Тема: Альтернативна медицина.

Студенти повинні знати: професійно орієнтований лексико-граматичний матеріал, необхідний для вивчення теми.

Студенти повинні вміти: систематизувати, аналізувати та коментувати отриману інформацію про медицину як науку; характеризувати альтернативні методи лікування, знати їх застосування у практичній роботі.

 

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Alternative medicine

Alternative medicine is defined as any health practice that takes the place of, or is incompatible with, conventional Western medicine. Distinction must be made between alternative medicine and complementary medicine. Complementary medicine may involve nontraditional medical practices, but is undertaken along with traditional healing approaches. Alternative medicine implies using only nontraditional methods.

Alternative medicine includes a broad range of practices. Some healing therapies are based on Ancient Chinese beliefs, like acupuncture and the use of certain herbal compounds. Others focus on Hindu, or Ayurvedic, therapies including diet changes, the practice of yoga, and emphasizing the connection of mind, body, and spirit.

Mind, body, and spirit healing is also championed as holistic health, and can be alternative or complementary. Dr. Deepak Chopra, for example, practices medicine in this way, leaning more toward alternative than conventional thinking, although he holds a Western medical degree. His teachings have been hotly contested in the medical community.

Some other examples of alternative medicine include massage, meditation, chiropractic techniques and practice, spiritual healing, exercise practices like Tai Chi, and aromatherapy. This is just a short list of an almost inexhaustible supply of alternative therapies. Many people use some form of alternative medicine when they take vitamins or herbal supplements without consulting a doctor. For example, many people who contract a cold use Airborne, a nutritional supplement, instead of seeing a doctor. With no traditional medical advice, the user of Airborne practices alternative medicine.

Alternative practitioners can often point to thousands of years of anecdotal evidence that suggests certain alternative practices are successful. The Western medical community largely stands opposed to such practices, but as complementary medicine has advanced, there are now medical schools that teach “alternative” methods. Many physicians now embrace complementary medicine because it creates more options for addressing a medical condition.

Some people turn to alternative medicine when the traditional medical community can offer them no help or cure for a condition. Again, anecdotal evidence suggests that certain therapies may help to improve quality of life for these people. Western physicians acknowledge the more established methods of alternative medicine and recommend alternative therapies for patients they cannot help through traditional medicine. While some physicians remain skeptical, alternative medicine is often looked upon as a last resort strategy.

Unfortunately, most health insurance companies do not provide coverage of alternative medicine of any kind. If one is lucky, chiropractic care may be included in a health plan. Generally, though, one has to pay for acupuncture, yoga classes, nutritional supplements or any other alternative therapy. Caution should be observed when embarking on an alternative medicine health plan, because most governments do not regulate alternative practices, and as with traditional medicine, there are some unscrupulous or unqualified practitioners.

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2.Translate key word combinations

 

1.Alternative medicine - _________________________________

2.Complementary medicine - ___________________________________

3. Healing approach - _________________________________

4.Medical condition - _________________________________

5. Established methods - _________________________________

6. Take vitamins - __________________________________

7. Medical community - __________________________________

8. Some people - __________________________________

9. Western physicians - __________________________________

10. Some healing - ___________________________________

Самостійна робота №5 до практичного заняття №5

Тема: Лапароскопічні операції.

Студенти повинні знати: професійно орієнтований лексико-граматичний матеріал, необхідний для вивчення теми.

Студенти повинні вміти: уміти складати діалог між пацієнтом і лікарем-хірургом, використовуючи необхідну лексичну компетенцію.

 

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A laparoscopic operations

A laparoscope is a thin, flexible tube-like surgical tool which is inserted into the body and used to view the internal organs and perform minimally invasive surgery (MIS). This type of surgery is also referred to as keyhole surgery, band-aid surgery, or pinhole surgery, due to the nature of the laparoscope. It is inserted through a very small incision, usually in the abdomen, rather than the large incisions made by other surgical methods.

Often outfitted with a video camera, a laparoscope acts like a telescope to magnify the organs. Powerful lights are attached to illuminate them, and the results are sent to a television screen in the operating room. Special surgical tools are inserted through the laparoscope, and through small incisions that are made nearby its entrance to the body. Surgeons perform the procedure by monitoring their activity on the screen.

The most common operation performed with a laparoscope is the laparoscopic cholecystectomy, or the removal of the gallbladder. However, a laparoscope may also be employed in cases of endometriosis, polycystic ovaries, uterine growths, fallopian tube blockages, and abdominal adhesions. In some cases, a laparoscope is used in the initial stages of a colectomy, or removal of the colon, and a nephrectomy, or removal of the kidneys. It is almost always used for surgeries of the loins or abdomen.

There are other types of surgery that make use of the laparoscope. If the surgery is performed in a joint, it is known as an athroscopy. If it is performed in an existing orifice, such as the mouth or nose, it is known as an endoscopy. When used for abdominal surgery or surgery of the loins, it is known simply as a laparoscopy.

A laparoscopy has many advantages over traditional open abdominal surgery. There is a reduction in bleeding, less pain and recovery time due to the smaller incision, less time spent in the hospital after the surgery, and a faster return to normal activities. There is also a reduced risk of infection, due to the internal organs being less exposed to external contaminants.

For all its advantages, use of laparoscope for surgery may occur, resulting in the need for a larger incision to stop the hemorrhaging.

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2.Make up the questions to the text

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Самостійна робота №6 до практичного заняття №6

Тема: Heart diseases in children

Студенти повинні знати: особливості догляду за хворими кардіологічного відділення; знати захворювання серцево-судинної системи, їх симптоматику та клінічну картину;

Студенти повинні вміти: аналізувати, коментувати, перекладати іншомовні джерела з цієї тематики;написати анотацію та реферат на тему лікування серця дитини.

 

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Heart diseases in children

One of the extra heart sounds is a heart murmur, which usually indicates turbulent and irregular blood flow within the cavities and through the valves of the heart. A heart murmur in children can have either physiological or pathological causes. Usually, a physiological heart murmur in children disappears once the underlying condition is treated or once the child reaches their teenage years or adulthood. A pathological heart murmur in children indicates an underlying heart trouble that is usually structural in nature. It needs to be assessed and managed by a cardiologist.also has risks. These are rare, but can include pelvic infection, the formation of scar tissue after surgery, and damage to the bowels or bladder. In very rare cases, damage to blood vessels or uncontrolled bleeding

Normally, the heart only produces two sounds called sound 1 (S1) and sound 2 (S2), heard as “lub-dub” on auscultation. In the presence of a murmur, these sounds are interrupted, preceded, or followed by a swishing or whistling sound, which is called a murmur. Common heart murmur types encountered in children are normal physiological, or innocent, murmurs.

Innocent murmurs are also called functional, benign, vibratory, or flow murmurs. Causes include a thin chest wall, a straight back, anemia, and fever. Children generally have thin chest walls and relatively straighter backs that make the heart closer to the surface of the chest. Blood flow is then easily heard and reported as a murmur.

When a child has a fever or anemia, the rate of his or her blood flow increases to facilitate the delivery of oxygen and nutrients to the organs. The increased blood flow leads to turbulent flow within the heart and manifests as a murmur that eventually disappears as the fever or the anemia resolves. Two innocent murmurs that are sometimes mistaken as abnormal ones include Still’s murmur and venous hum. Still’s murmur, also called musical murmur because of its musical quality, usually occurs in children between the ages 3 and 6 years. Venous hum is a soft humming murmur that can be heard over the jugular veins, also occurring in 3- to 6-year-old children.In general, with the exception of the venous hum, heart murmurs characterized as either diastolic, holosystolic, or late systolic are abnormal in nature. A murmur that has any of these qualities should prompt the physician to search for an abnormality in the heart or blood vessels. Pathological or abnormal causes of heart murmur in children include structural abnormalities of the heart valves, heart cavities, or arteries connected to the heart. Such structural abnormalities may be congenital or acquired.

Congenital anomalies like atrial septal defect (ASD), coarctation of the aorta, tetralogy of Fallot, patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), and ventral septal defect (VSD) all manifest with murmurs. ASD, VSD, and tetralogy of Fallot are conditions wherein there is an abnormal communication between the left and right sides of the heart. Acquired conditions such as rheumatic heart disease due to untreated streptococcal infection can lead to narrowing or insufficiency of the heart valves. Narrowing leads to valvular stenosis, while insufficiency leads to valvular regurgitation. Both of these also present with heart murmurs.

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