо освещен свечой, горевшей (которая горела) в соседней комнате.

Определительный причастный оборот типа «as given»,¹ состоящий из союза as+причастие II, стоит после определяемого существительного и переводится на русский язык придаточным предложением, начинающимся со слов

¹ Аналогичное сочетание союза as и причастия II может образовать и обстоятельственный оборот, например: as stated above — как указано выше (см. стр. 86).

«в том виде, как», «так, как», или причастием в функции определения:

The author's general conclusions as given in his latest work, are of great practical value.

Общие выводы автора в том виде, как они даны (приводятся) в его последней работе, имеют большое практическое значение.

Общие выводы автора, приводимые (которые приводятся)...

Упражнения

1. Переведите, определив форму причастия. Обратите внимание на место причастия в английском и русском предложениях.

1. Of the three instances cited, only the last possesses a verbal suffix which is regularly found in other words.

2. The results obtained are consistent and may be summed up in one simple rule.

3. A proper noun is a name given to one particular person or thing.

4. The information gained throws a flood of light upon the mode of action of the human vocal apparatus.

5. The language processes apply not only to English, but to all languages. In all of them you will find words dying out, and words being born, words being created and old words being put together to form new words, words being taken from other languages and words changing their use and meanings.

6. Formal excavations began in 1961. From work already completed we have established that the ancient capital was correctly described in the «Outline of Historical Geography».

7. The following figures,² partly covering the territory investigated, illustrate the extent of losses caused by the fire.

8. The new poetry differed from the old in other respects than in the technical form of its verse. There was also a change in the subjects treated, and in the manner of treating them.

² figures — цифровые данные. 76

2. Переведите предложения с оборотом «as+npu-частие II».

1. The conclusion appears reasonable that Italian as spoken and written by the multitude of correct, nondialectal speakers and writers, is a compromise language, continuing the traditions of various dialects.

2. The evidence seems to show that urban life, as understood by the Romans, disappeared; the decay of the towns now became complete.

3. Broadly speaking, the subject of this literature had been man and his passions as influenced by his environment and by nature.

4. The English language as written at this time has several peculiarities which deserve to be noted.