Chapter 1 The stowaway ( Безбилетник )

Chapter 1 The stowaway (Безбилетник)

Concepts: NOAH’S ARK, NOAH

NOAH’S ARK

1. Cambridge dictionary

Noah's ark - (in the Bible) a large wooden ship built by Noah in order to save his family and a male and female of every type of animal when the world was covered by a flood.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english/ark

     2. Wikipedia

Noah's Ark is the vessel in the Genesis flood narrative through which God spares Noah, his family, and examples of all the world's animals from a world-engulfing flood.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah%27s_Ark

3. Collins dictionary

In the Bible, the ark was a large boat which Noah built in order to save his family and two of every kind of animal from the Flood.

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/search/?dictCode=english&q=Ark

 Компонентно-дефиниционный анализ языковой единицы Noah’s Ark:

- A large ship

- Noah

- Safety

- Animals

- The ark

- A flood

- God

- Survival

NOAH’S ARK in the BOOK

«There was strict discipline on the Ark: that's the first point to make. It wasn't like those nursery versions in painted woodwhich you might have played with as a child - all happy couples peering merrily over the railfrom the comfort of their wellscrubbed stalls. Don't imagine some Mediterranean cruise on which we played languorous roulette and everyone dressed for dinner; on the Ark only the penguins wore tailcoats. Remember: this was a long and dangerous voyage - dangerous even though some of the rules had been fixed in advance».

«It wasn't a nature reserve, that Ark of ours; at times it was more like a prison ship».

«You presumably grasped that the 'Ark' was more than just a single ship? It was the name we gave to the whole flotilla (you could hardly expect to cram the entire animal kingdom into something a mere three hundred cubits long)».

«In the beginning, the Ark consisted of eight vessels: Noah's galleon, which towed the stores ship, then four slightly smaller boats, each captained by one of Noah's sons, and behind them, at a safe distance (the family being superstitious about illness) the hospital ship».

«You don’t really believe that story about the serpent, do you? – it was just Adam’s black propaganda».

«Noah – or Noah’s God – had decreed that there were two classes of beast: the clean and the unclean».

«Clean animals got into the Ark by sevens; the unclean by twos».

«He founded a village (which you call Arghuri) on the lower slopes of the mountain, and spent his days dreaming up new decorations and honours for himself».

Характеристики концепта NOAH’S ARK:

- Ship

- Dangerous

- Long time

- Animals

- Prison

- Adam and Eva

- Clean and unclean animals

- Arghuri village

- Strict discipline

- Long voyage

- Rules

- Flotilla

- Animal kingdom

- Vessel galleon

- Boats

- Hospital ship

Article:

Noah's Ark 'could have happened', scientists say…

The story of Noah may seem like an impossible legend, but scientists have calculated that the Ark could indeed have floated - even with two of every animal on board.

Establishing the precise dimensions of the huge boat based on God's instructions according to The Bible, postgraduate physics students at the University of Leicester worked out that it would have been buoyant enough to be fit for purpose.

In Genesis 6:13-22, the dimensions of the boat itself are set out - 300 cubits long, 50 cubits wide and 30 cubits high. Based on the conversion of one Egyptian and Hebrew "cubit" measurement being 48.2cm, the students found the Ark would have been around 144 metres long - a full 100 metres shorter than the HMS Ark Royal. Using approximate animal weights and some basic physics principles, they found that such a vessel could have stayed afloat with 70,000 animals on board.

Student Benjamin Jordan, 21, from Bury St Edmonds, told the Telegraph: "Using the dimensions of the Ark and the density of the water, we were able to calculate its buoyancy force, which, according to Archimedes’ principle, is equal to the weight of the volume of fluid the object displaces.

"This meant we were then able to estimate the total mass the Ark could support before the gravitational weight would overcome the buoyancy force, causing the Ark to sink."

His fellow student Thomas Morris, 22, from Chelmsford, said: "You don’t think of the Bible necessarily as a scientifically accurate source of information, so I guess we were quite surprised when we discovered it would work. We’re not proving that it’s true, but the concept would definitely work. "The scientists had to hazard a guess that the "gopher" wood described in the Biblical instructions for the Ark could accurately be replaced with cypress wood, with experts uncertain what sort of timber was intended.

And they stressed that their study did not draw any conclusions about feasible living conditions for the animals on board the Ark - or indeed whether they would all fit on at all, beyond the issue of pure weight.

The students completed the study for a special topic module, in which they are encourage to bring basic physics to bear on "the weird, wonderful and everyday". Their findings were presented in a paper for the Journal of Physics Special Topics, a peer-reviewed student journal run by their department.

Adam Withnall @adamwithnall

Thursday 3 April 2014 08:54

https://www.independent.co.uk/news/science/noahs-ark-could-have-happened-scientists-say-9234799.html   

NOAH in the BOOK

1. Collins dictionary

Noah - a Hebrew patriarch, who saved himself, his family, and specimens of each species of animal and bird from the Flood by building a ship (Noah's Ark) in which they all survived (Genesis 6–8)

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/search/?dictCode=english&q=Noah

2. Vocabulary dictionary
The Hebrew patriarch who saved himself and his family and the animals by building an ark in which they survived 40 days and 40 nights of rain; the story of Noah and the flood is told in the Book of Genesis.
https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/Noah

3. Wikipedia

In Abrahamic religions, Noah was the tenth and last of the pre-Flood patriarchs. His story is contained in the Hebrew Bible, in the Book of Genesis, chapters 5–9 and in the Qur'an. The Genesis flood narrative is among the best-known stories of the Bible. Noah is also portrayed as "the first tiller of the soil" and the inventor of wine.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noah

Компонентно-дефиниционный анализ языковой единицы:

- Patriarch

- The flood

     - Noah’s Ark

     - The inventor of wine

Examples: «I don't know how best to break this to you, but Noah was not a nice man. I realize this idea is embarrassing, since you are all descended from him; still, there it is. He was a monster, a puffed-up patriarch who spent half his day grovelling to his God and the other half taking it out on us».

«Put it another way: what the hell do you think Noah and his family ate in the Ark? They ate us, of course».

«The unavoidable fact is that Noah was jealous. We all looked up to the unicorn, and he couldn't stand it. Noah - what point is there in not telling you the truth? - was badtempered, smelly, unreliable, envious and cowardly. He wasn't even a good sailor: when the seas were high he would retire to his cabin, throw himself down on his gopher-wood bed and leave it only to vomit out his stomach into his gopher-wood washbasin; you could smell the effluvia a deck away».

«And the birds said Noah didn't know what he was doing - he was all bluster and prayer».

«What would God think? That was the question always on his lips. There was something a bit sinister about Noah's devotion to God; creepy, if you know what I mean».

«And how did Noah react when he awoke with one of those knifing new-wine hangovers? He cursed the son who had found him and decreed that all Ham's children should become servants to the family of the two brothers who had entered his room arse-first. Where is the sense in that? I can guess your explanation: his sense of judgment was affected by drink, and we should offer pity not censure. Well, maybe. But I would just mention this: we knew him on the Ark».

«Even the least subtle mind can decode that particular euphemism: he was drunk all the time».

«Ham went into the bedroom and … well, a naked man of six hundred and fifty-odd years lying in a drunken stupor is not a pretty sight».

«…it steered a course sycophantically close to that of Ham’s ark».

«Maybe the jewel is only found in the female’s head, Ham’s wife suggested».

«But you don’t know about Varadi, do you? He was the youngest and strongest of Noah’s sons; which didn’t, of course, make him the most popular within the family».

«You’re familiar with Ham and Shem and the other one, whose name began with a J...»

Характеристики концепта NOAH:

-   Monster

-   God

-   Wine

-   Food

-   Prayer

-  Noah’s sons

-  Noah’s wife

-  Fourth son of Noah

-  Jealous

- Not a good sailor

- Drunkard  

Exercises:

1. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian:

1) In the beginning, the Ark consisted of eight vessels: Noah's galleon, which towed the stores ship, then four slightly smaller boats, each captained by one of Noah's sons, and behind them, at a safe distance (the family being superstitious about illness) the hospital ship. 2) There were other dangers on the Voyage apart from that of being turned into lunch. 3) Voyage. He also cracked the secret of long life, which has subsequently been lost to your species. 4) What would God think? That was the question always on his lips. 5) At this point we leave the harbour of facts for the high seas of rumour (that's how Noah used to talk, by the way). 6) I don't need to tell you that the animals were pretty divided about what to believe. 7) We weep when she finds no rest for the sole of her foot; we rejoice when she returns to the Ark with an olive leaf. 8) There were seven of us stowaways, but had we been admitted as a seaworthy species only two boarding-passes would have been issued; and we would have accepted that decision. 9) Now, it's true Noah couldn't have predicted how long his Voyage was going to last, but considering how little we seven ate in five and a half years, it surely would have been worth the risk letting just a pair of us on board. 10) And after all, it's not our fault for being woodworm.

2. Explain the meaning of the words and phrases:

mucking-out, squeamish, dressed for dinner, willy-nilly, grabbiest, read between the lines, smug, trying to hollow out a priest’s hole, that’s no way to go on, conservationist, a brutally intrusive nature, wipe and slate clean, the cradle, obliged to advertise, mange, keel-hauled, role-model, alkie, simians, shift the goalposts.

3. Make up a summary of the article:

Mount Ararat

Mount Ararat volcanic massif in extreme eastern Turkey, overlooking the point at which the frontiers of Turkey, Iran, and Armenia converge. Its northern and eastern slopes rise from the broad alluvial plain of the Aras River, about 3,300 feet (1,000 metres) above sea level; its southwestern slopes rise from a plain about 5,000 feet (1,500 metres) above sea level; and on the west a low pass separates it from a long range of other volcanic ridges extending westward toward the eastern Taurus ranges. The Ararat Massif is about 25 miles (40 km) in diameter.

Ararat consists of two peaks, their summits about 7 miles (11 km) apart. Great Ararat, which reaches an elevation of 16,945 feet (5,165 metres) above sea level, is the highest peak in Turkey. Little Ararat, rises in a smooth, steep, nearly perfect cone to 12,782 feet (3,896 metres). Both Great and Little Ararat are the product of eruptive volcanic activity. Neither retains any evidence of a crater, but well-formed cones and fissures exist on their flanks. Towering some 14,000 feet (4,300 metres) above the adjoining plains, the snowcapped conical peak of the Great Ararat offers a majestic sight. The snowline varies with the season, retreating to 14,000 feet above sea level by the end of the summer. The only true glacier is found on the northern side of the Great Ararat, near its summit. The middle zone of Ararat, measuring from 5,000 to 11,500 feet (1,500 to 3,500 metres), is covered with good pasture grass and some juniper; there the local Kurdish population graze their sheep. Most of the Great Ararat is treeless, but Little Ararat has a few birch groves. Despite the abundant cover of snow, the Ararat area suffers from scarcity of water.

Ararat traditionally is associated with the mountain on which Noah’s Ark came to rest at the end of the Flood. The name Ararat, as it appears in the Bible, is the Hebrew equivalent of Urardhu, or Urartu, the Assyro-Babylonian name of a kingdom that flourished between the Aras and the Upper Tigris rivers from the 9th to the 7th century BCE. Ararat is sacred to the Armenians, who believe themselves to be the first race of humans to appear in the world after the Deluge. A Persian legend refers to the Ararat as the cradle of the human race. There was formerly a village on the slopes of the Ararat high above the Aras plain, at the spot where, according to local tradition, Noah built an altar and planted the first vineyard. Above the village Armenians built a monastery to commemorate St. Jacob, who is said to have tried repeatedly but failed to reach the summit of Great Ararat in search of the Ark. In 1840 an eruption and landslide destroyed the village, the monastery of St. Jacob, and a nearby chapel of St. James, and it also killed hundreds of villagers. Local tradition maintained that the Ark still lay on the summit but that God had declared that no one should see it. In September 1829, Johann Jacob von Parrot, a German, made the first recorded successful ascent. Since then Ararat has been scaled by several explorers, some of whom claim to have sighted the remains of the Ark.

Written by «The Editors of Encyclopaedia Britannica».

TERRORISM IN THE BOOK:

       Examples: «The trouble was, the more he reflected, the less cheerful he felt. In recent years Western governments had been noisy about terrorism, about standing tall and facing down the threat; but the threat never seemed to understand that it was being faced down, and continued much as before. Those in the middle got killed; governments and terrorists survived».

«`I see,' said Franklin, and he let the sneer come through. `So you're going to assemble the passengers and explain to them how they're all really Zionist soldiers and that's why you've got to kill them'».

«Who would they start with? The Americans, the British? If they started with the Americans, how long would that delay the killing of the British? Fourteen, sixteen Americans - he translated that brutally into seven or eight hours. If they started at four, and the governments stood firm, by midnight they would start killing the British. What order would they do it in? Men first? Random? Alphabetical?».

«She walked down the central aisle to the gunmen, stopped a couple of yards short, and said in a clear, slow voice suppurating with panic, 'I have to go to the goddam bathroom'».

Характеристики концепта TERRORISM:

-   Get kill

-   Gunmen

-   Panic

-   Solders

-   Threat

      Article:

Article:

Chernobyl has no comparison

In short, Chernobyl is by far the worst nuclear power plant accident of all time. It was a totally human-made event – a “safety” test gone terribly awry – made worse by incompetent workers who did all the wrong things when attempting to avert a meltdown.

Fukushima in contrast, was an unfortunate natural disaster – caused by a tsunami that flooded reactor basements – and the workers acted responsibly to mitigate the damage despite loss of electrical power.

April 26, 1986 was the darkest day in the history of nuclear power. Thirty years later, there is no rival that comes even close to Chernobyl in terms of public health consequences; certainly not Fukushima. We must be vigilant to ensure nothing like Chernobyl ever happens again. We don’t want to be “celebrating” any more anniversaries like this one.

https://time.com/4307160/chernobyl-worst-nuclear-accident/

Exercises:

  1. Explain the meaning of the following phrases: antlers, to put all your eggs in one busket, the level of radioactivity, becquerels, sheeny, mossy branches, tangled horns, the lichen, cartoonists, becquerels, a reindeer, a corpse, to give up eating meat, a hoax on TV, pay-night, a bell-bull, to row about smth, to reckon, valves, the zinc cream, a know-all, verdure, nuclear war, persistent victim syndrome.

  2. Translate the following sentences into Russian:

1) It wasn't a very serious accident, they said, not really, not like a bomb going off. 2) There was a cloud of poison, and everyone tracked its course like they'd follow the drift of quite an interesting area of low pressure on the weather map. 3) Then cartoonists started making jokes, about how the reindeer were so gleaming with radioactivity that Father Christmas didn't need headlights on his sleigh. 4) So, they raised the permitted limit for reindeer meat to 6,000 becquerels. 5) Greg said I ought to get him fixed so he'd be less aggressive and stop scratching the furniture. 6) Nowadays even fish are exploited, she thought. 7) Exploited, and then poisoned. She got close enough to see mangroves and palms, then the fuel ran out and the winds carried her away. 8) Anyone would think, looking at us, that Greg was the fitter to survive: he's bigger, stronger, more practical in our terms anyway, more conservative, more easy-going. 9) `Would we be right in thinking that with Greg you sort of were putting all your eggs in one basket? 10) We find that those with persistent victim syndrome often experience acute guilt when they finally take flight.

3. Make up a rendering of the following article:

26.04.1986 г. в нашу историю вошло слово «Чернобыль». Более 20 лет прошло с того времени, как прозвучало радиосообщение о взрыве одного из блоков атомного реактора в украинском городе Чернобыле. Понадобилось несколько лет, чтобы постепенно это событие стало осознаваться как национальная трагедия, затронувшая жизненные интересы не только жителей Украины, Белоруссии и России, но и всего мира.

Новое поколение выросло с той поры, когда 26 апреля 1986 г. во время планового отключения реактора на Чернобыльской АЭС произошел мощный взрыв, перевернувший представление людей о мирном атоме.

Сразу же после взрыва погиб 31 человек, многие ликвидаторы, принимавшие участие в тушении пожаров и расчистке, получили высокие дозы радиации. Трагедия могла быть еще больше, если бы на АЭС произошел второй взрыв.

Оказывается, спустя месяц после страшной апрельской аварии на 4-ом энергоблоке на ЧАЭС мог прогреметь еще один взрыв. Десять часов продолжалось тушение находящихся под напряжением горящих кабелей. Руководил бригадой пожарников Владимир Максимчук, героические действия которого спасли мир от страшной катастрофы. Максимчук, облученный смертельной дозой радиации – 700 рентген, еще в течение семи лет после того рокового события возглавлял пожарную охрану Москвы, создал первую в России вертолетную пожарно-спасательную службу и умер в 1994 году. В 2003 году ему было присвоено звание Героя России.

Радиоактивному загрязнению подверглось 14 субъектов современной Российской Федерации, 4343 населенных пункта находятся в зоне повышенной радиации.

Общая площадь зараженных территорий составляет 57 тысяч километров.

По расчетам экспертов, суммарный выход радиоактивных материалов составил 50 миллионов кюри, что равнозначно последствиям взрывов 500 атомных бомб, сброшенных в 1945 году на Хиросиму.

Сегодня наиболее сложная радиационная обстановка сохраняется в Брянской области. По данным мониторинга, около 13% проб продуктов, исследуемых в личных подсобных хозяйствах в районах Брянской области, имеют превышение гигиенических нормативов допустимого радиационного фона.

Важная проблема, не решенная пока украинскими властями, – это не найденные даже спустя 24 года после катастрофы могильники, куда в спешке были захоронены радиоактивные отходы. В зоне возле взорвавшегося реактора находятся почти не охраняемые стоянки радиоактивной техники (грузовики, военная и спасательная техника). Часть техники была разобрана на запчасти, где и как они используются сейчас неизвестно.

Все реакторы ЧАЭС остановлены с 2000 года, но станция и саркофаг над взорвавшимся 4-ым энергоблоком не стали от этого безопаснее. Они по-прежнему требуют внимания и финансовых расходов. Работы на ЧАЭС будут продолжаться еще как минимум до 2064-го года. За это время над разрушенным энергоблоком станции должен быть построен новый саркофаг, а из реакторов вывезено отработанное ядерное топливо.

27 апреля 2006 года в газете «Московский комсомолец» появилось сообщение о проведении коммерческой туристической экскурсии в Чернобыле. В день в зоне отчуждения могли оказаться до 60 туристов (по данным журналистского расследования).

Чернобыльская АЭС представляет реальную угрозу и в наши дни. Остается много нерешенных социальных проблем: неполное информирование общественности о состоянии ЧАЭС, реабилитация пострадавших при аварии, безработица, необходимость восстановления урбанизированных экосистем. Но не менее важная проблема – организация туризма, которая требует обеспечения безопасности людей, или, если это невозможно, полного запрета туризма.

Article:

A raft of ideas. Medusa

When pictures become enormously famous they are less and less well attended to as paintings, more and more celebrated as emblems or narratives. Immobile behind the glass walls of their reputation, Leonardo's Mona Lisa and Constable's views of Suffolk have hardened into icons. Much the same goes for Théodore Géricault's The Raft of the Medusa. Its huddle of survivors, displayed in various poses of despair or desperate hopefulness, tell a story of such notorious misery that the artist's professional achievements are always threatening to sink beneath the weight of his subject. In one sense this is fine: Géricault meant to fix the tragedy of the raft in the mind of his audience; in another sense it is a form of diminishment: art-as-such plays second fiddle to incident-as-reproach - and warning.

Having said that, the greatest strength of Medusa lies in its recreation of the actual events in 1816 on which the painting is based - events which, when they filtered back to Europe, provoked an immediate and resonant scandal. The Medusa was en route to Senegal, carrying among others the governor-designate, the (amazingly named) Julien Schmaltz, who was due to take over the colony from the British. Shortly before reaching port, she was driven on to a sandbank by her inept captain, Hugues Duroy de Chaumereys - a relic of the ancien régime - and, during the attempt to flee the wreck, a party of lifeboats set off to the shore, towing an improvised raft that carried 147 survivors. In the ensuing panic and selfishness, the rope attached to the raft was deliberately cut, leaving the raft and its crew to their fate. After several days adrift, during which bad weather, rioting, murder, thirst and hunger did for all but 15 of those on board, it was eventually sighted by one of the Medusa's companion ships, the Argus. The death toll itself was bad enough, but when the survivors began telling their stories - of gross incompetence by senior officers, of infighting and even cannibalism - the episode was quickly reinterpreted as more than just a hideous accident. It was a means of indicting the Bourbon government as a whole and of investigating the baseline of human behaviour.

Andrew Motion's In the Blood: A Memoir of My Childhood is published by Faber

https://www.theguardian.com/books/2007/apr/14/art

Exercises:

1. Answer the following questions:

1) Who is the artist of this picture?

2) What is happening in the picture?

3) What kind of emotions does it evoke?

2. Explain the meaning of the words and phrases:

astern, ship of state running aground, monkey-up-a-stick, a drop in the ocean, the frigate…give a heel.

3. Translate into English:

1) Было также найдено тридцать зубчиков чеснока, из чего возникли дальнейшие споры. 2) Именно с этого дня все научились потреблять человеческую плоть. 3) На седьмой день двое солдат спрятались за последним бочонком вина. 4) От радости они впадали в уныние и печаль; они завидовали судьбе тех, кто умер до них. 5) Как и их предшественники, они были лишены весел и навигационного оборудования. 6) Он писал до тех пор, пока был свет… 7) Возможно, решение было чисто эстетическим - художник предпочел искореженные тела проклятых еще одному послушному изображению еще одного деревянного Ковчега.

Chapter 6 The mountain (Гора)

Concept: PILGRIMAGE

1. Cambridge dictionary

Pilgrimage is a journey to a place that has religious importance.

https://dictionary.cambridge.org/dictionary/english-russian/pilgrimage?q=PILGRIMAGE

2. Collins dictionary

A pilgrimage is a journey that someone makes to a place that is very important to them.

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/search/?dictCode=english&q=Pilgrimage

3. Encyclopedia Britannica

Pilgrimage, a journey undertaken for a religious motive. Although some pilgrims have wandered continuously with no fixed destination, pilgrims more commonly seek a specific place that has been sanctified by association with a divinity or other holy personage. The institution of pilgrimage is evident in all world religions and was also important in the pagan religions of ancient Greece and Rome.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/pilgrimage-religion

4. Wikipedia

A pilgrimage is a journey, often into an unknown or foreign place, where a person goes in search of new or expanded meaning about the self, others, nature, or a higher good, through the experience. It can lead to a personal transformation, after which the pilgrim returns to their daily life.

https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pilgrimage

Компонентно-дефиниционный анализ языковой единицы:

- A journey

- Religious motive

- Pilgrims

- Specific place

- A divinity

- Holy personage

- Foreign place

- The experience

- Personal transformation

- Search

PILGRIMAGE in the BOOK

Examples: «Miss Fergusson 's irritation over the incident in Erzerum began to calm. Passing the eastern spur of Mount Alageuz, they gazed intently as the broad bulk of Great Ararat slowly revealed itself. The summit was hidden, enfolded in a circle of white cloud which glittered brilliantly in the sun».

«It seems to me appropriate and just,' went on Miss Fergusson, `that the first traveller to ascend the mountain upon which the Ark rested should bear the name of an animal. No doubt part of the Lord's great design for us all».

«Water from the Arghuri brook, thought Miss Logan; or perhaps that sourish milk which they had already received many times on their travels from obliging shepherds».

«At least she evinced an interest in the natural landscape. As they rode inland from Trebizond, hunting-whips at the ready against the expected dog-packs, they viewed mohair goats on hillsides of dwarf oak, dull yellow vines, lush apple orchards; they heard grasshoppers whose ringing note seemed sharper and more insistent than that of their British cousins; and they witnessed sunsets of the rarest purple and rose. There were fields of corn, opium and cotton; bursts of rhododendron and yellow azalea; red-legged partridge, hoopoes and blue crows. In the Zirgana mountains large red deer softly returned their gaze from an apprehensive distance».

Характеристики концепта PILGRIMAGE:

- Mount Ararat

- Traveller

- Travel

- The Ark

- The natural landscape

Article:

Incredible survival

The fact is, the record clearly states that “God prepared a great fish to swallow up Jonah” (Jon. 1:17). The objection thus actually looks like an atheistic mentality.

That aside, even from a strictly naturalistic viewpoint, survival after being swallowed by huge fish is not impossible. In the late 1920s, a seaman was swallowed by a large sperm whale in the vicinity of the Falkland Islands. After three days, he was recovered unconscious but alive, though he had some damage to his skin (Harrison, 907).

If there is no logical reason to doubt the historicity of the book of Jonah, then its testimony about the moral reformation on the part of the Ninevites stands. There is no evidence against such a concept. We should also remind ourselves that Jesus Christ affirmed that the people of Nineveh did, in fact, repent (Mt. 12:41).

No king of Ninevah

But what of the objection that there was no “king of Nineveh.”

First, it overlooks a common biblical usage by which a capital city sometimes stands for the nation itself. Hence the “king of Samaria” is the equivalent of the king of Israelю Moreover, Assyria sometimes wielded significant dominion. “At this stage the Assyrian king exercised absolute control over a very limited region centered on Nineveh — hence the designation ‘king of Nineveh’” (Alexander, 60). This objection is not valid.

Three-day walk?

Was Nineveh a city “of three days’ journey” (Jon. 3:3)? Since archaeological excavations have shown that Nineveh was about eight miles in circumference, it is argued that it would not have taken “three days” to walk through, or around, the city.

The thing our critical friend fails to realize, however, is that the term “city” actually encompassed a larger region than the territory within the walls. In Genesis 10:10-11, we note:

Out of that land he went forth into Assyria, and builded Nineveh, and Rehoboth-Ir, and Calah, and Resen between Nineveh and Calah (the same is the great city).

C. F. Keil notes that these four places composed a large composite city consisting of “a range of towns, to which the name of the (well-known) great city of Nineveh was applied” (Keil, 167).

When those who are consumed with modernistic presumptions assert that there are mistakes in the sacred volume, they reveal that the problem is with their own limited knowledge. The Bible is accurate.

https://www.christiancourier.com/articles/315-jonah-a-fish-story-or-history

Exercises:

     1. Make up a summary of the video:

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=_8u3iIHhZPM

Summary:

- The whale started to sense the danger approaching. An unpredictable race started between the immersed sperm whale and “The star of the East”.

- The whale started thrashing its giant tail on the water, causing massive waves that crashed around the boats.

- Bartley and his team realized that they were in dangerous waters and had to get out of there.

- Suddenly, they felt a splintering crash underneath the hull, which sent their boat spinning into the air. The whale broke the wooden longboat into a million pieces, and the five men landed in the water.

- Another longboat rushed to their rescue and picked up all the men in the water. Except for one apprentice – James Bartley.

- Many hours had passed since that incident in the morning. And, right before sunset, the whale was still floating on the surface of the water. It was clear now that it was no longer alive.

- That afternoon, as someone was investigating the bloated whale they captured the night before, he noticed something moving in its stomach.

- Everyone thought that a huge fish was inside, and the doctor decided to perform an incision.

- Right then and there, to everyone’s surprise, the missing sailor - James Bartley, slid out. Everyone cheered. He was alive.

- He couldn’t speak, and he was taken into a confined cabin onboard the ship. He wasn’t allowed to leave the room.

- He recalled how he was able to breathe, but after some time he blacked out. The young sailor couldn’t remember anything after that.

- The crew members of the ship started sharing his story by word of mouth, and it began gaining momentum.

- In 1896, the first article was published in the New York World, telling a small portion of the story.

- Years later, a historian picked up the story and began an investigation. His name was Edward Davis. He read the stories that were published and noticed a lot of factual inconsistencies.

- He found that James Bartley’s name wasn’t even on the crew member list.

- And there was another flaw in the story: It would be scientifically impossible for a human being to survive inside a whale’s stomach, even if they’re swallowed whole.

2. Find the Russian equivalents for the following words and phrases: cast lots, top dog, pawn, deus ex machina, to finger-flip, Babylon engulfing disobedient Israel, car ferry, gastric fluids, India-rubber, incarceration, Jaws, gill-bearing ancestors, being devoured by, the penitent, salvation, gourd, a maggot, Ninevites, to vomit up.

3. Find the Russian sentences in the text:

1) Там он сел на корабль, отправляющийся в самый дальний конец известного мира - в испанский город Фарсис. 2) Внутри кита, три дня и три ночи, Иона молился Господу и так преуспел в заверениях относительно своей будущей покорности, что Бог повелел рыбе извергнуть узника. 3) Он, разумеется, не учел того, что Господь прекрасно знает, где находится его непокорный раб, и, более того, обладает оперативным контролем над водами и ветрами Восточного Средиземноморья. 4) Все карты на руках у Бога; он и берет все взятки. 5) Момент ли заглатывания, эта борьба страха с надеждой на спасение, когда мы воображаем себя чудом избегнувшими смерти в волнах только ради того, чтобы быть съеденными живьем? 6) Мы люди бывалые и умеем отличать мифы от реальности. 7) В то же время я сильно страдал от жары, которая прямо-таки палила меня и быстро росла. 8) И, если вы ученый или просто человек желчный и недоверчивый, взгляните на это вот с какой стороны. 9) И однажды произойдет случай, в который поверите даже вы: моряк исчезнет в пасти кита и будет освобожден из его чрева; пусть не через полдня, быть может, только через полчаса. 10) Постепенно он обрел прежнее здоровье, однако кислота вытравила из подвергшейся ее действию кожи все пигменты.

LOVE in the BOOK

Examples: `I love you,' I whisper into that sleeping nape, `I love you.' All novelists know their art proceeds by indirection.

Then again, poets seem able to turn bad love - selfish, shitty love - into good love poetry. Prose writers lack this power of admirable, dishonest transformation. We can only turn bad love into prose about bad love. So we are envious (and slightly distrustful) when poets talk to us of love. And they write this stuff called love poetry. It's collected into books called The Great Lovers' Valentine World Anthology of Love Poetry or whatever.

The Canadian writer Mavis Gallant put it like this: 'The mystery of what a couple is, exactly, is almost the only true mystery left to us, and when we have come to the end of it there will be no more need for literature - or for love, for that matter.'

Is love what will survive of us? It would be nice to think so. It would be comforting if love were an energy source which continued to glow after our deaths. Early television sets, when you turned them off, used to leave a blob of light in the middle of the screen, which slowly diminished from the size of a florin to an expiring speck. As a boy I would watch this process each evening, vaguely wanting to hold it back (and seeing it, with adolescent melancholy, as the pinpoint of human existence fading inexorably in a black universe). Is love meant to glow on like this for a while after the set has been switched off? I can't see it myself. When the survivor of a loving couple dies, love dies too. If anything survives of us it will probably be something else.

'I love you'. Subject, verb, object: the unadorned, impregnable sentence. The subject is a short word, implying the self-effacement of the lover. The verb is longer but unambiguous, a demonstrative moment as the tongue flicks anxiously away from the palate to release the vowel.

I imagine a phonic conspiracy between the world's languages. They make a conference decision that the phrase must always sound like something to be earned, to be striven for, to be worthy of. Ich liebe dich: a late-night, cigarette-voiced whisper, with that happy rhyme of subject and object. Je t'aime: a different procedure, with the subject and object being got out of the way first, so that the long vowel of adoration can be savoured to the full. Ya tebya lyublyu: the object once more in consoling second position, but this time - despite the hinting rhyme of subject and object - an implication of difficulty, obstacles to be overcome. Ti amo: it sounds perhaps a bit too much like an apéritif, but is full of structural conviction with subject and verb, the doer and the deed, enclosed in the same word.

We must keep these words in their box behind glass. And when we take them out we must be careful with them. Men will say `I love you' to get women into bed with them; women will say `I love you' to get men into marriage with them; both will say 'I love you' to keep fear at bay, to convince themselves of the deed by the word, to assure themselves that the promised condition has arrived, to deceive themselves that it hasn't yet gone away. We must beware of such uses. 1 love you shouldn't go out into the world, become a currency, a traded share, make profits for us. It will do that if we let it. But keep this biddable phrase for whispering into a nape from which the absent hair has just been swept.

Yet Nature, on to whom we pitch responsibility for all we cannot understand, isn't very good when set to automatic. Trusting virgins drafted into marriage never found Nature had all the answers when they turned out the light. Trusting virgins were told that love was the promised land, an ark on which two might escape the Flood. It may be an ark, but one on which anthropophagy is rife; an ark skippered by some crazy greybeard who beats you round the head with his gopher-wood stave, and might pitch you overboard at any moment. Let's start at the beginning. Love makes you happy? No. Love makes the person you love happy? No. Love makes everything all right? Indeed no. I used to believe all this, of course. Who hasn't (who doesn't still, somewhere below decks in the psyche)? It's in all our books, our films; it's the sunset of a thousand stories. What would love be for if it didn't solve everything?

It implies that love is a transforming wand, one that unlooses the ravelled knot, fills the top hat with handkerchiefs, sprays the air with doves. But the model isn't from magic but particle physics. My love does not, cannot make her happy; my love can only release in her the capacity to be happy. And now things seem more understandable. How come I can't make her happy, how come she can't make me happy?

Is it a useful mutation that helps the race survive? I can't see it. Was love implanted, for instance, so that warriors would fight harder for their lives, bearing deep inside them the candlelit memory of the domestic hearth?

Then is love some luxury that sprang up in peaceful times, like quilt-making? Something pleasant, complex, but inessential?

We don't need it for the expansion of our race; indeed, it's inimical to orderly civilization.

It reminds me of those half-houses which according to normal criteria of map reading shouldn't exist.

Perhaps love is essential because it's unnecessary.

Because the history of the world, which only stops at the half-house of love to bulldoze it into rubble, is ridiculous without it. The history of the world becomes brutally self-important without love. Our random mutation is essential because it is unnecessary.

Love and truth, that's the vital connection, love and truth. Have you ever told so much truth as when you were first in love? Have you ever seen the world so clearly? Love makes us see the truth, makes it our duty to tell the truth. Lying in bed: listen to the undertow of warning in that phrase. Lying in bed, we tell the truth: it sounds like a paradoxical sentence from a first-year philosophy primer.

And I'm not saying love will make you happy - above all, I'm not saying that. If anything, I tend to believe that it will make you unhappy …But you can believe this and still insist that love is our only hope.

That contorted organ, like the lump of ox meat, is devious and enclosed. Our current model for the universe is entropy, which at the daily level translates as: things fuck up.

Характеристики концепта LOVE:

- Energy source, which glow on like TV for a while after the set has been switched off

- Something to be earned, to be striven for, to be worthy of

- A phonic conspiracy in languages:

- Ich liebe dich: a late-night, cigarette-voiced whisper;

- Ya tebya lyublyu an implication of difficulty, obstacles to be overcome;

- Ti amo: it sounds perhaps a bit too much like an aperitif.

   - Saying «I love you» for:

- assuring themselves that the promised condition has arrived;

- getting women into bed with men;

- getting men into marriage with women.

  - The promised land, an ark on which two might escape the Flood (an ark skippered by some crazy greybeard who beats you round the head with his gopher-wood stave, and might pitch you overboard at any moment)

- Does not make person you love happy

- Does not make everything all right

- Can release in the beloved the capacity to be happy

- Useful mutation

- Something pleasant, complex, but inessential

- Inimical to orderly civilization

  - Is essential because it's unnecessary

  - Makes us see the truth

  - Half-houses which according to normal criteria of map reading shouldn't exist

   - Will make you unhappy

   - Is our only hope

   - Devious and enclosed

Article:

Love is Not Enough

By Mark Manson

In 1967, John Lennon wrote a song called, “All You Need is Love.” He also beat both of his wives, abandoned one of his children, verbally abused his gay Jewish manager with homophobic and anti-semitic slurs, and once had a camera crew film him lying naked in his bed for an entire day.

Thirty-five years later, Trent Reznor from Nine Inch Nails wrote a song called “Love is Not Enough.” Reznor, despite being famous for his shocking stage performances and his grotesque and disturbing videos, got clean from all drugs and alcohol, married one woman, had two children with her, and then canceled entire albums and tours so that he could stay home and be a good husband and father.

One of these two men had a clear and realistic understanding of love. One of them did not. One of these men idealized love as the solution to all of his problems. One of them did not. One of these men was probably a narcissistic asshole. One of them was not.

In our culture, many of us idealize love. We see it as some lofty cure-all for all of life’s problems. Our movies and our stories and our history all celebrate it as life’s ultimate goal, the final solution for all of our pain and struggle. And because we idealize love, we overestimate it. As a result, our relationships pay a price.

When we believe that “all we need is love,” then like Lennon, we’re more likely to ignore fundamental values such as respect, humility and commitment towards the people we care about. After all, if love solves everything, then why bother with all the other stuff — all of the hard stuff?

But if, like Reznor, we believe that “love is not enough,” then we understand that healthy relationships require more than pure emotion or lofty passions. We understand that there are things more important in our lives and our relationships than simply being in love. And the success of our relationships hinges on these deeper and more important values.

THREE HARSH TRUTHS ABOUT LOVE

The problem with idealizing love is that it causes us to develop unrealistic expectations about what love actually is and what it can do for us. These unrealistic expectations then sabotage the very relationships we hold dear in the first place. Allow me to illustrate:

1. Love does not equal compatibility. Just because you fall in love with someone doesn’t necessarily mean they’re a good partner for you to be with over the long term. Love is an emotional process; compatibility is a logical process. And the two don’t bleed into one another very well.

It’s possible to fall in love with somebody who doesn’t treat us well, who makes us feel worse about ourselves, who doesn’t hold the same respect for us as we do for them, or who has such a dysfunctional life themselves that they threaten to bring us down with them.

Abstract painting love is not enough

It’s possible to fall in love with somebody who has different ambitions or life goals that are contradictory to our own, who holds different philosophical beliefs or worldviews that clash with our own sense of reality. It’s possible to fall in love with somebody who sucks for us and our happiness. That may sound paradoxical, but it’s true.

When dating and looking for a partner, you must use not only your heart, but your mind. Yes, you want to find someone who makes your heart flutter. But you also need to evaluate a person’s values, how they treat themselves, how they treat those close to them, their ambitions and their worldviews in general. Because if you fall in love with someone who is incompatible with, you’re going to have a bad time.

2. Love does not solve your relationship problems.

Man and woman kissing love is not enough. While love may make you feel better about your relationship problems, it doesn’t actually solve any of your relationship problems.

This is how a toxic relationship works. The roller coaster of emotions are intoxicating, each high feeling even more important and more valid than the one before, but unless there’s a stable and practical foundation beneath your feet, that rising tide of emotion will eventually come and wash it all away.

3. Love is not always worth sacrificing yourself. One of the defining characteristics of loving someone is that you are able to think outside of yourself and your own needs to help care for another person and their needs as well.

But the question that doesn’t get asked often enough is exactly what are you sacrificing, and is it worth it?

In loving relationships, it’s normal for both people to occasionally sacrifice their own desires, their own needs, and their own time for one another. I would argue that this is normal and healthy and a big part of what makes a relationship so great.

But when it comes to sacrificing one’s self-respect, one’s dignity, one’s physical body, one’s ambitions and life purpose, just to be with someone, then that same love becomes problematic. A loving relationship is supposed to supplement our individual identity, not damage it or replace it. If we find ourselves in situations where we’re tolerating disrespectful or abusive behavior, then that’s essentially what we’re doing: we’re allowing our love to consume us and negate us, and if we’re not careful, it will leave us as a shell of the person we once were.

Remember this: The only way you can fully enjoy the love in your life is to choose to make something else more important in your life than love.

You can fall in love with a wide variety of people throughout the course of your life. You can fall in love with people who are good for you and people who are bad for you. You can fall in love in healthy ways and unhealthy ways. You can fall in love when you’re young and when you’re old. Love is not unique. Love is not special.

But your self-respect is. So is your dignity. So is your ability to trust. There can potentially be many loves throughout your life, but once you lose your self-respect, your dignity or your ability to trust, they are very hard to get back.

Love is a wonderful experience. It’s one of the greatest experiences life has to offer. And it is something everyone should aspire to feel and enjoy. But like any other experience, it can be healthy or unhealthy. Like any other experience, it cannot be allowed to define us, our identities or our life purpose. We cannot sacrifice our identities and self-worth to it. Because the moment we do that, we lose love and we lose ourselves.

Because you need more in life than love. Love is great. Love is necessary. Love is beautiful. But love is not enough.

https://observer.com/2015/03/love-is-not-enough/

 

Exercises:

1. Find the russian equivalents for the following words:

the gentle tug, clutching and slimy amphibian, the rudder, carpentry section, catherine wheel, the self-effacement of the lover, the doer and the deed, ringingly good, die out like the dodo, a wizened bean, the totem-pole, pangaed his way through, the blood of tumescence, valve system, the canopy, fabulation, many more jungles, graft, Christs`s passion, religion has become either wimpishly workaday,

2. 1). Did the narrator believe, that there is progress in the history of the world?

2) How does the narrator describe love? Are there any differences with the general definitions of love?

3. Below are some quotations dealing with love. Choose one and write an essay:

1)It`s not a lack of love, but a lack of friendship that makes unhappy marriages.

(F. Niezsche)

2) The heart has its reason of which reason knows nothing. (B. Pascal)

3) When you like someone, you love the person as they are, and not as you`d like them to be. (L. Tolstoy)

4)Love is a better teacher than duty. (A. Einstein)

 

Article:

Chapter 10 The Dream (Сон)

Concepts: PARADISE

1. Collins dictionary:

According to some religions, paradise is a wonderful place where people go after they die, if they have led good lives.

https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/..

2.Macmillan dictionary:

Heaven, the place where some people believe you go when you die if you have lived a good life, the garden of Eden

https://www.macmillandictionary.com/dictionary/britis..

3. Britannica

Paradise, in religion, a place of exceptional happiness and delight. The term paradise is often used as a synonym for the Garden of Eden before the expulsion of Adam and Eve. An earthly paradise is often conceived of as existing in a time when heaven and earth were very close together or actually touching, and when humans and gods had free and happy association. Many religions also include the notion of a fuller life beyond the grave, a land in which there will be an absence of suffering and a complete satisfaction of bodily desires.

https://www.britannica.com/topic/paradise-religion

Компонентно-дефиниционный анализ языковой единицы:

- Wonderful place

- Heaven

- Where you go after dying, if you have lived a good life

- Place of great happiness

- Eden

- Fuller life beyond the grave

- An absence of suffering

- Complete satisfaction of all desires

PARADISE in the BOOK

Examples:You'd have done much the same yourself. I mean, say you didn't go shopping, what would you have done instead? Met some famous people, had sex, played golf? There aren't an infinite number of possibilities - that's one of the points to remember about it all, about this place and that place.

They found a cure for cancer. Sex offenders repented and were released back into society and led blameless lives. Airline pilots learned how to save planes from mid-air collisions. Everyone got rid of nuclear weapons. When you read the paper, the newsprint didn't come off on your hands, and the stories didn't come off on your

mind. Children were innocent creatures once more; men and women were nice to one another; nobody's teeth had to be filled; and women's tights never laddered.

What else did I do that first week? As I said, I played golf and had. sex and met famous people and didn't feel bad once.

`Oh, I'll muddle through,' she said. ` The engine's good for another few thousand years.' We went shopping (I wasn't yet so lazy I wanted to stay shopping), I read the newspaper, had lunch, played golf, tried to catch up on some reading with one of those Dickens videos, had sturgeon and chips, turned out the light and not long afterwards had sex.

No, I wanted to be judged, do you see? It's what we all want, isn't it? I wanted, oh, some kind of summing-up, I wanted my life looked at.

I met Steve McQueen, for instance, and Judy Garland; John Wayne, Maureen 0'Sullivan, Humphrey Bogart, Gene Tierney and Bing Crosby. I met Duncan Edwards and the rest of the Man Utd players from the Munich air-crash.

I met John F. Kennedy and Charlie Chaplin, Marilyn Monroe, President Eisenhower, Pope John XXIII, Winston Churchill, Rommel, Stalin, Mao Tse-tung, Roosevelt, General de Gaulle, Lindbergh, Shakespeare, Buddy Holly, Patsy Cline, Karl Marx, John Lennon and Queen Victoria. Most of them were very nice, on the whole, sort of natural, not at all grand or condescending. They were just like real people. I asked to meet Jesus Christ but they said they weren't sure about that so I didn't push it. I met Noah, but not surprisingly there was a bit of a language problem. Some people I just wanted to look at. Hitler, for instance, now there's a man I wouldn't shake the hand of, but they arranged that I could hide behind some bushes while he just walked past, in his nasty uniform.

`Oh.' `Heaven is democratic these days,' she said...` We don't impose Heaven on people any more,' she said. `We listen to their needs. If they want it, they can have it; if not, not. And then of course they get the sort of Heaven they want.' `And what sort do they want on the whole?' ` Well, they want a continuation of life, that's what we find. But... better, needless to say.' 'Sex, golf, shopping, dinner, meeting famous people and not feeling bad?' I asked, a bit defensively. 'It varies. But if I were being honest, I'd say that it doesn't vary all that much.'

- `Tell me about Old Heaven,' I said to Margaret the following week.

- ` I know some people imagine it's different, that you get what you deserve, but that's never been the case. We have to disabuse them.'

- `Are they annoyed?'

- `Mostly not. People prefer to get what they want rather than what they deserve. And were they... disembodied?'

 - 'Yes indeed. That's what they wanted.

- `They don't take visits, I'm afraid. They used to. But the New Heaveners tended to behave as if they were at a freak-show, kept pointing and asking silly questions. So the