Italics, bold type, capitalization, multiplication, hyphenation, graphon.

Graphon - e.g. Thquire! Your thervant! Thith ith a bad pieth of bithnith; thith ith… …

Squire! Your servant! This is a bad piece of business, this is…

hyphenated spelling: ‘ Im-pos-sible!”

italics - She was simply beautiful.

capitalization - I’ll NEVER see him again!

Phonetic EM:

Alliteration

 e.g. “ N ow or n ever”; “ As g ood as g old”; ” L ast but not the l east”; “The F lavour’s F resher than ever…” (Colgate toothpaste)

onomatopoeia or sound imitation – “cuckoo”, “buzz”.

 

 

 

  Lecture 3

Functional Styles of Speech

I. Literary colloquial style

 Phonetic features

Standard pronunciation in compliance with the national norm.

Phonetic compression of frequently used forms, e.g. it's, don't, I've.

Omission of unaccented elements due to the quick tempo, e.g. you know him?

Morphological features

Use of regular morphological features, with interception of evaluative suffixes e.g. deary, doggie, duckie

Syntactical features

Use of simple sentences with a number of participial and infinitive constructions and numerous parentheses.

Syntactically correct utterances compliant with the literary norm.

Use of various types of syntactical compression, simplicity of syntactical connection.

Prevalence of active and finite verb forms.

Use of grammar forms for emphatic purposes, e.g. progressive verb forms to express emotions of irritation, anger etc.

Decomposition and ellipsis of sentences in a dialogue (easily reconstructed from the context).

Use of special colloquial phrases, e.g. that friend of yours.

Lexical features

  Wide range of vocabulary strata in accordance with the register of communication and participants roles: formal and informal, neutral and bookish, terms and foreign words.

Basic stock of communicative vocabulary- stylistically neutral.

Use of socially accepted contracted forms and abbreviations, e.g. fridge for refrigerator, ice for ice- cream, TV for television, CD for compact- disk, etc.

Use of etiquette language and conversational formulas, such as nice to see you, my pleasure, on behalf of, etc.

Extensive use of intensifiers and gap- fillers, e.g. absolutely, definitely, awfully, kind of, so to speak, I mean, if I may say so.

Use of interjections and exclamations, e.g. Dear me, My God, Goodness, well, why, now, oh.

Extensive use of phrasal verbs let sb down, put up with, stand sb up.

Use of words of indefinite meaning like thing, stuff.

Avoidance of slang, vulgarisms, dialect words, jargon.

Use of phraseological expressions, idioms and figures of speech.

Compositional features

Can be used in written and spoken varieties: dialogue, monologue, personal letters, diaries, essays, articles, etc.

Prepared types of texts may have thought out and logical composition, to a certain extent determined by conventional forms (letters, presentations, articles, interviews).

Spontaneous types have a loose structure, relative coherence and uniformity of form and content.

II. Familiar colloquial style

Represented in spoken variety.

Phonetic features

- casual and often careless pronunciation, use of deviant forms, e.g. gonna instead of going to, dunno instead of don't know.

-use of reduced and contracted forms, e.g. you're, they've, I'd.

omission of unaccented elements due to quick tempo, e.g. you hear me?

- emphasis of intonation as a powerful semantic and stylistic instrument capable to render subtle nuances of thought and feeling.

-use of onomatopoeic words, e.g. whoosh, hush, yum, yak.

Morphological features

-use of evaluative suffixes, nonce words formed on morphological and phonetic analogy with other nominal words: e.g. baldish, mawkish, moody, hanky- panky, helter- skelter.

-extensive use of collocations and phrasal verbs instead of neutral and literary equivalents: e.g. to turn in instead of to go to bed.

Syntactical features

-use of simple short sentences.

-dialogues are usually of the question- answer type.

-use of echo questions, parallel structures, repetitions of various kinds.

-in complex sentences asyndetic coordination is the norm.

-coordination is used more often than subordination, repeated use of conjunction and is a sign of spontaneity rather than an expressive device.

-extensive use of ellipsis, including the subject of the sentence e.g. Can't say anything.

-extensive use of syntactic tautology, e.g. That girl, she was something else!

-abundance of gap-fillers and parenthetical elements such as sure, indeed, to be more exact, okay, well.

Lexical features

Combination of neutral, familiar and low colloquial vocabulary, including slang, vulgar and taboo words.

-extensive use of words of general meaning, specified in meaning by the situation guy, job, get, do, fix, affair.

-limited vocabulary resources, use of the same word in different meanings it may not possess, e.g. ''some'' meaning good: some guy! some game! ''nice'' meaning impressive, fascinating, high quality: nice music.

Abundance of specific colloquial interjections: boy, wow, hey, there, ahoy.

Use of hyperbole, epithets, evaluative vocabulary, trite metaphors and simile, e.g. if you say it once more I' ll kill you, as old as the hills, horrid, awesome, etc.

-tautological substitution of personal pronouns and names by other nouns, e.g. you-baby, Johnny- boy.

Mixture of curse words and euphemisms, e.g. damn, dash, darned, shoot.

Compositional features

-use of deviant language on all levels.

- strong emotional colouring.

- loose syntactical organisation of an utterance.

-frequently little coherence or adherence to the topic.

-no special compositional patterns.

III Publicist (media) style