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Приготовление дезинфицирующих растворов различной концентрации Практические работы по географии для 6 класса Организация работы процедурного кабинета Изменения в неживой природе осенью Уборка процедурного кабинета Сольфеджио. Все правила по сольфеджио Балочные системы. Определение реакций опор и моментов защемления |
TeopeTM'leCKMe M TexHonorM'leCKMe acneKTbl noeeAeHMJI nopoWKOBblX Ten npM cneKaHMM
15.3.1. CneKaHMe c >KMAKOM cJ>a30M, npMCYTCTBYIO eM AO KOH...8 M30T8pMM'18CKOM Bb1A8P>KKM
IlpH TaKOM cneKaHHH B npouecce HJOTepMHtleCKOH Bbl,Uep)KKH (15.5) )l(H,UKaH <t>aJa noCTOHHHO npHCYTCTByeT B nopoWKOBOM TeJie.
KOMilOHeHTa B HCXO,UHOM IlOpOIIIKOBOM TeJie; C1 - 06'beMHaH KOH UeHTpaUHH TBep;::i;oii <t>aJhI, nepexo,UHrn.eii B pacilJiaB npn pacTBope- ro KOMilOHeHTa A H 1.JaCTHU 6oJiee nerKonJiaBKoro KOMnotteHTa B, B pacilJiaBe KoToporo KoMnotteHT A qacTH'IHO pacTBopHeTCH. IlpM noHB JieHHH)l(H,UKOH <t>aJhl OHa JanoJIHHeT nopbl H KailHJIJIHpbl, CMalJHBaH lfacn1ub1 KoMnottettrn A H CTS1fHBaS1 HX, a TaIOKe pacTBopS1eT 6oJiee MeJIKHe llaCTHUbIKoMnottettrn A (pacTBop A B B tte ttaCb IUeH no OTHo wettHIO K HHM H3-3a 60JibWeii, no cpaBHeHHIO c paBHOBeCHOH, HX pacTBopHMOCTbIO B CBSIJH c nOBb WeHHOH KPHBHJHOH noBepxttocTH). B pe3yJibTaTe nepeKpHCTaJIJIH3aUHH Ha KpynHb X lfaCTHUax KOMnoHeHTa A Bbl.UeJIS1eTcS1 BemecTBo A H3 nepecb IUeHttoro no OTHOWeHHIO K HHM pacTBopa A B B. 3TO npHBO.UHT K pocTy KpynttbIX lfaCTHU Ja clleT MeJI KHX H npHo6perettHIO HMH npaBHJibHOH (paBHOBeCHOH) <l>opMbI; lfTO CBSl3aHO c aHH30TpOnHeH noBepXHOCTHOH 3HepruH.llJISI pa3JIHlfHb X THnoB KpHCTaJIJIHlfeCKHX CTpYKTyp. OrMeTHM, lfTO orpaHKa HJIH OK pyrnem1e lfaCTHU o6JieNaeT HX aKKOMOllaUHIO npH neperpynnHpOBKe H CfiJIIDK.eHHH. IlpH nOJIHOH CMalfHBaeMOCTH H 3aMeTHOH paCTBOPHMOCTH TyfO nJiaBKOH <l>aJbIB)l{H.llKOH B CHCreMe WC-Co ynJioTtteHHe npH 1400 ·c .llOTHraeTCSI }')Ke B nepBbie HeCKOJibKO (I-IO) MHHYT HJOTepMHlfeC KOH Bb llep)l(KH H cpaBHHTeJlbHO HefiOJibWOM [ 10-20 % (o6beMH.)] KOJIHlfecTBe XHllKOH <l>a3bI, TOraa KaK.llJISI CHCTeMbIWC-Cu (cMalfH BaHHe HenoJittoe H pacTBOpHMOCTH tteT).llJISI noJittoro ynJioTHeHHSI B rex xe YCJIOBHSIX Tpe6yeTCSI OKOJIO 70 %)l{H.llKOH <l>a3bl (ofibeMH.). Ha pHc. 259 Ha npHMepe CHCTeMbIW-NinpeacrnBJietta 06o6mett HaS1 cxeMa YCMKH npH XH.llKO$a3HOM cneKaHHH (TeMnepaTypa HJO TepMHlfeCKOH Bb.UepXKH 1500 °C) CMeCH nopOWKOB B3aHMOlleH CTBYIOIUHX KOMnOHeHTOB. Ha CTMHH InoKaJaHO HCXOllHOe COCTOSIHHe MOHO- H nOJIHKPHCTaJIJIHlfeC KHX BOJib<l>paMOBbIX lfaCTHU, noKpbITbIX HHKeJieM. CTailHSI II xapaKTepHJyeT npouecc ae Jbl HTe rpaUHH nOJIHKPH CTaJIJIHlfeCKHX lfaCTHU H HH TeHCHBHYIO MeXaHHlfeCKYIO
Jie (CTallHSI Ill) npHBOllHT K 9 KOaJiecueHUHH H pocTy 6oJiee 3 KpynttbIX lfaCTHU BOJib$paMa JV Ja ClfeT 6oJiee MeJIKHX, a Ja TeM (cTallHSI IV) H K OKOHlfa BaThCSI B nopowKoBOM TeJie ao Kottua HarpeBa npH TeMnepaType cne KaHHSI H B TOM CJIYlfae, eCJIH KOMnotteHTbI A H B B3aHMHo ttepacTBO pHMbI(ttanpHMep, B cHcTeMe W-Cu). PacnJiaBHBWHHCSI JierKonJiaB KHH KoMnotteHT B JaTeKaeT B nopbIMe)l(lly lfaCTHUaMH KOMnotteHTa A H CTSlrHBaeT HX; eCJIH lfaCTHUbl npH <t>opMOBaHHH o6paJOBaJIH)l(eCT KHH cKeJieT, TO ycaaKa noa aeHCTBHeM pacnJiaBa B JIH6o He npoHcxo llHT' JIH60 OHa BeCbMa He3HalfHTeJibHa.
15.3.2. CneKaHMe c >KMAKOM cl>a30M, MC't838IOl1\8M B npo...ecce Harpeea
IlyCTb CMeCb nopOWKOB COCTOHT HJ TYfOnJiaBKOfO OCHOBHOfO KOM notteHTa A H 6oJiee JierKonJiaBKoro KoMnotteHTa B, KOTOpb H npH HarpeBe pacnJiaBJISleTCSI H B)l{H.llKOM COCTOSIHHH llH<l><l>YttaHpyeT B lfa CTHUbl KOMnotteHTa A c o6pa3oBaHHeM oatto<l>aJttoro TBepaoro pa cTBopa HJIH KaKoro-JIH6o TyronJiaBKoro coeaHHettm1; aonycTHM TaK )l(e, lfTO KOMnotteHT A llH<l><l>YttaHpyeT B pacnJiaB B c o6pa3oBaHHeM attaJIOfHlfttoro TyronJiaBKoro coemrneHHSI. Toraa, noKa CYIUeCTByeT pacnJiaB, cneKaHHe SIBJISleTCSI)l{H.llKO$a3Hb M H lfaCTHUblKOMnOHeHTa A MOfYT CTSlfHBaTbCSI cHJiaMH noBepxttocTttoro ttaTS1XeHHS1, lfTO npo
SIBHTCSI B ycaaKe nopOWKOBOfO TeJia. Haao HMeTb B BH.llY, llTO npH cneKaHHH peaJibHb X TeXHHlfeCKHX MeTaJIJIHlfeCKHX nopOWKOB Bceraa YlfHTbIBaIOT B03MO)l(HOCTb o6paJo BaHHSI)l{H.llKOH <t>aJbl Ja ClfeT HMeIOIUHXCSI npHMeceii.,[(a)l(e npH BeCb Ma MaJib X KOJIHlfeCTBax)l{H.llKOH <t>aJbl, npHCYTCTBYIOIUeH B nopOWKO BOM TeJie B Ka)l(llblH aaHHbIH MOMeHT, B TelfeHHe BCero npouecca lfe pe3 Hee MOfYT npopearupoBaTb (HJIH nepeKpHCTaJIJIHJOBaTbCSI) 60Jib wHe MacchiTBepaoii <t>aJbI, ecJIH otta pacTBopHMa B pacnJiaBe. THnHlfHbIM npHMepoM cneKaHHSI c o6pa3oBaHHeM)l{H.llKOH <t>aJbI, HClfeJaIOIUeH B npouecce HarpeBa, MO)l(eT CJI}')KHTb npoHJBOllCTBO no CTOSIHHbIX MarHHTOB HJ CMeCH nopOWKOB)l(eJie3a, HHKeJISI H aJIIOMH HHSI. TaKoii cnJiaB o6bilfHo coaep)l(HT 27-28 % Ni, 13-14 % Al, oc TaJibHoe)l(eJieJo, npHlleM aJIIOMHHHH BBOllSIT B <t>opMe HJMeJiblfeHHOH HHKeJibaJIIOMHH HeBOH JIHraTypbI, nJiaBSIIUeHCSI npMMepHO npM 1150 ·c. IlpM TeMnepaType cneKaHHSI, npeBbIWa10mei1 TOlfKY nJiaBJieHHSI JIH raTypbl, pacnJiaB nocJieatteH. pacnpeaeJIS1eTcS1 Me)l(lly TBepllbIMH lfac THUaMH)l(eJieJa H HHKeJISI H llH<l><l>YHllMpyeT B HHX c o6paJoBaHHeM COOTBeTCTBYIOIU HX TpOHHblX TBepabIX pacTBopoB. P11c. 259. CyMMapHaH cxeMa yca.nKH np11 lKH,llKOcj>aJHOM cneKUHHH nopowKOBOH CHCTe Mbl W-Ni (1-12 - PUJJIH'l Hbie JepHa BOJlbQ> paMa)
TeJibHOMY ynJioTHeHHIO CHcre
)l(HaKaSI <t>aJa MO)l(eT OCTa- 4 i { ,[(pyrnM npMMepoM TaKOro poaa CHCTeM MOfYT CJI}')KHTb 6pOHJO Bbie (Cu-Sn) H 6pOHJO-rpa<l>HTOBbi e (Cu-Sn-C) KOMnOJHUHH, WHpOKO npMMeHSleMbie B TeXHHKe B Ka'leCTBe aHTM<l>pHKUHOHHbIX
MarepHanoB. B CHCTeMe Cu-Sn cyll.leCTBYIOT 3BTeKTHKa (reMnepaTYPa nn:aBJieHHH 227 °C), a.-TBep.llh H pacTBop Sn B Cu (MaKCHMaJihHoe co )lepxaHHe Sn paBHO 13,5% npH 800 °C) H <i>aJhl Tl (Cu Sn), e (Cu Sn), HMYIUeCTBeHHOfO.llHcPcPYJHOHHOfO noroKa Me)l{)ly)l{Jl)lKOH <l>aJOH H TBep)lOH Ha npo THBOilOJIO)l(HOe (LlH<l>cl>YJHH Cu B Al 6oJiee 6 5 3 8 (Cu4Sn IDIH Cu31 Sn8), (Cu6Sn) c reMnepaTYPaMH nJiaBJieHHH 415, -680, -590 H 798 ·c COOTBeTCTBeHHO. B JII060M CJIY'Iae noHBJIHIOll.laHCH )l{Jl)lKaH <l>a3a HcqeJaeT JIH6o paCTBOpHHCb B Me)lHOH MaTpHUe, JIH60 KpHCTaJIJIHJYHCb B BH)le BHOBb o6pa3YI01UeHCH 6oJiee TYfOnJiaBKOH cPaJhl. B pa6oTax A.TI. CaBHUKOro H)lp. HCCJie)loBaHbIBonpoChI, CBH3aH Hb e c 06'beMHb M POCTOM nopOIIIKOBb X TeJI B npHCYTCTBHH He60Jib IIIHX KOJIHqecTB)l{Jl)lKOH <l>aJb, HHTeHCHBHO paCTBOpHIOll.leHCH B TBep )lb X qacT11uax. TaK, np11 cneKaHHH B BaKYYMe B c11cTeMe Cu-Al rrpH nepexo)le qepeJ reMnepaTYPY nJiaBJieHHH 3BTeKTHKH (548 °C) BeJI11- q11Ha OTpHUaTeJibHOH YCa)lKH peJKO BOJpacTaeT (pHC. 260; HCXO)lHaH nopHCTOCTb 20-25 %): npH HeBblCOKHX TeMneparypax cneKaHHH pacTBopHMOCTh Al B Cu 9,4 %, a Cu B Al 2,5 %), aKTHBHpoBaH HaH noHBHBIIIeHCH)l{Jl)lKOH <l>aJOH, rrpHBO)lHT K o6'beMHOMY pOCTy noporn KOBOfO TeJia HJ-Ja pa36yxaHHH qacTHU Me)lH.):Lim 6oJiee MeJIKOfO no HHTeHCHBHaH, qeM Al B Cu), MO)l(HO no JiyqHTh o6'beMHYIO YCa.11.KY npH OTHOCHTeJib HO MaJib X KOJIHqeCTBax)l{H)lKOH cPaJbl(pHC. 261; HCXO)lHaH nopHCTOCTb nopOIIIKOBOfO TeJia 15 %, cneKaHHe B BaKYYMe B reqeHHe 1 q): yca.11.Ka HaqHHaeTCH npH 580 ·c H co )lepxaHHH Me.llH > 3 %, a npH 640°C Bee COCTaBbl)laIOT o6'beMHYIO YCa.11.KY· AHano rnqHbie peJyJihTaThInoJiyqeHhInpH cneKa HHH aJIIOMHHHH c)lo6aBKaMH KpeMHHH,
HHKeJIH, cepe6pa. B pa6ore B.B. CKopoxo)la H LlP· HCCJie .llOBaHa cHcreMa Ti-50 % (aT.) Fe H noKa JaHo BJIHHHHe)l{H)lKOH <PaJbl, noHBJIH IOll.leHCH B peJyJihTaTe KOHTaKTHOfO nJiaB JieHHH (reMnepaTYPa nJiaBJieHHH 3BTeKTH KH 1085 °C), Ha o6'beMHbie HJMeHeHHH
10 2
5
0 2 Cu, % (111acc.)
P11c. 261. 3aa11c11MOCTh KO He'IHOH nop11CTOCTH 6p11KeTOB Al-Cu OT KOHUeHTpau1111 Me)l.11 npH reMnepazype cneKa Hl1H, ·c: 1 - 460; 2 - 580; 3 - 600; 4 - 620; 5 - 640 ' pornKa aJIIOMHHHH YCJIOBHH ero LlHcPcPYJHH HJ)l{Jl)lKOH <PaJblB TBep LlYIO 6oJiee 6JiaronpHHTHbl(CYMMapHaH nJIOllla)lb KOHTaKTa qaCTHU Me)lH H aJIIOMHHHH 60Jihllle, H, CJie)loBaTeJibHO, KOJIHqecTBO o6paJyI01UeHCH (V/V)·10 %)l{Jl)lKOH <l>aJbl60JibIIIe, qeM B CJiyqae 60- 2 Jiee KpynHoro nopornKa anIOMHHHH). Ta KHM o6pa30M, yBeJIHqeHHe paJMepa HC- 0 XO)lHb X qacTHU aJIIOMHHHH yMeHbIIIaeT nopOIIIKOBOfO TeJia (nopOIIIOK THTaHa fH.llPH.llHOKaJibUHeBbIH c
YJJ. ' ' YJJ. c = M2 HCXO)lHaH nopHCTOCTh npeccoBKH 26%, crreKaHHe B BaK}'YMHOM)lHJiaTOMeTpe npH 1,2.10- a H TeMnepaTYPe HJOTepMH- qecKOH Bhmep)l(KH l IOO 0C). TBep.ll$J- HaH yca)lKa (pHC. 262) npeCCOBKH Ha- qJIHaeTCH c 800 °C, a npH nosi:BJieHHH; --------/,. "'K"' o6'heMHb H pOCT nopOIIIKOBoro TeJia rrpH -2 ero)l{H)lKOcPaJHOM cneKaHHH. POCT co)lep xaHHH aJIIOMHHHH, YBeJI11q11BaH KoJiwqe CTBO)l{Jl)lKOH <l>aJbl, npHBO)lHT K ' OOJib IIIeMy 06'beMHOMY pocTy nopOIIIKOBOfO -6 TeJia npH cneKaHHH. IlpH nOBb IIIeHHH TeMnepaTYPhI crreKaHHH yca.11.Ka Me.llH, a TaKXe <l>aJ Ha ee OCHOBe npOHBJIHeTCH )l{H)lKOH cl>aJhl HaqHHaeTCH pOCT no pOIIIKOBOfO TeJia, np11qeM B CJiyqae 1000 CMeCH c MeJIKHM nopOIIIKOM xeJieJa 800 paCIIIHpeHHe o6paJua npoHCXO)lHT 600 npaKTHqecKH MfHOBeHHO (pHC. 262, KpHBaH 2) H OHa Cyll.leCTByeT BCero 400 HeCKOJibKO CeKYHJl. (paJBHTaH noBepx- 200 HOCTb xeJieJa KaK 6hI«BCaCbIBaeT TH 0 100 300 500 700 200 600 r, ·c )lOCTaroqHo JaMeTHO H npH TeMneparype TaH» HJ)l{H)lKOH cl>aJb); B CJiyqae CMe- 0 40 80 120 160 t, MUH PHc. 260. 3rumcHMOClb ofueM Hb X 113MeHeHl1H npeCCOBOK 113 CMec11 Cu-Al OT reMnepa'fYPbI cneKaHl1H np11 KOHUeHTpau1111 aJIIOMl1HHH, % (aT.): I - 5; 2 - 10; 3 - 15 cneKaHHH > 800 ·c o6'beMHblH pOCT 110- 0 poIIIKOBOfO TeJia cy1UeCTBeHH0 yMeHb rnaeTCH, nepexo)lH)la)l(e B yca.11.Ky LlJIH coCTaBa Cu-5 % (aT.) Al. IlpH HJMeHeHHH HanpaBJieHHH npe- CH c KpynHhIM nopoIIIKOM xeJieJa)l{H)l- P11c. 262.,ll.HJiarorpaMMbl npo KaH cPaJa CYIUeCTByeT 20 MHH. lpeHMy- ueccoe cneKaHHH cMecew nopollI ll.leCTBeHHh H MacconepeHOC HJ)l(H)l- KOB TITTaHa 11)l(eJieJa: I - Kp11Brul Harpeaa; 2 - MeJIKl1H nopOUIOK KOH cl>aJbl B TBep)lyIO, npHBO)lHIUHH K)l(eJieJa; 3 _ KpynttbIH nopoUIOK yBeJIHqeHHIO ee o6'beMa, CBH3aH c)l(eJieJa npaKTffl:leCKH 0,llHOCTOpOHHeH.llH<PcPYJHeH THTaHa HJ)l{H,IJ.KOH ct>aJbl 3BTeKTH' eCKoro COCTaBa [Ti-30 % (aT.) Fe] B qacTHUbl)KeJieJa (K03cP cPHUHeHT.llHcPcPYJHH THTaHa B)KeJieJo Ha nop.Sl,llOK 60JibUie, qeM B o6paTHOM HanpaBJieHHH). TaKHM o6paJoM, B onpe.neJieHHb X ycJIOBHSIX npH)KH,llKocf>aJHOM cneKaHHH HMeeT MeCTO o6beMHb H pOCT noporn KOBOro reJia. YBeJIHqeHHe nopHCTOCTH MO)KHO oueHHTb cJie,nyIOIUHM OpeHe6pera.si: BeJIHqHHOH (S,. - S.)cr,.., TaK KaK B HaqaJibHb H Mo MeHT s H s COHJMepHMb, noJiyqaeM "' r (15.8) HJIH aHaJIHTHqecKHM BblpruKeHHeM: cr COSS 0.
(15.9) (15.6) r,ne 00, 0 - nOpHCTOCTb nopOllIKOBOro TeJia,llO H nOCJie cneKaHH.Sl COOTBeTCTBeH HO; c -o6beMHaSI KOHIJ,eHTpaIJ,H.Sl JierKonJiaBKOH.no6aB KH (.noJIH e.nHHHUbI). Bb pruKeHHe (15.6) cnpaBe,!J.JIHBo npH.nocrnroq HO MaJibIX JHaqeHH.SlX HCXO,llHOH nopHCTOCTH nopOUIKOBOro TeJia H KOJIHqecrnax)l{H,IJ.KOH cPaJbl < 40 % (06.).
15.4. MH<t>MnbTpaa.-MH nopowKoeol4 <t>opMOBKM
l1H<l>HJihTpaUIDI IlOJ>OWKOBOil: <l>oPMOBKH - JanoJIHeHHe nop nopoUJKOBOil: <l>opMOBKH pacruJaBJieHHh M MeTaJl.JJOM HJJH CruJaBOM HccJie,noBaHH.Sl no HHcPHJibTpaUHH (.no 1982 r. npHMeHSIJIH repMHH «nponHTKa») nopOUIKOBb X Tex npOBO,ll.SlTC.Sl, nO-BH,llHMOMy, c 1914 r.
KOMnpeccopHblX JionaTOK peaKTHBHb X.llBHraTeJieH COCTaBJISIJI nopsi.n Ka 1 MJIH. rnT/Mec.si:u.
crTST + cr,.S,. - crT_lKST - cr,.Sr > 0, (15.7) rae ST, S,., Sr - coorneTCTBeHHO BHYTpeHH.Sl.Sl nosepXHOCTb nop cf>op MOBKH, nosepXHOCTb)KH,llKOro MeTaJIJia nepe.n HHcPHJibTpaIJ,HeH H nJIO ll.1,3,llb nop, Bb XO,ll.Slll.l,HX Ha BHeUIHIOIO ra6apHTHYIO noBepXHOCTb cf>op MOBKH, r.ne pacnJiaB conpHKacaeTC.Sl c OKpyxaIOll.l,eH raJOBOH aTMO ccf>epou. nocKOJibKY cr BCer.na OOJibUie HYJI.Sl, TO ycJIOBHe ocyll.l,eCTBJieHH.Sl HHcPHJibTpal.l,HH s"' < 90°; npH s 90° HHcPHJibTpal.l,H.Sl npOHCXO,llHTb He 6y.neT (HanpHMep, nopHCTOe TeJio HJ A1p3 HeBOJMO)KHO HHcPHJibTpO BaTb)l{H,IJ.KHMH MeTaJIJiaMH rpynnbI)KeJieJa).,ll.rl.Sl yJiyqUieHH.Sl HHcPHJib TpaUHH K nopOUIKY zyronJiaBKOfO KOMnoHeHTa nepea cf>opMOBaHHeM
.no6aBJI.SIIOT He6oJibllIOe (2,5-5 %) KOJIHqecTBO nopornKa HHcPHJib TpyeMoro HJIH KaKorO-JIH60.npyroro,llOCTaToqHo JierKOnJiaBKOfO H BJaHMO,lleHCTBYIOll.l,ero c HHM MeTaJIJia. TeMnepazypa HHcPHJibTpaIJ,HH Ha 100-150 ·c,noJl)KHa npeBb UiaTb Trui pacnJiaBJI.SieMoro MeTaJIJia (cnJia Ba). YnJioTHeHHe nopornKoBoro reJia npH HHcPHJihTpaUHH aHaJiornqHo cneKaHHIO B npHCyTCTBHH)l{H,IJ.KOH cf>aJbl(pHC. 258). CKopoCTb HHcPHJibTpaIJ,H H COCTaBJI.SleT HeCKOJibKO aec.SlTb X MHJIJIH MeTpa B CeKYH.llY' a TOJill.l,HHa HHcPHJibTpOBaHHOfO CJIO.Sl h JaBHCHT OT CBOHCTB pacnJiaBa H,!J.JIHTeJibHOCTH t ero KOHTaKTa c TBep,llb M KapKa COM: h = (1/ 7t) cr..,. cos Sr, t / rt., (15.10)r.ne r - 3cf>ct>eKTHBHb H pa,nHyc nopOBb X KaHaJIOB. HTeJibHOCTb nOJIHOH HHcPHJibTpaIJ,HH tn MO)KHO onpeaeJIHTb HJ COOTHOUieHH.Sl t" = 4rt,.l 2 /(r,cr,. cos S± gV y,.r,2I S, (15.11)
r.ne I - ra6apHT (TOJIIUHHa) cf>opMOBKH; g - ycKopeHHe CBo6o.nHoro na.neHH.Sl; v - HaqaJibHb H o6beM nop B cf>opMOBKe; YJK - nJIOTHOCTb pacnJiasa; S - nJIOIU3.llb ceqeHHSI cf>opMOBKH. 11HcPHJibTpaU,HIO HJ BHeUIHHX HCTOqHHKOB Be.nyT: no MemoiJy HOJIOJICeHUH (B JHaMeHaTeJie cPOPMYJiblJHaK «+»); nopH CTb H KapKaC HJ qacTHU zyronJiaBKOro KOMnOHeHTa (nocJie cf>opMOBa HH.Sl HJIH npe,nBapHTeJibHOro cneKaHH.Sl) BMeCTe c noMell.l,eHHblM Ha HeM Tpe6yeMb M KOJIHqecTBOM rnepaoro JierKonJiaBKOfO MeTaJIJia,!J.JI.Sl HHcPHJibTpaUHH, paccqHTaHHOM HCXO,ll.Sl HJ o6beMa nop B KapKace, JarpyxaIOT B HarpeBaTeJibHOe YCTpOHCTBO c Jall.l,HTHOH aTMoccf>epoH H COOTBeTCTBYIOIUeH TeMnepazypou; o6paJYIOIUHliC.Sl pacnJiliB BnHTbl-
BaeTCH B nopbIKapKaca; no emoi}y no2pyJ1CeHUR (B JHaMeHareJie <l><>PMYJibIJHaK «-»); no pHCTblH KapKac BBOMT B npe.uBapHTeJibHO pacnJiaBJieHHb H JierKo nJiaBKHH KOMnOHeHT, JIH6o B npouecce HarpeBa C03,llaIOT pacnJiaB BOK pyr nopwcTOro KapKaca. flOCJie HH$HJibTpaQHH IlOJiyqaeMb H KOMil03HUHOHHb H MaTepHaJI npaKTnqecKH He co.uep:)faff nop H JierKo no.u.uaeTCH nocJie.uyiomeH:.ue «i>opMaUHH.
15.5. YnpaeneHMe o6'beMHblMM M3MeHeHMRMM nopOWKOBblX Ten npM >KMAKO<l>83HOM cneKaHMM
HHTeHcH$HKauHH YMeHbUieHHH ofi'heMa nopornKoBoro TeJia B npH CYTCTBHH)l(ff,llKOH $a3blnpH cneKaHHH H,llOCTIDKeHHe HM KOHeqHOH MaJionopHCTOH (a HHor.ua npaKTHqecKH 6ecnopHCTOH) CTpYKTYPbl JIHlllaJIO aKryaJibHOCTH B TeqeHHe,llOCTaTOqHo,llJIHTeJibHOro BpeMeHH Bonpoc 0 B03MO)l(HOCTH noJiyqeHHH BbICOKonopHCTb X MaTepHaJIOB )l(ff,llKo«l>a3Hb M cneKaHHeM. B KOHUe 70-x ro.uoB XX B. B pa6omx IO.B. HaH.uwqa, B.B. CKopoxo .ua, C.M. CoJIOHHHa H.up. 6bmH HCCJie.UOBaHhIycJioBHH, noJBOJIHIOlllHe ynpaBJIHTb 06'beMHb MH H3MeHeHHHMH npH)l(ff,llKO$a3HOM cneKaHHH, noJiyqaH Bb COKOnopHCTb e nopOUIKOBb e MaTepHaJiblH H3,lleJIHH c pa3-
o6»eMoM nop 76 % [24 % (o6'beMH.) MeJIKHe ec TecTBeHHb e nopbI H 52 % (o6'beMH.) KpynHb e HCKYCCTBeHHh e nopb1]. Ha pHc. 263 noKaJaHa Ja BHCHMOCTb o6'beMHOH yca,UKH H KOHeqHOH nopH W-Cu-Ni. Y o6pa3UOB W-Cu nocJie cneKaHMH coxpaHHeTCH nopHCTOCTb 70 %,lla)l(e npn 50% HOM co.uep)l(aHHH)l(H,llKOH $a3bl (T.e. MHKpono pMCTOCTb YMeHbUiaeTCH HeJHaqnreJibHO H3-3a no BbillleHHoro conpoTHBJieHHH BH3KOMY.ue$op MHpOBaHHIO 3TOH reTeporeHHOH CHCTeMb), Tor .ua KaK npHCYTCTBHe HHKeJIH, B KOTOpOM paCTBO pHeTCH BOJib$paM, JaMeTHO yBeJiwqnBaeT yca.uKY H npH co.uep)l(aHHH)l(H,llKOH $a3bl > 28 % KO HeqHaH nopHCTOCTb MeHbllle, qeM HCXO,llHaH MaK ponopHCTOCTb [OTMeTHM, qTQ npH co.uep)l(aHHH )l(ff,llKOH $a3bl 20-35 % (o6'beMH.) B MaTepHaJie coxpaHHeTCH BblCOKaH o6maH nopHCTOCTb 40-60 %]. B nopornKoBOM reJie c HCXO.UHOH 6HnopncToH: CTPYKTypoH: o6'beMHaH yca.uKa onpe.ueJisieTCH npe)l(,lle Bcero ynJioTHeHHeM yqacTKOB c MeJIKH-
'#. 40 <1 1
60 '#. c::: 40
20 35 50 }f{. % (o6beMH.)
P11c. 263. 3as11c11- MOCTb o6beMHOH yca,n: KH (ii V/ JI) 11 KOHe'l HOH nop11cTOCTH 6p11- KeTOB (n) OT KOJIH'le CTBa)1(11,UKOH <f>aJbl
()K) np11 cneKaHHH B H2 np11 1250 ·c, 1 'I: I - W-Cu; 2 - W (Cu-20 Ni) MepaMH, npaKTHqecKH paBHb MH paJMepaM HCXO.UHb X npeccoBoK. Ha npHMepe BOJib«l>paM-Me,llHb X KOMil03HUHH 6bmo nOKa3aHo, qTO,llJIH 3Toro Tpe6yTCH COJ.UaHHe 6unopucmou cmpyKmypbl nopornKoBoro reJia, co.uep)l(ameH MeJIKHe ecTeCTBeHHble nopblH KpynHbie HCKYCCTBeHHb e nopb1 (coJ,UaHHh e, HanpHMep, Ja cqeT yJieTyqHBaiomerocH nopoo6- pa30BaTeAA c KpynHbIMH qaCTHQaMH). B 3TOM CJiyqae npowcxo,UHT YMeHb rneHHe CHJI noBepxHOCTHOro HaTH)l(eHHH,.ueH:CTBYIOlllHX B KpynHb X HCKYCCTBeHHb X nopax, a TaK)l(e npoHBJIHeTCH 6oJibUia» o6»eMHaH BH3- KOCTb npecCOBOK c KpynHb MH nopaMH no cpaBHeHHIO c npeCCOBKa MH c MeJIKHMH eCTeCTBeHHb MH nopaMH. MeTaJIJIHqecKHe nopOllIKH (BOJib«l>paM Bq, Me,llb IlMC-1, HHKeJib IlHK-1) CMeUIHBaJIH c nopOUIKOM.UByyrJieKHCJIOro aMMOHHH [52 % (o6'beMH.);' pa3Mep qacTHU 100 MKM], npeCCOBaJIH 6pHKeTbl TaKHM o6pa30M, qTofibIMHKponopHCTOCTb (ecrecTBeHHaH nopHCTOCTb ofi'be MOB MeTaJIJiwqecKoro nopOUIKa) COCTaBJIHJia 50 %, H npH 200 ·c B H2 OTrOHHJIH H3 npecCOBOK nopoo6pa30BaTeJib, C03,llaBaH B HHX 52 % (o6'beMH.) KpynHh X nop (MaKponopHCTOCTb). TaKHM o6pa3oM, nepe.u cneKaHHeM npeCCOBKH HMeJIH 6HnOpHCTYIO CTpYKTYPY c cyMMapHbIM 242 MH ecTecTBeHHbIMH nopaMH. CJie,UoBaTeJibHO, ecJIH JaTopMo3HTb nx ynJIOTHeHHe (HanpHMep, JanOJIHHTb 3TH nopbl.uo HaqaJia HHTeHCHB HOH yca,UKH KaKHM-JIH6o BemecTBOM), TO yca.uKa nopOUIKOBOfO TeJia npH cneKaHHH He npoHJoH:.ueT. TaK, MO)l(HO coBMeCTHTb co cneKaHn eM HH$HJibTpaUHIO Me,llbIO MeJIKHX nop B 611nopHCTOH BOJib$paMOBOH $opMOBKe KaK H3 BHeWHHX, TaK " H3 BHyTpeHHHX HCTOqHHKOB. npH noJiyqeHHH nopHCTOfO MaTepHaJia COCTaBa W-30 Cu (BoJIL«t> paM aKTHBHPOBaH HHKeJieM) cneKaHHeM CMeCH 3THX,llHCnepCHblX nopOWKOB yca.uKa COCTaBHJia 21 %, a COBMelll,eHHeM cneKaHHH " HH $HJibTpaUHH H3 BHeWHero HCTQqHHKa BCero 2, I%. DOJiee TeXHOJIOfHqHa HH$HJibTpaIJ,HSI H3 BHyTpeHHHX HCT04HHKOB c ncnoJib30BaHMeM KpynHoro c$epn4eCKoro Me.uHoro nopowKa. B noM CJiyqae TOpMO)l(eHHe YCa,UKH nopoWKOBOfO TeJia npOHCXO,llHT BCJie.u CTBHe JanoJIHeHHSI MeJIKHX nop (B KOTOpblX.ueflcTByIOT 6bJibWHe Ka nHJIJIHpHbi e CHJibl) pacnJiaBJieHHOM Me,llbIO'. 4aCTHIJ,bl Me.UH pacnJiaB JIHIOTCH,)KH,llKOCTb BCaCbJBaeTCSI MeJIKHMH nopaMH H nOHBJISIIOTCSI KpynHbie c$epn4eCKHe nopbI, KOTOpb1e, He BJIHHSI Ha yca.uKy, pe3KO yseJIM4HBaIOT raJonpoHnu,aeMOCTb nopncToro MaTepnana. B Ta6JI. 54 T a 6 JI M u a 54. 061.eMHlUI yc8,ll,Ka (d V/ Ji) H ra30npoaaeMOCT1t (q) cne11e1111WX W-Cu 6pHKeTOB KoHmpoAbHble Bonpocbl 1. KaKoe cneKattHe Ha3bIBaIOT)l(H.IJ.KOcPa3HbIM? 2. KaKOBO o6H3aTeJibHOe ycnoeHe np11 npoee.IJ.eHHH)l(H.IJ.Koct>a3HO- ro cneKaHHH? Cocrae n·,% VcJVMn dVIV q, JJ/(MllH•CM 2) 3. YKa)l{HTe HCTO'IHHKH, o6ecne'IMBaIOIUMe noHBJieHHe)l(H.IJ.KOH W-!Ni 55 0 13,7 - WN;-6,4 Cu 60 0,3 6,1 - WN;-13,8 Cu 60 0,7 2,1 - WN;-25,8 Cu 60 1,0 1,3 - W-IOCu 75 - - 39 W-20 Cu 74 - - 58 W-30 Cu 72 - - 63
• Oop11CTOCTb nocne cneKaH11ll. •• f!Pll dp = 0,05 Mna II TOJlll.lllHe o6pa:ma 5 MM.
npHBe.IJ.eHbl BeJIH'IHHbl (>KH.IJ.KOcPa3HOe cneKaHMe npH 1250 °C, 0,5 q) o6beMHOH yca.IJ.KH 6HnopHCTbIX 6p11KeTOB (MHKponopHCTOCTb 30 %) B 3aBHCMMOCTH OT CTeneHH 3aflOJIHeHHH Me.IJ.blO MeJIKHX nop (VcJ vM.n - OTHOI.UeHHe 06beMa Me.IJ.H K ofibeMy MeJIKHX nop) 11 ra30npott11uaeMOCTb cneqeHHbIX W-Cu Marep11anoe. KaK noKa3bIBaIOT 3TH.IJ.aHHbie, np11 HHcPMJibTpaUHH MeJIKHX nop 113 BHYTpeHHHX MCTO'IHHKOB c yeeJIH'le HHeM KOJIH'leCTBa)l(H.IJ.KOH ct>a3bl yca.IJ.Ka nopoUIKOBOfO Tena c HCXO.IJ. HOH 6HnOpHCTOH CTpYKTYPOH yMeHbUiaeTCH, H npH MaKCHMaJibHOM 3anoJIHeHHH MeJIKHX nop 06beMHbie H3MeHeHHH npH cneKaHHH npaK TH'leCKH OTCYTCTBYIOT. fa3onpott11uaeMOCTb cne'leHHbIX 06pa3uoe cy mecTBeHHO 803pacrneT c yeeJIH'leHHeM KOJIH'leCTBa Me.IJ.H, TaK KaK pacTeT KOJIH'leCTBO KpynHblX nop, KOTOpbie OCB060)l{)J,aIOTCH npH ne pepacnpe.IJ.eJieHHH Me.IJ.H e npouecce)l(H.IJ.Koct>a3Horo cneKaHHH (oTMe THM, '!TO pa3Mepbl 'laCTHU JierKOnJiaBKOfO KOMnoHeHTa.IJ.OJI)l(Hbl cy mecTBeHHO npeBOCXO.IJ.HTb pa3MepblecTeCTBeHHbl X nop, TaK KaK B CJIY qae MeJIKO.IJ.HCnepCHbIX '!aCTHU o6pa3yeMbl H HMM pacnJiaB 6y.IJ.eT B 60Jib I.UeH Mepe y.IJ.ep)l{HBaTbCH Ha MeCTe 3Ha'IHTeJibHbl MH KanHJIJIHPHbl MH CHJiaMM). TaKMM o6pa3oM, MO)l{HO o6ecne'IHTb 6e3yca.IJ.O'I HOe cneKaH11e B npHCYTCTBHH)1(11.IJ.KOH ct>a3bl, '!TO MO)l{eT OKa3aTbCH)l(eJiaTeJibHbIM np11 H3fOTOBJieHHH HeKOTOpblX THnoe nopOLUKOBbIX 113.IJ.eJIMH.
cfmb1. 4. nepe'IHCJIHTe CTa.IJ.HH YnJIOTHeHMH npM)l(H.IJ.KOcPa3HOM cneKa- HHH H npHBe.IJ.HTe KpHBYIO YnJIOTHeHH H. 5. PaccKa)l{HTe o npoueccax neperpynn11poBKH 11 nepeKpHCTaJI- JIH3aUHH npH)l(H.IJ.KOcPa3HOM cneKaHHH. 6. PaccKa)l{HTe o cneKaHHH c o6pa3oBaHMeM)l(H.IJ.KOH ct>a3b, npH CYTCTBYIOI.UeH.IJ.O Kottua HJOTepMH'leCKOH Bbl.IJ.ep)l{KH npH ttarpeee. 7 KaKOBbIocHOBHbie 3aKoHoMepHOCTH HHcPHJibTpau1111? 8: KaK 3a6JioKHpoBaTb yca.IJ.KY npH)l(H.IJ.KOcPa3HOM cneKaHHH?
PeKo.MeHiJameAbHblii 6u6Auozpacftu11ec 1Cuii cnucoK I. CKopoxoiJ B.B., CoAOHUH C.M. <l>H3HKO-MeTaJIJiypmqecK11e ocHOBbI cneKaHHH nopoUIKOB. - M.: MeTannypmH, 1984. - 159 c. (c. 116 -
148). 2. Fezy3uH J/.E. <l>H3HKa cneKaHHH. - 2-e H3.IJ.., nepepa6. M.IJ.OTI. - M.: HayKa, 1984. - 312 c. (c. 294 - 299). rnaea 16. npaKTMKa cneKaHMJI 16.1. ATMoctt>epbl cneKaHMH M aa114MTHb1e aaCblnKM
CneKam1e nopoIIIKOBb X <t>opMoBoK npoBOMT B cpe.ne JalllHTHoro ra3a HJIH B BaKYYMe.IlpHMeHeHHe 3alllHTHb X aTMoc<t>ep Heo6xo.nHMO MH npe.noxpaHemrn HarpeBaeMb X MaTepHaJIOB OT OKHCJieHHH B npo uecce TepMHqeCKOH o6pa60TKH, a TaIOKe BOCCTaHOBJieHHH OKCJf.llOB, HMeIOlllHXCH Ha noBepxHOCTH qacTHU COOTBeTCTBYJOlll HX nopOIIIKOB. OmcJieHHe npH cneKaHHH KpaH:He He)l(eJiaTeJihHo, TaK KaK npo uecc YIUIOTHeHHH H ynpoqHeHHH HarpeBaeMblX nopOIIIKOBb X TeJI TOp M03HTCH H.naxe OCTaHaBJIHBaeTCH npH o6pa3oBaHHH Ha noBepXHOCTH qacTHU (nopoIIIHHOK) OKCJf.llHbIX IUieHOK.IlpH HarpeBe qaCTHUbl no pOIIIKa MOryT OKHCJIHTbCH KHCJIOPO.llOM, co.nep)l(alllHMCH B 3alllHTHOH N aTMoc<t>epe (HanpHMep·, B BH.lle napoB BO.llblHJIH npHMeCH KHCJIOpo .na) HJIH B cneKaeMOM MaTepHaJie (HanpHMep, B BH.ne OKCJf.llOB Ha noBepxHOCTH qacTHU IDIH B BH.lle KHCJiopo.nco.nep)l(amero ra3a B nopax nopoIIIKOBOH <t>opMOBKH), a.TaIOKe KHCJIOPO.llOM BOJ.nyxa, no.ncacb
Bb16op JalllHTHoH: cpe.nb1 B JHaqHTeJibHOH CTeneHH JaBHCHT. OT co CTaBa nopoIIIKOBOro MaTepHaJia, THna neqJf, 3KOHOMJfqecKHX <t>aKTo poB H T.n. BJaHMo.neH:cTBHe c aTMoc<t>epoH: B pa6oqeM npocTpaHCTBe neqJf He.llOJI)J(HO npHBO.llHTb K o6paJoBaHHIO coe.nHHeHHH, yxy.nIIIaIO lllHX CBOHCTBa nopoIIIKOBb X TeJI; aTMoc<t>epa cneKaHHH BJIHHeT Ha.ne cop6UHIO raJOB, pa<t>HHHPOBaHHe, BOCCTaHOBJieHHe H.llHCCOUHaUHIO OKCJf.llOB, nepeHoc Bemecrna qepe3 raJoByro <t>aJy, o6pa3oBaHHe pa3- JIHqHbIX XHMJfqecKHX coe.nHHeHHH, noBepxHOCTHYIO.llH<l><l>Y3HIO aTO MOB H np. B Kaqecrne JalllHTHoH: aTMoc<t>epbInpH cneKaHHH qame Bcero npH MeHHIOT Bo.nopo.n,.llHCCOUHHpoBaHHbIH aMMHaK, KOHBepTHpOBaHHb H npHpO.llHbIH ra3, aproH, a30T, 3H.ll0- H 3K30fa3bl, a TaIOKe BaKYYM. 11.x o6maH xapaKTepHCTHKa.naHa B Ta6JI. 55, a cnoco6b1 noJiyqeHHH npH-
I r-.
I I I I
247 Be,lleHhIpaHee (r.l, n. 3.1.2). B 6oJihllIHHcree cJiyqaee npHMem1eMb1e JaIUHTHhie raJhInepe,ll no ,llalJ:eH: B pafioqee npocrpaHCTBO nelJ:H OlJ:HIUaIOT OT CBOOO,llHOfO KHC JIOpO,lla, yrneKHCJIOTbl H BJiarH..[l.rrn OlJ:HCTKH OT KHCJIOpO,lla raJ npo nycKaIOT qepeJ Harperyio,llO 400-500·c rpy6y c Me,llHOH CTp}')KKOH HJIH nopHCTOH ry6KoH:: Me,llb JIH6o CJI)l)KHT KaTaJIHJaTOpOM peaKUHH BJaHMO,lleHCTBHJI KHCJIOpo,lla H 80,llOpo,lla (npHMeCb KHCJIOpO,lla, co e,llHH.SUICb c eo,llopo,llOM, npeepamaercfl e naphI BO.llhI no peaKUHH H2 + 0,5 02 = Hp), 1m60 OKHCJiflercH no peaKUHH 2Cu + 02 = 2 CuO. noJiee Bh CoKafl creneHh OlJ:HCTKH raJoe or KHCJiopo,lla.llOCTHraeTCfl nponycKaHHeM ero qepeJ HarpeThIH.llO 900-1000·c nopHCTh H $ep poMapraHeu,cPePPOTHTaH, $eppoCHJIHUHH HJIH ry6lJ:aTh H THTaH. Kanh UHH HHTeHCHBHO nornomaeT KHCJIOpO,ll npH 450-500·c H aJOT npH 650-750·c. Mo)l(}{o nponycKaTh BO,llopo,ll qepeJ cneuHaJihHh H anna paT c naJIJia,lJ,HeBbIM KaTaJIHJaTopoM, o6ecnelJ:HBaIOIUHM BJaHMO,lleH CTBHe KHCJiopo,lla c 80,llOpO,llOM npH KOMHaTHOH TeMneparype; TaKHe CTaH,llapTHhle ycTaHOBKH HMeIOT npOHJBO,llHTeJibHOCTh 6-60 M3/q. co2 Y.llaJifIIOT, nponycKaH o6pa6aTbIBaeMh H JaIUHTHh H ra3 qepe3 80,lJ,Hh e pacreopbl3TaHOJiaMHHOB, KOTOpbIMH OH nornomaeTCH. Ba)l(}{OH npo6JieMoH: HBJIHeTCH ocy111Ka JaIUHTHh X raJoB, co,llepxa HHe B KOTOpb X H20 xapaKTepH3YIOT TOlJ:KOH pOCbl HJIH KOJIHlJ:eCTBOM 80,llhlB rpaMMax Ha lM3' a TaK.>Ke Bh pa.>KaIOT B o6'beMHh X npoueHTax. fiapbl 80,ll.hl, npHCYTCTBYIOIUHe B JaIUHTHOM raJe, norJIOIUaIOTCH npH ero npoxo)KJJ,eHHH qepeJ a,lJ,Cop6ephIc CHJIHKareneM HJIH aJIIOMoreJieM. B na6opaTopHoH: npaKTHKe ra3 MO)l(}{O ocy111HTh, nponycKaH qepeJ XJIOpHCTbIH KaJihUHH, <Poc<PopHhlH aHrH.llPH.ll. H,llpyme eemecTBa, nornomaiomHe Mary..[lJIH oco6o ocrpoH: ocyUIKH, Heo6xo,n.HMOH npH cneKaHHH, HanpHMep xpoMa H ero cnJiaeoe, Moryr norpe6oeaThCH cneUHaJihHhie nptteMhI. .[lJIH aHaJIHJa cocraea JaIUHTHhlX ra30B HCnOJib3YIOT ra30aHaJIH3aTOpbl pa3JIHlJ:HhIX rnnoe: BTH-2, OPCA, T0-5101M, TKf-4, MfK-2 H,n.p. no YCJIOBHHM TeXHHKH 6eJonacHOCTH ycTaHOBKH,ll)IH Bh pa6oTKH JaIUHTHh X raJOB H 6aJIJIOHhl co C.>KaTb M raJOM paJMeIUaIOT B OT,lleJib Hh X noMeIUeHHHX, Y.llaJieHHh X OT OCHOBHOfO npOHJBO,llCTBa, a raJ K nelJ:aM no,n.eo,n.HT no rpy6onpoeo,n.aM. IlpH cneKaHHH B JaIUHTHh X aTMoc$epax npH 6b CTpOM Harpeee B peJyJihTaTe HHTeHCHBHoro BhI,lleJieHHH raJOB, a,lJ,Cop6HpoeaHHh X no POllIKOM, Mo.>KeT npoHJOHTH paJpYUieHHe <PopMoBoK. B n1060M cJiyqae .n.ecop6UHH a,llCOp6HpOBaHHh X nopoUIKOM raJOB npH Harpeee OKaJbl eaeT TOpMOJHIUee 803,lleHCTBHe Ha cPOPMHPOBaHHe CBOHCTB cneKae MhlX HJ,lleJIHH. IlpH cneKaHHH e BaKYYMe raJhIY.llaJIHIOTCH JHalJ:HTeJihHO JieflJ:e H npH 6onee HHJKHX TeMneparypax. BaKY)rM He TOJihKO npe,n.oxpaHHeT nopOllIKOBbie cPoPMOBKH OT B3aHMO,ll.eHCTBHH c KHCJIOpO,llOM npH Ha rpeee, HO H cnoco6cTeyeT eoccTaHoBJieHHIO oKCH.ll.OB (HanpHMep, no.a. .ueH:CTBHeM npHMeCH yrnepo.ua, HMeIOmeH:cH B HeKOTOph X nopOUIKax) HJIH HX,ll.HCCOUHaUHH; B HeM JieflJ:e HCnapHIOTCH neryqHe npHMeCH, co,n.ep.>KaIUHeCH BO MHOfHX MeTaJIJIHlJ:eCKHX nopoUIKax. IloJIO.>KHTeJib Hoe BJIHHHHe BaKYYMa HaH60Jiee JaMeTHO npOHBJIHeTCH npH cneKaHHH c.>KH,ll.KOH <PaJoH:: ynyq111aeTCH CMalJ:HBaHHe ryronJiaBKOH $a3bl pac nJiaBOM, eaKYYM cnoco6cTeyeT 6oJiee 6b1crp0My ynJIOTHeHHIO H no Bh UiaeT paBHOMepHOCTh pacnpe,n.eJieHHH.>KH,ll.KOH <Pa3bl B nopOUIKO BOM TeJie. He3aBHCHMO OT aTMoc<PephIe pa6olJ:eM npocrpaHcTee nelJ:H cneKa HHe qacro npOBO,!lHT B TaK HaJbIBaeMblX 3aIUHTHhlX JaCbinKax (KBapue BOM necKe, KoppaKce, rpa$HTOBOH KpynKe, ac6eCTOBOH MeJIOlJ:H H .up.), KOTOpb e HCnOJib3YIOT npH YKJia,lJ,Ke nopoUIKOBh X cPOPMOBOK B nOMOHhl, Kopo6a HJIH JIO,lJ,OlJ:KH. qame ecero npHMeHHIOT KOM6HHH poeaHHbie JaCblnKH, COCTOHIUHe H3 pa3HOPO.llHh X KOMnOHeHTOB (Ha npHMep, KOppaKCa c,ll06aBKOH rpa$HTOBOH KpynKH HJIH xpoMa, KpeM HHH H T.n.). CocTaB JaChinKH BhI6HpaIOT TaKHM o6pa30M, lJ:T06hl c ee noMOIUhlO COJ,ll.aTb B Henocpe,llCTBeHHOH 6JIH30CTH OT cneKaeMOH Ja fOTOBKH (BOKpyr Hee) HaH6onee 6naronpHHTHYIO JaIUHTHYIO aTMOC <Pepy. TeMneparypa nJiaBJieHHH JaChinKH.!lOJI)l(Ha fihITh Bh Uie TeMne paryphIcneKaHHH H JaChmKa He,llOJI)l(}{a BJaHMO,ll.eHCTBOBaTb co cne KaeMblM MarepHaJIOM. 3aIUHTHaH JachmKa cnoco6cTeyeT raK.>Ke 6onee paBHOMepHOMY nporpeey cneKaeMhlX JaroTOBOK H npe,llOTBpamaer HX npHneKaHHe.llPYf K,n.pyry.
KoHmpoAbHble Bonpocbl · l. KaKoeo HaJHalJ:eHHe JaIUHTHh X aTMoc<Pep npH cneKaHHH? 2. fiepelJ:HCJIHTe JaIUHTHbie ra30Bble cpe,llbl, npHMeHHeMbie npH cneKaHHH. 3..[laH:re xapaKTepHCTHKY KaqecTea JaIUHTHhlX ra3oe. 4. PaccKa.>KHTe o Mero.a.ax OlJ:HCTKH raJoe OT pa3JIHlJ:Hh X npHMe ceH:. 5. KaKoea poJih JaIUHTHOH JacblnKH npH cneKaHHH H rpe6oeaHHH K Heii?
PeKoMeHoameAbHblU 6u611uo2parjm11ecKuii cnucoK l. nopOllIKOBaH MeTaJIJiyprHH. MaTepHaJihl, TeXHOJIOfHH, CBOHCTBa, o6nacTH npHMeHeHHH: CnpaeolJ:HHK/ H.M. <Peoop11eHKo, H.H. <l>pam1,eeu11, H.,D.. PaooMblCeJlbCKuu H.up. - KHee: HayKoea .UYMKa, 1985. - 624 c. (c. 573 - 581). 2. Kunapucoe C.C., llaoa.nKo O.B. 06opy.uoeaHHe npe.unpIDITHH nopom KOBOH MeTilJIJiypnrn.- M.:MeTilJIJiypIIDI, 1988. -448 c. (c. 385 -397).
Ne'tM AJlJI cneK8HMJI
CneKaHHe nopomKoewx <l>opMoBoK HJIH ceo6o.n;Ho HacbmaHHoro nopomKa npOBO,WIT B neqax, paJJrnqaIOll.lHXCH KaK no KOHCTpYKUHH, TaK H no cnoco6y Harpeea. Bb16op THna neqH 3aBHCHT OT MHOfHX <l>aK ropoe, B TOM qffcJie OT CBOHCTB cneKaeMOfO MarepHaJia, YCJIOBH H cne KaHHH (xapaKTepa 3all.lHTHOH cpe,Ubl, TeMnepazypblH Bb,Uep)l{KH npH cneKaHHH, pe:xrnMa Harpeea H OXJIIDK.UeHIDI), Tpe6yeMOH npOH3BO.UH TeJibHOCTH H T.n. IleqH MH cneKaHIDI KJiaCCHcPHU:HPYJOT no CJie,UyIOll.lHM npH3Ha KaM: no THny o6orpeea HJIH HCToqHHKa 3HeprnH: 3JieKTpHqecKHe HJIH c fa30Bb M o6orpeBoM; no npHHU:Hny pa6oTw: nepHo.n;HqecKoro HJIH HenpepbIBHoro.ueii CTBHH; no xapaKTepy pa6oqei1 aTMoc<1>epb1: c eo3.n;ymHoi1, HeHTpaJibHOH H BOCCTaHOBHTeJibHOH ra30BOH aTMOCcPePOH HJIH BaKyyMHbie; no pa6oqei1 TeMnepazype: HH3KOTeMnepazypHbie (.UO 1250 °C) H Bb COKoTeMnepazypHwe (Bbtme 1250 °C); no creneHH MexaHH3aIJ;HH: aeTOMaTHqecKHe, noJiyaBTOMaTHqecKHe H HeaBTOMaTHqeCKHe. lle'IU Henpepb16H020 iJeucmBUJl. fieqH 3T0f0 THna n03BOJUIIOT CHH- 3HTb pacxo.u 3Hepnrn, noBblCHTb npOH3BO.UHTeJibHOCTb Tpy.n;a, yeeJIH qHTb CbeM npo.uyKUHH c e,UHHHU:blOJIOll.la,UH pa6oqero npocTpaHCTBa, yeeJIHqHTb Bb XO.U fO,UHOfO. 06bJqHo MH neqeii HenpepbIBHOfO.ueii CTBHH xapaKTepHO HaJIHqHe Tpex pa6oqux JOH: 1) OTIKHra HJIH BXO.U HOH; 2) ropHqeii (30Hbl MaKCHMaJlbHOH TeMnepazypbt); 3) OXJIIDK.Ue HHH. B nepeoii pa6oqei1 JoHe neqH npoHCXO.UHT HcnapeHHe HJIH BbDKH raHHe H Y.UaJieHHe CMa3KH (nJiaCTHcPHKaropa), BBe,UeHHOH B llIHXTY nepe.u <l>opMoBaHHeM nopomKa, a TaIOKe CHHTHe (peJiaKcau;u») Ha npIDKeHHH, HMeIOll.lHXC» e nopomKoeoii <l>opMoeKe. B rop»qeu JoHe npoHcxo.uH:r co6cTBeHHo cneKaHHe. HaJHaqeHHe TpeTbeH JOHbI- ox JIIDK.UeHue cneqeHHOH JaroTOBKH c 3a,UaHHOH CKOpOCTblO.uo TeMnepa TYPbI, o6ecneqHeaIOll.leH 6eJoKHCJIHTeJibHYIO BbifPYJKY ee Ha 003.n;yx. HarpeeareJibHbie 3.TleMeHTb1 3.TleKipHqecKHX neqeu cneKaHHH.lleJiaIOT HJ MaTepHaJIOB, TeXHHqecKaH xapaKTepHCTHKa K<Yl'OpblX npuee.ueHa B Ta6JI. 56. ,ll,Jrn HenpepblBHOH TpaHcnopTHPOBKH cneKaeMbIX 3afOTOBOK qepe3 neqb HCnOJib3YIOT KOHBeiiep H3 ceTqaTOH JieHTbl, pOJIHKOBbIH (pOJib raHfOBb H) HJIH maraIOll.lHH no.a, TOJIKaTeJIH pa3JIHqHoro Tuna. B KOHBeiiepHoH neqH cneKaeMbie JaroTOBKH yKJia,UbIBaIOT e no.u.uo HbIHJIH Henocpe,UCTBeHHO Ha KOHBeiiepHyIO JieHTY H3 OKaJIHHOCTOH KOH npoeoJIOKH u nepeMell.laIOT ux B.UOJib pa6oqero npocTpaHcTBa nequ HaBCTpeqy 3all.lHTHOMY ra3y; llIHPHHa noJIOTHa JieHTbl 300-600 MM, CKOpOCTb ee.UBIDKeHHH 2-3 M/q. 06ll.laH.n;JIHHa KOHBeiiepHOH nequ 06b1qHo COCTaBJIHeT 15-20 M npH.n;JIHHe 30HblcneKaHHH 6-10 M. Pa- 6oqag reMnepazypa e neqH JaBHCHT OT MaTepuaJia HarpeeaTeJibHbIX 3JieMeHTOB H COCTaBJIHeT 1000-1600 °C. PoJibraHroBb e nequ HMeIOT 6oJibllIYIO npoHJBO.UHTeJibHOCTb. B HHX MH TpaHcnopTHpOBKH Kopo6oe co cneKaeMbIMH 3afOTOBKaMH npu-
T a 6 JI " u a 56. CsoiicTBa MaTepHaJIOB AJIR earpeaaTeJJJ.HhlX 3JieMeBTOB
Y.nenhHoe TcMncpaTypa MaKCHMaJihHIUI MaTcpuan JJICKTpoconpoTHBJieHHe pa6oqrui npH 20 °C, 0M·MM 2/M nJiaBJICHHll, °C TeMnepaTypa, °C Cnnae X l3I04 1,0 1300.!lO 800 HuxpoM 1,1 1400 1050 X l5H60 HuxpoM I,I 1400 II OO X20H80 H11xpoM 1,3 1400 1180 X2H80T3 Cnnae 311325 1,4 1430 1150 (OX25I05) Cnnae 311525 1,35 1570 1200 (OX23I05) Cnnae 311626 1,42 1570 1300 (OX27I05A) Monu6.ncH 0,052 2620 2000 TauTan 0,15 3000 2500 BonhcppaM 0,05 3380 2800 Cumrr 800-1900 - 1350 (Kap6opyH.n) .l1,HCHJIHUH.!l 0,2--0,4 2020 1700MOJIH6.!lCHa rpacpHT 8-13 - 2400 2800 (eaKyyM) MeHeHblpOJIHKH HJ JierupoBaHHOH CTaJIH c HH,ll,HBH.llYaJihHbIM npHBO .UOM; Ha Bxo.ue H Bh xo.ue HJ neqH POJIHKH BpamaIOTCSI c nepeMeHHOH CKOpOCTbIO, qTo o6ecneqHBaeT nJiaBHYIO H aBTOMaTHqecKyIO no.uaqy Kopo6oe Ha TpaHcnopTep cornacHo Ja.UaHHOMY UHKJiy. OpoHJBO.UH TeJihHOCTh neqH COCTaBJISieT 6oJiee 100 Kf/q. Oeqh c rnaraIOIUHM no.uoM noJBOJISieT cneKaTh JaroTOBKH npH TeM nepaTYpe.uo 1200-1400 °C H HMeeT pa6oqee npocTpaHCTBO paJMepoM 320X 240X 1840 MM. OpoHJBO.UHTeJibHOCTb neqH COCTaBJISieT 14-70 Kr/q npH pacxo.ue 3JieKTpo3Hepm H 10,3-2,7 KBT·q/Kr. ToJIKaTeJihHhie MycpeJihHh e neqH (pHc. 264) HaH6oJiee npocTbIno KOHCTpYKUHH. Opo,UBIDKKa Jio.uoqeK (no.u.uoHOB) HJ rpacpHra HJIH CTa JIH, B KOTOpb e JarpeHblcneKaeMbie JafOTOBKH, npOHJBO.UHTCSI Me xaHHqecKHM TOJIKareJieM HJIH BpyqHyIO. 3aIUHTHb H raJ noczynaeT B neqb co CTOpOHblpaJrpyJoqHoro naTpy6Ka no npHHl{Hny npOTHBOTO Ka. Pa6oqag reMnepaTYPa neqH.uo 1300 °C, a npoHJBO.UHTeJihHOCTh nopSI.uKa 20 Kr/q. CymecrnyIOT 6eJMycpeJihHhie TOJIKaTeJihHb e neqH, B KOTOpblX no.u.uoHbl co cneKaeMbIMH JafOTOBKaMH nepeMeIUaIOTCSI He nocpe.ucrneHHO no no.uy neqH, Bh JIO)KeHHOMY HJ orHeynopHoro KHp nwra. OeqH HenpepbIBHoro.ueH:cTBHSI 3KOHOMHqHhIH o6ecneqHBaIOT paB HOMepHoe pacnpe.ueJieHHe reMnepaTYP B JOHe Harpeea, 6Jiaro.uapSI qeMy nopOilIKOBb e HJ,UeJIHSI nocJie cneKaHHSI HMeIOT O.UHOPO.UHbi e CBOH cma. lle'IU nepUOOU'leCKOW iJeiicmBUJl. 3JieKTponeqH 3TOfO THna IlIHpOKO npHMeHSIIOT B nopOilIKOBOH MeTaJIJiypmH, oco6eHHO MSI HCCJie,UOBa HHH. 0HH MOfYT 6bITh npsiMoro HJIH KOCBeHHoro 3JieKTpoHarpeea, a TaKXe HH.UYKUHOHHhie. B KoJinaKoeoH: neqH 3JieKTpoHarpeea cneKaIOT
8500
P11c. 264. My<f>eJJbHaH TOJJKaTCJJbHaH ne'lb cneKaH11H: / - MexaH11'1ecK11tt Bl1HTOBOH TOJIKUTeJJb; 2 - JarpyJO'IHbI H naTpy6oK; 3 - My<f>eJJb ne'111; 4 - 3JICKTpoHarpeBaTeJJl1; 5 - repMonapa; 6 - Kopnyc ne'111; 7 - paJrpyJO'IHbIH naTpy6oK; 8 - no.ncrnBKa ,llJIHHHOMepHb e npeCCOBKH-IlITa6HI<H HJ nopOilIKOB TYfOnJiaBKHX Me TilJJJIOB. CneKaHHe B eo.uopo.ue, HeHTpaJihHOM raJe HJIH BaKyyMe npH TeM nepaTYpe.uo 2500 ·c MO)KHO npOBO.UHTb B 3JieKTpOneqax KOCBeHHOfO Harpeea. B KaMepHhIX neqax JarpyJKy H BhifPYJKy HJ.UeJIHH ocymecrn JISIIOT qepeJ.ueepuy, pacnoJio)KeHHYJO B nepe.uHeH: CTeHKe neqH. B rnax THhIX neqax JafPYJKy H3.UeJIHH B UHJIHH,D.puqeCKYJO BepTHKaJibHYJO IliaxTY - pa6oqyIO JOHY neqH - OCYIUeCTBJISIIOT CBepxy, onycKaSI HJ,UeJIHe Ha crauHoHapHYJO no.ucraBKy, HaxOMIUYIOCSI B HH)KHeH qacTH rnaxTbI. B 3JieBaTOpHbIX neqax HJ.UeJIHSI B.UBHraIOT B l{HJIHH,D.pHqecKyIO BepTH KaJibHYIO pa6oqyIO JOHY CHH3y, Ha no.ucraBKe, KOHCTpYKTHBHO o6be .UHHeHHOH co CbeMHhIM.UHHIUeM neqH. B KoJinaKOBh X neqax (KoJina KOB y O.UHOH nequ MO)KeT 6b Tb HeCKOJibKO) HJ,UeJIHe nepe.u HaqaJIOM Harpeea ycraHaBJIHBaIOT Ha CTaUHOHapHOH no.ucraBKe H HaKpbIBaIOT KOJinaKOM, BHyTpH KOTOporo CMOHTHpOBaHbl HarpeBaTeJIH, TenJIOBaSI HJOJISIUHSI H.upyrue KOHCTpyKTHBHh e 3JieMeHThl neqH. B raKHX 3JieKT poneqax KOCBeHHOfO HarpeBa npHMeHSIIOT B OCHOBHOM HarpeBaTeJIH Tpex THnoB: npOBOJIOqHb e HJIH JieHTOqHbie JHfJaroo6paJHb e Ha HJO JISITOpax; npOBOJIOqHb e HJIH JIHCTOBb e, coe,UHHeHHbie naHKOH HJIH MeXaHHqecKH c BO.UOOXJia)K,UaeMblMH TOKOnO.UBO.UaMH, BXO.llSIIUHMH B ropSJqYIO JOHY nequ;npOBOJIOqHbie HJIH JIHCTOBb e, coe,UHHeHHble CBap KOH, MexaHuqecKH HJIH cBo6o.uHoH: HaBeCKOH qepeJ HeoXJiax.uaeMh H BbIBO.U HJ TYfOnJiaBKOfO MeTaJIJia c BO.UOOXJia)K,UaeMbIMH TOKono.ueo .uaMH, KOTOpb e HMeIOT onpe.ueJieHHb e npeHMYIUeCTBa nepe.u.UBYMSI .UPYrHMH THnaMH HarpeBareJieH.
KoHmpoAbHble Bonpocbl 1. KaKoBa KJiaccHcpHKauusi neqeH: MSI cneKaHHSI? 2.,JJ.aH:Te xapaKTepHCTHKy neqeH: cneKaHHSI HenpepbIBHoro.ueH:- CTBHSI. 3. PaccKa)KHTe o neqax cneKaHHSI nepuo.uHqecKoro.ueH:CTBHSI H HarpeBaTeJISIX MSI HHX.
PeKoMeHiJame.nbHblii 6u6Attozpa</Ju'lecKuii cnucoK KunapucoB C. C., llaiJOAKO 0.B. 06opy.uoeaHHe npe.unpHSITHH noporn KOBOH MeTaJIJiypmH. - M.: MeTaJIJiyprusi, 1988. - 448 c. (c. 287 - 385).
16.3. SpaK npM cneKaHHH H Mepbl no ero npeAynpe>KAeHMIO
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Kopo6AeHue u ucKaJICeHue rjJopMbl ·- HapyUieHHe Tpe6yeMblX reo Me'lpH'lecKHx pa3MepoB nopOUlKOBOfO H3,l(eJiml. qaCTO Ha61110.naeTCSI B IJ,1IOCKHX H3,l(eJimJX, TOJlll{HHa KOTOpb X He3Ha'IHTeJibHa no cpaBHeHHIO c AllHHOH, oco6eHHO B CJiyqae H3fOTOBJieHHSI H3.l(eJIHH H3 Bb COKO ,l(HcnepcHblX nopOUlKOB,.naIOll{HX 3Ha'IHTeJlbHYIO yca.nKY npH cneKa HHH. loHliJieHHIO TaKoro BH.l(a 6paKa cnoco6cTByeT IlJIOXOe CMeUlHBa HHe KOMilOHeHTOB UlHXThl,HepaBHOilJIOTHOCTb nopOUlKOBOH <l>oPMOBKH H CJIHUlKOM 6blC'lpblH ee HarpeB npH cneKaHHH. 3TOT 6paK MO)KeT 6b1Tb HCilpaBJieH (xorn H He BCer.na) IlOCJie.llYIOrn.eH: XOJIO.l(HOH HJIH ropSI'leH: o6pa6oTKoH:.naBJieHHeM. 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