Translate the following sentences into English.

 

1. Древние люди верили, что огонь – э т о священная субстанция, которая придает силы.

 

2. На самом деле огонь – это химическая реакция, при которой могут выделяться свет, тепло и дым.

 

3. Существуют три стадии развития пожара: начальная стадия (или тление), стадия открытого пламени и полный охват помещения огнем.

 

4. Для того чтобы предотвратить пожар, необходимо хорошо понимать процесс горения.

 

5. Стадия полного охвата помещения пламенем наступает, когда воспламеняются все предметы в этом помещении.

 

6. Основными элементами пожарного треугольника являются тепло, горючее вещество и вещество, способствующее горению.

 

7. В обычных условиях веществом, поддерживающим горение, является кислород, также им могут быть и другие газы, например, хлор или бром.

 

8. Цепная реакция не дает горению прекратиться до тех пор, пока, по крайней мере, один из элементов пожарного треугольника не будет исключен.

 

9. Традиционные методы пожаротушения состоят в исключении одного из элементов пожарного треугольника.

 

10. Цепная реакция является четвертым фактором, необходимым для возникновения пожара, таким образом, мы можем говорить о пожарном четырехугольнике.

 

Express the main idea of the text in 5–7 sentences. Write your summary.

Retell the text according to the following plan.

 

1. Combustion.

2. Stages of a fire.

3. Fire triangle (tetrahedron): – heat;

– fuel;

 

– oxygen;

– chain reaction.

 

Be ready to work on the following projects.

 

1. Area of Fire.

 

2. Stages of Fires.

3. How Does the Fire Spread (Convection, Conduction and Radiation).

4. Flashovers and Backdraft.

 

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TEXT B

 

Read the text.

 

PROTECT YOUR HOME

 

The best way to protect your structure from being damaged by a wildland fire is to prevent it from starting on fire in the first place. To do this, one must know of the many ways fire spreads from one fuel source to another.

 

One way a structure starts on fire is through radiation. Heat travels via electromagnetic waves, without objects or gases carrying it along. Radiated heat goes out in all directions, unnoticed until it strikes an object. Burning buildings can radiate heat to surrounding structures, sometimes even passing through glass windows and igniting objects inside. The amount of heat produced depends on:

 

– the size of the flame: generally, larger flames release more heat;

 

– the amount of surface area on the structure exposed to the radiant heat: the larger the piece of surface that is exposed, the greater the chance of ignition;

 

– duration of exposure: the more time the structure is exposed the greater the likelihood of ignition;

 

– the distance between the flames and the structure: the closer the flames are to the structure, the greater the chance of ignition.

 

A second way a structure may start on fire is through conduction. Conduction is caused by direct contact between the flame and the structure. Firebrands, which are small pieces of burning material often carried by wind, can start new fires, and are a common form of conduction. Minimizing the chance of loss due to firebrand-started ignitions include:

 

– using non-flammable building materials in the construction of your home. This is especially important when considering the type of roof to install;

 

– planting appropriate vegetation around structures.

 

Convection is a third way fire spreads. Convection is caused by the superheated air that rises from the fires and pre-heats the fuels above it. Convection is most often associated with steep slopes and the "Chimney Effect". The best way to minimize loss due to convective heating include:

 

– build all structures back away from steep slopes. The edge of these steep slopes often provides the best view but can also make the home extremely difficult to protect during a wildland fire;

 

– avoid building your home at the top of steep canyons.

 

If a structure is properly insulated from all these types of spreading, the chances of the structure being lost or damaged to a wildfire will be minimized.

 

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