IOF Комиссия по спортивному ориентированию бегом

Январь 2020

IOF Комиссия по спортивному ориентированию бегом

 

Jaakko Lajunen, Unni Strand Karlsen, Janos Manarin, David May and Helge Lang Pedersen

Содержание

 

Предисловие.............................................................................................................. 3

1. Введение в планирование трасс............................................................................ 4

2. The orienteering course........................................................................................... 5

3. The course planner.................................................................................................. 7

4. The Three Forest Formats........................................................................................ 8

4.1 Middle Distance.............................................................................................................................. 8

4.2 Long Distance.............................................................................................................................. 10

4.3 Relay.............................................................................................................................................. 16

5. Course planning and TV production....................................................................... 18

6. Media and spectators.............................................................................................. 21

Managing a Course Planning Project......................................................................... 22

Appendix 1: Middle Distance course examples........................................................... 23

Appendix 2: Long Distance course examples............................................................. 26

Appendix 3: Relay course examples........................................................................... 28

Предисловие

Ориентирование бегом - это вид спорта на выносливость, включающий в себя огромное умственное напряжение. Маршрут трасс не промаркирован - спортсмен должен передвигаться по местности использую только компас и карту.

 

Суть спортивного ориентирования - иметь точные карты и трассы в сложной местности. Это руководство предназначено для того, чтобы дать рекомендации по планированию трасс ориентирования, который проверяет способности спортсменов как физически, так и умственно. Трасса по спортивному ориентированию должен содержать элементы, описанные для форматов соревнований (дисциплин) в Правилах спортивного ориентирования IOF («Правила») для различных дисциплин спортивного ориентирования.

 

Это Руководство по планированию для трасс по ориентированию в лесных соревновательных дисциплинах основано на требованиях к планированию трасс, изложенных в Правилах. Цель данного руководства - прояснить, как эти требования используются в качестве отправной точки для создания хороших трас. В этом документе ссылки на конкретные пункты и приложения Правил будут делаться в таких полях, как эта.:

 

Пункт правил 16.1

Принципы IOF для планирования трас (см. Приложение 2), описания формата дисциплины (см. Приложение 6) и Лейбницкой конвенции (см. Приложение 5).

Содержимое вставки выше поясняет, что планировщики трасс в соревнованиях IOF обязаны соблюдать требования Приложений, а также главы 16 и упомянутых приложений.

 

Основные требования к планированию трас

 

Справедливая траса требует точной карты, однозначных контрольных точек, точного расположения контрольных точек на карте и хороших и сложных участков трассы между контрольными точками. Для планировщика основной целью является получение результата, который можно рассматривать как «лучшая трасса по ориентированию».

 

Все больше и больше требований предъявляется к видео трансляций и арен для спортивного ориентирования, привлекательного как для зрителей на месте, так и для людей, которые смотрят трансляции по всему миру. Это требует полного сотрудничества между планировщиками и съемочной группой телевидения на самых ранних этапах планирования трассы.

 

Чтобы поддерживать качество трасс по ориентированию на высоком уровне, необходимо оправдать ожидания спортсменов. Это потребует понимания требований различных дисциплин для планирования местности и трассы. Это руководство дает представление о них.

 

Примеры хороших и плохих решений в планировании представлены в Приложениях.

Благодарность

 

Авторы хотели бы воздать должное работе, проделанной Йораном Андерссоном по составлению документа IOF 2014 года «Руководство по планированию трасы - мероприятия мирового класса». Эти обновлённые руководства основываются на принципах, установленных работой Горана.

 

1. Введение в планирование трасс

Приложение 2 к Правилам содержит принципы IOF для планирования трасс:

 

Правила - Приложение 2. Принципы планирования курса 1. Введение

1.1 Цель: Эти принципы направлены на установление общего стандарта для планирования трасс спортивного ориентирования, чтобы обеспечить честность в соревнованиях и гарантировать уникальный характер спортивного ориентирования. 1.2 Применение этих принципов: трассы во всех международных мероприятиях по спортивному ориентированию должны планироваться в соответствии с этими принципами. Они также должны служить общими руководящими принципами для планирования других соревновательных мероприятий по спортивному ориентированию. Термин «ориентирование» используется повсеместно для обозначения «ориентирования бегом».

Правила - Приложение 2: Принципы планирования трасс 2. Основные принципы

2.1 2.1 Определение ориентирования: Ориентирование - это вид спорта, в котором спортсмены посещают несколько точек, отмеченных на местности контрольными пунктами, за минимальное время, используя только карту и компас. Ориентирование бегом может быть охарактеризовано как беговая навигация. 2.2 Цель хорошего планирования: цель планирования состоит в том, чтобы предложить участникам трассы, правильно разработанные с учетом их ожидаемых способностей. Результаты должны отражать технические и физические возможности участников.   2.3 Золотые правила планировщика: планировщик должен учитывать следующие принципы:   • уникальный характер ориентирования как беговая навигация • честность конкуренции • удовольствие спортсменов • защита дикой природы и окружающей среды • потребности СМИ и зрителей   2.3.1 Уникальный особенности: у каждого вида спорта есть свои особенности. Уникальные особенности ориентирования - найти и следовать лучшему маршруту по неизвестной местности на фоне времени. Это требует навыков ориентирования: точное чтение карты, оценка выбора маршрута, управление компасом, концентрация под стрессом, быстрое принятие решений, бег по естественной местности и т. д. 2.3.2 Справедливость: Справедливость является основным требованием в соревновательном спорте. Если на каждом этапе планирования трассы не уделяется наибольшего внимания, удача может легко стать значимой в соревнованиях по ориентированию. Планировщик должен учитывать все эти факторы, чтобы гарантировать, что состязание является справедливым и что все участники сталкиваются с одинаковыми условиями на каждой части трассы. 2.3.3 Удовольствие участников: популярность спортивного ориентирования может быть повышена только в том случае, если участники удовлетворены пройденными трассами. Поэтому необходимо тщательное планирование, чтобы гарантировать, что трасса являются подходящими с точки зрения продолжительности, физических и технических трудностей, выбора места КП и т.д. В этом отношении особенно важно, чтобы каждая трасса подходил для участников, проходящих эту трассу.   2.3.4 Дикая природа и окружающая среда: Окружающая среда чувствительна: дикая природа может быть нарушена, а земля и растительность могут пострадать от чрезмерного использования. Окружающая среда также включает людей, живущих в зоне соревнований, стенах, заборах, обрабатываемых землях, зданиях и других сооружениях и т.д. Как правило, можно найти способы избежать вмешательства в наиболее чувствительные районы без ущерба. Опыт и исследования показали, что даже большие мероприятия могут быть организованы в чувствительных областях без постоянного ущерба, если будут приняты правильные меры предосторожности а трассы будут хорошо спланированы.

 

 

Очень важно, чтобы планировщик обеспечивал доступ к выбранной местности и чтобы любые чувствительные области были обнаружены заранее. 2.3.5 Средства массовой информации и зрители. Необходимость дать хороший публичный образ спортивного ориентирования должна быть постоянной заботой планировщика. Планировщик должен постараться предложить зрителям и прессе возможность как можно точнее следить за ходом соревнования, не ставя под угрозу спортивную справедливость.

 

 

Уникальныи особенности дисциплин

 

Каждый формат соревнований имеет свои собственные требования к выбору местности и разработке блестящей трассы ориентирования для участников. Требования к дисциплинам приведены в Приложении 6 «Дисциплины соревнований» в Правилах кроссового ориентирования. (https://orienteering.sport/orienteering/competition-rules). В нем есть определения контрольных пунктов, выбора маршрута, типов бега, карты, местности и т.д., которые необходимо соблюдать при планировании.

 

The course planner

Rules - Appendix 2: Principles for course planning 4. The course planner

The person responsible for course planning must have an understanding and appreciation of the qualities of a good course gained from personal experience. He or she must also be familiar with the theory of course planning and appreciate the special requirements of different classes and different types of competition. The course planner must be able to assess, on site, the various factors which can affect the competition, such as the conditions of the terrain, the quality of the map, the presence of participants and spectators, etc. The course planner is responsible for the courses and the running of the competition between the start and the finish line. The course planner’s work must be checked by the controller. This is essential because of the numerous opportunities for error, which could have serious consequences.

Rules - Appendix 2: Principles for course planning 3. The orienteering course (extract)

3.11 What the course planner should aim for 3.11.1 Know the terrain: The course planner should be fully acquainted with the terrain before he or she plans to use any control or leg. The planner should also be aware that on the day of the competition the conditions regarding map and terrain could be different from those which exist at the time the courses are planned. 3.11.2 Get the degree of difficulty right: It is very easy to make courses for novices and children too difficult. The course planner should be careful not to estimate the difficulty just on his or her own skill at navigating or on his or her walking speed when surveying the area. 3.11.3 Use fair control sites: The desire to make the best possible legs often leads a planner to use unsuitable control sites. Competitors seldom notice any difference between a good and a superb leg, but they will immediately notice if a control leads to unpredictable loss of time due to a hidden control site or flag, ambiguity, a misleading control description etc. 3.11.4 Placing controls sufficiently far apart: Even though the controls have code numbers they should not be so close to each other as to mislead competitors who navigate correctly to the control site on their course. 3.11.5 Avoid over-complicating the route choices: The planner may see route choices which will never be taken and thereby may waste time by constructing intricate problems, whereas the competitors may take a ‘next best’ route, thus saving time on route planning. 3.11.6 Courses that are not too physically demanding. Courses should be planned so that normally fit competitors can run over most of the course set for their level of ability. The total climb of a course should normally not exceed 4% of the length of the shortest sensible route. The physical difficulty of courses should progressively decrease as the age of the competitors increases in Masters’ classes. Special care must be taken that the courses for classes M70 and over and W65 and over are not too physically demanding.

4.Три формата лесных дисциплин

Таблица результатов	Средняя дистанция	Длинная Дистанция	Эстафета
Controls	Consistently technically difficult.	A mixture of technical difficulties.	A mixture of technical difficulties.
Route Choice	Small and medium scale route choice.	Significant route choice including some large-scale route choices.	Small and medium scale route choice.
Type of Running	High speed, but requiring runners to adjust their speed for the complexity of the terrain.	Physically demanding, requiring endurance and pace judgement.	High speed, often in close proximity to other runners who may, or may not, have the same controls to visit.
Terrain	Technically complex terrain.	Physically tough terrain allowing good route choice possibilities.	Some route choice possibilities and reasonably complex terrain.
Map	1:10000	1:15000	1:10000
Start Interval	2 minutes	3 minutes	Mass start
Timing	1 second	1 second	Mass start so the finish order is the order across the line.

4.1 Middle Distance       Rules Appendix 6: 2 MIDDLE DISTANCE

2.1 The profile The Middle distance profile is technical. It takes place in a non-urban (mostly forested) environment with an emphasis on detailed navigation and where finding the controls constitute a challenge. It requires constant concentration on map reading with occasional shifts in running direction out from controls. The element of route choice is essential but should not be at the expense of technically demanding orienteering. The route in itself shall involve demanding navigation. The course shall require speed-shifts e.g. with legs through different types of vegetation. 2.2 Course planning considerations The course should be planned to allow competitors to be seen by spectators during the course of the race as well as when finishing. The start should be at the Arena and the course should preferably make runners pass the Arena during the competition. The demand on selection of Arena is subsequently high, providing both suitable terrain and good possibilities to make runners visible to spectators. Spectators are not allowed along the course except for parts passing the Arena (including controls at the Arena).

The key features of a Middle Distance are:

· competitors are forced to demanding map reading right from the beginning

· different leg combinations with rhythmic changes will be provided

· decisive points are in the later parts of course, when physical stress starts to kick in

· decisive points near the competition centre when spectators and announcement increase pressure

· competitor needs to be fully alert and concentrate to navigation during the whole course

 

Planning courses that meet these features means that the Course Planner should identify the detailed areas allowing for difficult orienteering and areas well suited for challenging route choices. A route choice leg in Middle Distance should still be challenging to execute even after the route choice has been made. As a general rule, each control in a Middle Distance course should have an angle forcing the athlete to change direction at every control. When selecting legs in very detailed areas, care should be taken not to make the legs so short that one control becomes the attack point for the next.

 

“In the middle distance, there should be need for high concentration for map reading, complex terrain and lot of changes in direction, rhythm and technical demands.”

Miika Kirmula, FIN: In my opinion, the most interesting leg in year 2019 is from the Finnish WCup selection race middle distance 6-7 leg. This leg was directly after five short legs so there wasn’t so much time for perfect planning ahead. After making the bigger route choice you could win or lose A LOT with small micro route choices due to really steep parts and big cliffs. I missed the right choice and lost 22 seconds to the fastest split. I think it seemed like a risk to run a really steep slope descending to a lake and big cliffs in the end. However, the fastest split was made running the leg from the right.

Magne Daehli, NOR: For the middle distance, I think the most important with a course is to serve challenging and intense orienteering. But also, here it’s important with some changes in terrain and/or type of legs, to break up the rhythm and forcing the runners to change their technique a bit.

Example: WOC2016, Sweden

4.2 Long Distance   Rules Appendix 6: 3 LONG DISTANCE

3.1 The profile The Long distance profile is physical endurance. It takes place in a non-urban (mostly forested) environment and aims at testing the athletes’ ability to make efficient route choices, to read and interpret the map and plan the race for endurance during a long and physically demanding exercise. The format emphasises route choices and navigation in rough, demanding terrain, preferably hilly. The control is the endpoint of a long leg with demanding route choice, and is not necessarily in itself difficult to find. The Long distance may in parts include elements characteristic of the Middle distance with the course suddenly breaking the pattern of route choice orienteering to introduce a section with more technically demanding legs. 3.2 Course planning considerations The course should be planned to allow competitors to be seen by spectators during the course of the race as well as when finishing. Preferably, the start should be at the Arena and the course should make runners pass the Arena during the competition. A special element of the Long distance is the long legs, considerably longer than the average leg length. These longer legs may be from 1.5 to 3.5 km

Remarks related on section 3.2 above:

 

E.g. phi-loops give an alternative technique for breaking up runners. Butterflies with sharp angles may let runners see other runners more easily so they speed up, making this less worth as a spreading method. Some butterflies may even let runners approaching the centre control of the butterfly see runners leaving the butterfly. Also, phi-loops have less problems with sharp angles than butterflies.

 

In some case the butterflies/phi-loops have been followed by short legs instead of long legs – and in forest with good visibility. Continuing with a short leg after the butterfly increases the chance of regrouping of the same runners. One should ideally use a long leg straight after the spreading (butterfly or phi-loops), and if possible there should be low visibility at the start of the long leg straight after the butterfly helping them leave the phi-loop less obviously and therefore preventing followers from catching up.

 

The butterflies/phi-loops have not always been implemented in the most difficult terrain. Weak navigators tend to increase their speed in the butterfly in order to be able to catch up with the better runners up front. The risk for them making mistakes in tricky terrain in the spreading method is then increased. Also, low visibility in the area of the spreading method is an advantage.

 

In some case the course has started with short technical controls – increasing the chances for grouping

– followed by long legs. Long route choice legs often allow good runners to get away from followers but the reverse can be true if visibility in the terrain is good. A course could start with short leg(s) (for familiarising competitor to the map and terrain before long decisive leg) followed by long legs to avoid groups being formed early in the course.

 

The terrain chosen for the long distance has not always been optimal with regard to avoidance of groups formation. For optimal spreading, there should be distinctly different options on the long legs. However, this also often depends on the terrain and this should be taken into account when choosing terrain for high level IOF events Long distance races.

 

Butterflies have (sometimes) been too small. Short butterflies do not split packs while they only put constraints on the planning which again may lead to more packs due to fewer long legs and nothing gained by the butterflies.

 

Good terrain for the Long distance has characteristics that make runners lose eye contact with each other (such as denser vegetation, many hills/depressions etc.). Terrain with continuously good visibility is not ideal for high-level Long distance races. The terrain itself should be used as a break-up method

 

 

by putting the course through areas with limited visibility especially in the more difficult terrain where more skilled orienteers can disappear from potential followers. Spectators are not allowed along the course except for parts passing the Arena (including controls at the Arena).

 

 

Remarks related on section 3.3 above:

 

For WMOC the map scale is 1:10.000 and 1:7.500.

 

 

Key features of a Long Distance are:

· physically demanding requiring endurance and pace judgement

· multiple and decisive route choice legs demanding full concentration and commitment to decisions

· breaking up (or avoiding forming) groups somehow is important

· preferably no decisive route choice legs right from the starting point

· avoid short, technical controls / legs in the beginning to avoid grouping

· control point placement important, clearly readable

· decisive points in skill levels in later parts when physical elements are more important

· important where and when will refreshments offered, effect to route choices (rule 19.8)

 

Planning courses that meet these features means that the Course Planner should identify the detailed areas allowing for difficult orienteering and areas well suited for very long and challenging route choice legs. A route choice leg in Long Distance can be very long and is ideally still challenging to execute even after the route choice has been made. It is good practice to have a few shorter legs after a route choice leg in order to force the athlete to change technique (and possibly allow for a TV-sequence). In Long Distance courses, the most detailed areas, should be avoided.

Long legs are typically 10% to 15% of the overall course length and can sometimes be 20% if the terrain allows it. The same principles apply to WMOC Long courses, the difference being that lengths are scaled down to suit the shorter total course lengths.

 

 

Key features of a good route choice leg are:

· offers several (distinctly) different choices

· the best route choice may not be obvious at first sight

· runners on different route choices should lose sight of each other

· runners with different strengths should choose different routes

· time differences between the different routes should be big enough to be relevant (a good choice and execution should be rewarded)

· the easiest to execute route choice should in general not be the fastest overall

· orienteering during the leg still needs to be challenging on the fastest route (a fast route choice should not only be a road choice)

 

 

For the Long distance there should be varying terrain, varying speed and varying route choices. Also, varying orienteering techniques will be needed. In WOC2019, two of the legs covered about 40% of the whole course.

Tove Alexandersson, SWE: One of the most important details to make a Long distance course is some good longer legs. Preferably at least one leg that is over 1.5 km. To make it really good this leg should be a bit more complex than just straight or around, it’s good if there are some micro route choices also in the main route choice.

Example: O-Ringen 2019 E5, leg 10-11

4.3 Relay    Rules Appendix 6: 4 RELAY

4.1 The profile The Relay profile is team competition. It takes place in a non-urban (mostly forested) environment. The format is built on a technically demanding concept, more similar to the concept of the Middle than the Long distance. Some elements characteristic of the Long distance, like longer, route-choice legs should occur, allowing competitors to pass each other without making contact. Good Relay terrain has characteristics that make runners lose eye contact with each other (such as denser vegetation, many hills/depressions etc.). Terrain with continuous good visibility is not suitable for the Relay. 4.2 Course planning considerations The Relay is a spectator friendly event in offering a competition between teams, head-to-head, and with the first to finish being the winner. The Arena layout and the course planning must consider this (e.g. when forking is used, the time difference between alternatives should be small). The competitors should, on each leg, pass the Arena, and if possible runners should be visible from the Arena while approaching the last control. An appropriate number of intermediate times (possibly with in-forest commentators) should be provided (as well as TV- controls shown on screen in the Arena). The mass start format requires a course planning technique separating runners from each other (e.g. forking). The best teams should be carefully allocated to different forking combinations. For fairness reasons the very last part of the last leg shall be the same for all runners. Spectators are not allowed along the course except for parts passing the Arena (including controls at the Arena). 4.3 The map The standard ISOM specification shall be followed. The map scale is 1:15.000 or 1:10.000. The decision on map scale shall be based on the complexity of the course design (e.g. short legs with controls close to each other may require the larger map scale). When 1:10.000 is used the terrain shall be mapped for 1:15.000 and strictly enlarged as specified by the ISOM. 4.4 Winning time, start interval and timing The winning time (the total time for the winning team) shall be 90-105 minutes for both the women’s relay and the men’s relay. Within the total time, the time for different legs may vary. No leg should be longer than 40 minutes or shorter than 30 minutes. The Relay is a mass start format and consists of three legs for both women and men. In WOC timing shall preferably be made by electronic means, but manual systems may be used. At the finish line there shall be photo-finish equipment to assist in judging the placings.

Key features of a Relay are:

· team competition, all legs might be decisive

· high speed, often in close proximity to other runners

· based on the Middle distance concept with slightly fewer controls and more emphasis on route choice legs in the non-forked parts of the course

 

Planning courses that meet these features means that the Course Planner should identify the more detailed areas preferably with low visibility where to have forking. In Relay it is more important to have route choice legs than to have many controls in detailed areas. It is good to have forking crossings each other in order to stress the not so skilled athletes. Whereas forking may be in areas with low visibility, relays must also have legs in areas with very good visibility since this allows TV to show how widespread

 

 

the field is. Controls in such very visible areas may be slightly less difficult since the leading runners will otherwise be more easily caught up from behind.

 

 

Key features for good relay forking are:

· forking is introduced to force runners to do their own orienteering and not just follow those up front

· if possible, there should be a bit of a surprise element in the forking (not only 1 control in the forking)

· the different forking must be equally fast to run for runners of the same capacity

· it is ideal for different forking to have different best route choices

· practice shows that 3-5 forking per leg are optimal for a WOC Relay

· forking shall be understandable for the audience

· no forking in the last part of the last leg (head to head competition) for fairness reasons

 

“In the relay, emphasis should be on route choice, varying terrain, various orienteering techniques and especially attractiveness for spectators. Fairness is mandatory.”

Example of good forking, WOC2016, Sweden

Planning for TV and GPS

 

Further information about this may be found in the WOC Manual chapter 33 and the IOF TV Manual at https://orienteering.sport/iof/communication/

 

GPS tracking for events with TV coverage

 

During all World Class Events GPS-tracking must be offered. During the planning phase, the complete courses should be run through with a GPS-tracking unit of the type to be used in the competition to

 

 

(1) Find out if there are areas where mobile data coverage is poor as this has to be taken into account when planning TV-coverage where there are areas with poor mobile coverage. For individual start races this can be accounted for by not planning to show live GPS in these sections, see discussion below. For relay this can be accounted for by showing GPS with increased delay in these areas, but this has to be carefully planned, and ideally these areas should be avoided in the course-planning if possible.

(2) Find out if there are GPS-inaccuracies around any of the control points. If there are large inaccuracies around control points, i.e. if the GPS tracks do not go through the centre of the control point, this can be corrected for in some of the GPS-tracking software solutions for the TV-production.

 

When planning an interval-start forest competition format (Long or Middle), there will typically be two TV-sections for the Middle (ideally around 1/3 and 2/3 of the course) and three to four TV-sections for the Long (placement depends on where on the course the long route choice legs are, different approaches are possible). Specific sections of the course should be planned for showing GPS-tracking as “replay-to-live”, to be shown either ahead of or right after the TV-controls (see red circles in the

below figure). Poor mobile coverage may be (more) acceptable in the earlier parts of each of these GPS- areas. Preferably there should be at least 4-5 minutes of running from a route choice leg with special GPS-focus to a TV-control, but this is not critical if the terrain does not allow for it.

 

Media and spectators

Media

 

The course planner should provide a photo control not far away from the arena. For fairness reasons this control must not be too difficult to find, since runners should not have any advantage if there are photographers out there or not. The course planner shall point out the photographers position close to the control. This control must be common for women and men. No refreshment or brand tape are allowed at the photo control. There should be enough light at this control in all weather conditions.

Photo Control 151 at WOC 2019 – the detail on the right shows the running direction out of the control and the dedicated (marked) positions nearby the control for the photographers.

Planning for Photo Controls at WOC 2019

· an organised transport to the photo control

· taking photos from dedicated (marked) positions nearby the controls (guided by a media person who knows the details: briefing of this guide in the morning of the competition day or the evening before)

· remember the brief of the photographer

· transport back to the arena after the last runner has passed the photo control

· taking photos from the last runners at the finish line

 

 

Spectators

 

There must be an arena passage to satisfy the spectators. The course planner must also consider if it is possible to have the Start at the arena to give an extra experience for media and spectators (otherwise viewing conditions could be better from home – it’s the atmosphere in the arena, that provides something extra for on-site viewers).

 

An alternative or a supplement to an arena passage is a spectator control which can be seen from the arena. The spectator control must have a prewarning control to simplify the speaker’s job.

 

A Prewarning control must be 1 to 2 minutes before the arena.

 

Январь 2020

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