What is background radiation?

Лексика.

3А

 

Radiation - Радиация

measurement - измерение

fluorescence - флуоресценция

emission - эмиссия

impression - впечатление

ability - способность

passage - способность

property - cвойство

disintegration - распад

stability - стабильность

equipment - оборудование

difference - разница

excitation - возбуждение

tendency - тенденция

dependence - зависимость

density - плотность

voltage - Напряжение

requirement - требование

existence - существование

brevity - краткость

absorption - поглощение

achievement - достижение

deflection - отклонение

invention - изобретение

isolation - изоляция

substance - вещество

radioactivity - радиоактивность

storage - место хранения

development - разработка

accuracy - точность.

 

as is the case with many discoveries - как часто бывает с открытиями

to be interested in the phenomenon - интересоваться явлением

elements and compounds - элементы и соединения

compounds of uranium - соединения урана

to give an impression on a photographic plate - оставлять отпечаток на фотобумаге

to pass through thin sheets - проходить сквозь сквозь тонкие листы

opaque to light - непроницаемый для света

waves of energy - энергия в виде волн

radioactive decay - радиоактивный распад

to decay at a characteristic rate - распадаться с характерной скоростью

to range from…to… - находиться в диапазоне от … до...

the element concerned -данный элемент

to cause a problem - вызывать проблему

to remain radioactive - оставаться радиоактивным

for a considerable period of time - значительный период времени

 

В

 

to absorb radiation - поглощать излучение

to affect a photographic plate - воздействовать на фотопластинку

the parent atom - исходный атом

to cause bodies to fluoresce - вызывать свечение

to be deflected in by/in a magnetic field - отклоняться в магнитном поле

because of the high velocity - из-за высокой скорости

penetrating radiation - проникающее излучение

to ionize gas - ионизировать газ

to cause ionization - вызывать ионизацию

electromagnetic pulses - электромагнитные импульсы

for brevity - для краткости

Brevity is the soul of wit - краткость - сестра таланта

 

3C

 

the existence of penetrating radiation - существование проникающего излучения

to recognize(d) - признавать, признанный факт (fact)

to demand special equipment - требовать специальное оборудование

without any external excitation - без внешнего возбуждения

to confine to uranium compounds - ограничивается соединениями урана

to be unaffected by physical and chemical conditions - не зависеть от хим и физ условий

to isolate new element - выделить новый элемент

to have the same properties - иметь такие же свойства

both uranium and thorium - как уран так и торий

either uranium or torium - либо уран, либо торий

neither uranium nor thorium- ни уран ни торий

 

3D

 

background radiation - радиационный фон

to damage DNA - повредить ДНК

to cause various diseases - вызывать различные заболевания;

man-made radiation - искусственное излучение;

radionuclides - радионуклиды,

naturally-occurring -встречающиеся в природе;

naturally-occurring radionuclides - радионуклиды встречающиеся в природе

to produce radiation artificially - производить излучение искусственно;

to cause mutations in genes - вызывать мутации в генах;

ionizing radiation - ионизирующее излучение;

radiation exposure - облучение ионизирующим излучением;

overexposure to ionizing radiation - чрезмерное облучение ионизирующим излучением

to cause birth defects/cancer/burns/radiation sickness - вызывать врожденные дефекты/рак/ожоги/лучевую болезнь;

to treat/to cure diseases -лечить/излечивать заболевания

to benefit from radiation - извлекать пользу из радиации

 

Дополнительные слова по разделам:

 

extremely low frequency - очень низкие частоты

ultraviolet - ультрафиолет

deoxyribonucleic acid - ДНК

(Roentgen equivalent man) is the traditional unit of equivalent dose - бэр (биологический эквивалент рентгена)

becquerel - 1 radioactive disintegration per second

Ci - the old unit is the curie

Laser – light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation - усиление света с помощью стимулированного излучения радиации

 

Словообразование:

 

ground - background (фон)

present - presence (присутствие)

to expose to - exposure, over-exposure

danger - dangerous

strong - strength, strength

ion - to ionize, ionization, ionizing

to vary - various, variable

nature - natural, naturally

to detect - detection, detector

frequent, frequently

sign - signal, significant, design

art - artificial

benefit - beneficial

                                                                            

Ответы на зачетные вопросы:

Текст 3А.

1. When was the phenomenon of radioactivity discovered? Who

made this discovery?

 

It was discovered in 1896 by French physicist Henry Becquerel, who was interested at that time in the phenomenon of fluorescence.

 

2. How was the discovery made?

 

He found that compounds of uranium emitted rays that gave an impression on a photographic plate covered with black paper.

 

3. Where does radiation come from?

 

Radiation is emitted by the atoms themselves.

 

4. In what form can radiation be emitted?

 

It can be in the form of particles, such as neutrons, alfa and beta particles, or waves of energy, such as gamma and X-rays.

5. What is radioactivity? What is the difference between radiation

and radioactivity?

 

The property of certain atoms to emit radiation is called radioactivity. Such atoms are called radioactive, and the process in which they spontaneously disintegrate called radioactive decay.

 

6. What is meant by radioactive decay?

 

Atoms emit both energy and particles in this process.

 

7. Why does the process of radioactive decay occur?

 

This process occurs because unstable isotopes tend to transform into different, more stable atoms.

 

8. What happens when unstable isotopes decay?

 

It became more stable and less radioactive.

 

9. What is meant by the half-life of a radioactive substance?

 

The half-life is the time taken for half of the atoms of a radioactive substance to decay.

 

10. What does the half-life of a radioactive substance depend on?

 

It depends on the element concerned.

 

Текст 3В.

1. What types of radiation do radioactive substances emit?

 

Three different types of radiation are emitted by radioactive substances. For brevity they are cold alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays.

 

2. What is meant by the alpha particles?

 

The alpha rays consist of positively charged particles projected from a parent atom with velocity about one-tenth the velocity of light.

 

3. What properties do alpha particles have?

 

They are easily absorbed by thin foil or by a few centimeters of air. They are affected a photographic plate, cause many bodies to fluoresce brilliantly, and ionize the air through which they pass. They are deflected by an electric or a magnetic field.

 

4. How do alpha particles behave in an electric or magnetic field?

 

They are deflected by an electric or a magnetic field because of their positive charge.

 

5. What properties do beta particles have?

 

The beta rays consist of negatively charged particles projected from an atom of a radioactive substance with velocity near the velocity of light. They produce much less ionization in the gas through they pass than do the alpha particles and are less active a photographically than alpha particles.

 

6. Why are beta particles much more penetrating than the alpha particles?

 

Because of their lager velocity and smaller mass, they are much more penetrating than alpha particles.

 

7. How do beta particles behave in an electric or magnetic field?

 

They are deflected by an electric or a magnetic field because of their negative charge, like cathode rays.

 

8. What is meant by gamma rays?

 

Gamma rays are electromagnetic pulses like very penetrating X-rays.

 

9. How do gamma rays behave in an electric or magnetic field?

 

Gamma rays are not deflected by either a magnetic or electric field.

 

10. What is the nature of the gamma rays?

 

Their nature is entirely different from that of the alpha or beta rays. Gamma rays are electromagnetic pulses like very penetrating X-rays.

Вопросы по тексту 3D.

 

What is ionizing radiation?

Ionizing radiation changes the physical states of atoms and causes them to become electrically charged or “ionized”.

 

Of radiation?

Ionizing radiation is used to diagnose diseases, and some people are treated with to cure diseases.

Лексика.

3А

 

Radiation - Радиация

measurement - измерение

fluorescence - флуоресценция

emission - эмиссия

impression - впечатление

ability - способность

passage - способность

property - cвойство

disintegration - распад

stability - стабильность

equipment - оборудование

difference - разница

excitation - возбуждение

tendency - тенденция

dependence - зависимость

density - плотность

voltage - Напряжение

requirement - требование

existence - существование

brevity - краткость

absorption - поглощение

achievement - достижение

deflection - отклонение

invention - изобретение

isolation - изоляция

substance - вещество

radioactivity - радиоактивность

storage - место хранения

development - разработка

accuracy - точность.

 

as is the case with many discoveries - как часто бывает с открытиями

to be interested in the phenomenon - интересоваться явлением

elements and compounds - элементы и соединения

compounds of uranium - соединения урана

to give an impression on a photographic plate - оставлять отпечаток на фотобумаге

to pass through thin sheets - проходить сквозь сквозь тонкие листы

opaque to light - непроницаемый для света

waves of energy - энергия в виде волн

radioactive decay - радиоактивный распад

to decay at a characteristic rate - распадаться с характерной скоростью

to range from…to… - находиться в диапазоне от … до...

the element concerned -данный элемент

to cause a problem - вызывать проблему

to remain radioactive - оставаться радиоактивным

for a considerable period of time - значительный период времени

 

В

 

to absorb radiation - поглощать излучение

to affect a photographic plate - воздействовать на фотопластинку

the parent atom - исходный атом

to cause bodies to fluoresce - вызывать свечение

to be deflected in by/in a magnetic field - отклоняться в магнитном поле

because of the high velocity - из-за высокой скорости

penetrating radiation - проникающее излучение

to ionize gas - ионизировать газ

to cause ionization - вызывать ионизацию

electromagnetic pulses - электромагнитные импульсы

for brevity - для краткости

Brevity is the soul of wit - краткость - сестра таланта

 

3C

 

the existence of penetrating radiation - существование проникающего излучения

to recognize(d) - признавать, признанный факт (fact)

to demand special equipment - требовать специальное оборудование

without any external excitation - без внешнего возбуждения

to confine to uranium compounds - ограничивается соединениями урана

to be unaffected by physical and chemical conditions - не зависеть от хим и физ условий

to isolate new element - выделить новый элемент

to have the same properties - иметь такие же свойства

both uranium and thorium - как уран так и торий

either uranium or torium - либо уран, либо торий

neither uranium nor thorium- ни уран ни торий

 

3D

 

background radiation - радиационный фон

to damage DNA - повредить ДНК

to cause various diseases - вызывать различные заболевания;

man-made radiation - искусственное излучение;

radionuclides - радионуклиды,

naturally-occurring -встречающиеся в природе;

naturally-occurring radionuclides - радионуклиды встречающиеся в природе

to produce radiation artificially - производить излучение искусственно;

to cause mutations in genes - вызывать мутации в генах;

ionizing radiation - ионизирующее излучение;

radiation exposure - облучение ионизирующим излучением;

overexposure to ionizing radiation - чрезмерное облучение ионизирующим излучением

to cause birth defects/cancer/burns/radiation sickness - вызывать врожденные дефекты/рак/ожоги/лучевую болезнь;

to treat/to cure diseases -лечить/излечивать заболевания

to benefit from radiation - извлекать пользу из радиации

 

Дополнительные слова по разделам:

 

extremely low frequency - очень низкие частоты

ultraviolet - ультрафиолет

deoxyribonucleic acid - ДНК

(Roentgen equivalent man) is the traditional unit of equivalent dose - бэр (биологический эквивалент рентгена)

becquerel - 1 radioactive disintegration per second

Ci - the old unit is the curie

Laser – light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation - усиление света с помощью стимулированного излучения радиации

 

Словообразование:

 

ground - background (фон)

present - presence (присутствие)

to expose to - exposure, over-exposure

danger - dangerous

strong - strength, strength

ion - to ionize, ionization, ionizing

to vary - various, variable

nature - natural, naturally

to detect - detection, detector

frequent, frequently

sign - signal, significant, design

art - artificial

benefit - beneficial

                                                                            

Ответы на зачетные вопросы:

Текст 3А.

1. When was the phenomenon of radioactivity discovered? Who

made this discovery?

 

It was discovered in 1896 by French physicist Henry Becquerel, who was interested at that time in the phenomenon of fluorescence.

 

2. How was the discovery made?

 

He found that compounds of uranium emitted rays that gave an impression on a photographic plate covered with black paper.

 

3. Where does radiation come from?

 

Radiation is emitted by the atoms themselves.

 

4. In what form can radiation be emitted?

 

It can be in the form of particles, such as neutrons, alfa and beta particles, or waves of energy, such as gamma and X-rays.

5. What is radioactivity? What is the difference between radiation

and radioactivity?

 

The property of certain atoms to emit radiation is called radioactivity. Such atoms are called radioactive, and the process in which they spontaneously disintegrate called radioactive decay.

 

6. What is meant by radioactive decay?

 

Atoms emit both energy and particles in this process.

 

7. Why does the process of radioactive decay occur?

 

This process occurs because unstable isotopes tend to transform into different, more stable atoms.

 

8. What happens when unstable isotopes decay?

 

It became more stable and less radioactive.

 

9. What is meant by the half-life of a radioactive substance?

 

The half-life is the time taken for half of the atoms of a radioactive substance to decay.

 

10. What does the half-life of a radioactive substance depend on?

 

It depends on the element concerned.

 

Текст 3В.

1. What types of radiation do radioactive substances emit?

 

Three different types of radiation are emitted by radioactive substances. For brevity they are cold alpha rays, beta rays and gamma rays.

 

2. What is meant by the alpha particles?

 

The alpha rays consist of positively charged particles projected from a parent atom with velocity about one-tenth the velocity of light.

 

3. What properties do alpha particles have?

 

They are easily absorbed by thin foil or by a few centimeters of air. They are affected a photographic plate, cause many bodies to fluoresce brilliantly, and ionize the air through which they pass. They are deflected by an electric or a magnetic field.

 

4. How do alpha particles behave in an electric or magnetic field?

 

They are deflected by an electric or a magnetic field because of their positive charge.

 

5. What properties do beta particles have?

 

The beta rays consist of negatively charged particles projected from an atom of a radioactive substance with velocity near the velocity of light. They produce much less ionization in the gas through they pass than do the alpha particles and are less active a photographically than alpha particles.

 

6. Why are beta particles much more penetrating than the alpha particles?

 

Because of their lager velocity and smaller mass, they are much more penetrating than alpha particles.

 

7. How do beta particles behave in an electric or magnetic field?

 

They are deflected by an electric or a magnetic field because of their negative charge, like cathode rays.

 

8. What is meant by gamma rays?

 

Gamma rays are electromagnetic pulses like very penetrating X-rays.

 

9. How do gamma rays behave in an electric or magnetic field?

 

Gamma rays are not deflected by either a magnetic or electric field.

 

10. What is the nature of the gamma rays?

 

Their nature is entirely different from that of the alpha or beta rays. Gamma rays are electromagnetic pulses like very penetrating X-rays.

Вопросы по тексту 3D.

 

What is background radiation?

Background radiation is that which is naturally and inevitably present in our environment.