Lecture 6 Moscow Overview – 2

Science and Education

1. graduate	- выпускник
2. undergraduate students	- студенты вузов и колледжей
3. postgraduate students	- аспиранты
4. headquarters	- штаб-квартира
5. enrolment	- зачисление в вуз

Moscow is known as one of the most important science centers in Russia. The headquarters of the Russian Academy of Sciences are located in Moscow as well as numerous research and applied science institutions. There are 1696 high schools in Moscow, as well as 91 colleges. Besides these, there are 222 institutions offering higher education in Moscow, including 60 state universities and the Lomonosov Moscow State University, which was founded in 1755. The university has over 30,000 undergraduate and 7,000 postgraduate students, who have a choice of twenty-nine faculties and 450 departments for study. Additionally, approximately 10,000 high school students take courses at the university, while over two thousand researchers work. The Moscow State University library contains over nine million books, making it one of the largest libraries in all of Russia.

Moscow is one of the main financial centres of the Russian Federation and CIS countries and is well-known for its business schools, among the best are Finance Academy under the Government of RF; Plekhanov Russian Economic University; New Economic School; All-Russian Academy of Foreign Trade; The State University of Management, and the State University – Higher School of Economics. They offer undegraduate degrees in management, finance, accounting, marketing, real estate and economic theory as well Masters programs and MBA with varied concentrations.

Most of them have branches in other regions of Russia and countries around the world.

Bauman Moscow State Technical University, founded in 1830, is located in the center of Moscow and provides more than 18,000 undergraduate and 1,000 postgraduate students with an education in science and engineering offering a wide range of technical degrees.

The Moscow Conservatory, founded in 1866 is a prominent music school in Russia, whose graduates included Sergey Rachmaninoff, Alexander Scriabin, Aram Khachaturian, Mstislav Rostropovich, and Alfred Schnittke.

The Gerasimov All-Russian State Institute of Cinematography, abbreviated as VGIK, is the world's oldest educational institution in Cinematography, founded by Vladimir Gardin in 1919. Sergei Eisenstein, VsevolodPudovkin, and Aleksey Batalov were among its most distinguished professors and Mikhail Vartanov, Sergei Parajanov, Andrei Tarkovsky, Nikita Mikhalkov, EldarRyazanov, Alexander Sokurov, YuriyNorshteyn, AleksanderPetrov, VasilyShukshin, Konrad Wolf among graduates.

Moscow State Institute of International Relations, founded in 1944, remains Russia's best known school of international relations and diplomacy, with six different schools focused on international relations.

Among other prominent institutions are the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology, also known as Phystech, Moscow Aviation Institute, Moscow Motorway Institute (State Technical University), and the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute. Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology has taught numerous Nobel Prize winners, including Pyotr Kapitsa, NikolaySemyonov, Lev Landau, and Alexander Prokhorov, while the Moscow Engineering Physics Institute is known for its research in nuclear physics. The highest Russian military school is the Combened Arms Academy of the Armed Forces of the Russian Federation.

Although Moscow has a number of famous Soviet-era higher educational institutions, most of which are more oriented towards engineering or the fundamental science, in recent years Moscow has seen a significant growth in the number of commercial and private institutions that offer classes in business and management. Many state institutions have expanded their education scope and increased their student enrolments. Institutions in Moscow, as well as the rest of post-Soviet Russia, have begun to offer new international certificates and postgraduate degrees, including the Master of Business Administration. Student exchange programs with different (especially, European) countries also have become widespread in Moscow's universities, while many schools within the Russian capital will also offer seminars, lectures, and courses for corporate employees and businessmen.

There are 452 libraries in the city, including 168 for children. The Russian State Library, founded in 1862 is the national library of Russia.

The State Public Historical Library, founded in 1863, is the largest library, specialising in Russian history. Its collection contains four million items in 112 languages (including 47 languages of the former USSR), mostly on Russian and world history, heraldry, numismatics, and the history of science.

Questions

1. How many high schools and colleges are there in

2. Moscow?

3. How many institutions of higher education are there in Moscow?

4. When was the Moscow State University founded?

5. What business schools are there in Moscow?

6. When was the Moscow Conservatory founded?

7. How many libraries are there in the city?

8. Which is the largest library specializing in Russian history?

1. Москва — крупный мировой научный центр, представленный научно- исследовательскими институтами, работающими во многих отраслях.

2. Первые научные исследования в Москве начали проводиться в Московском университете с 1755 года.

3. В 1828 году в Петербурге учреждается Румянцевский музей — крупное собрание книг, монет, рукописей, других этнографических и исторических материалов. В 1924 году на его базе создаѐтся Государственная библиотека им. В.И. Ленина.

4. Москва является одним из важнейших образовательных центров России. С момента образования первого высшего учебного заведения страны — Славяно-греко-латинской академии — в городе сосредоточилось значительное число объектов просвещения.

5. В 1755 году по инициативе Шувалова и Ломоносова был основан Московский университет — старейший и самый известный в России.

6. Сегодня в Москве действует чуть более 100 государственных вузов и около

60 негосударственных. В их число входят университеты, институты, академии, консерватории, высшие учебные заведения силовых структур (МЧС, ФСБ и др.), а также духовные вузы.

7. В Москве насчитывается порядка четырѐхсот библиотек.

Religion

1.  the Russian       Orthodox Church	- Русская православная церковь
2. Armenian Apostolicism	- Армянская апостольская церковь
3. Buddhism	- буддизм
4. Hinduism	- иудаизм
5. Catholicism	- католицизм
6. Islam	- ислам

7. Lutheranism	- лютеранство
8. Protestantism	- протестантизм
9. Old believers	- старообрядческие православные
10.historical heritage	- историческое наследие
11.a secular state	- светское государство
12.atheistic	- атеистический
13.to demolish	- разрушать
14.a warehouse	- склад
15.Cathedral of Christ the Savior	- Храм Христа Спасителя
16.a mosque	- мечеть
17.Moscow Cathedral Mosque	- Московская соборная мечеть
18.a worshipper	- прихожанин
19.persecutions	- преследования
20.severe	- суровый
21.survive	- выжить, сохраниться

Christiniaty is the predominant religion in the city, of which the Russian Orthodox Church is the most popular. Moscow is Russia's capital of Eastern Orthodox Christiniaty, which has been the country‘s traditional religion and was deemed a part of Russia's ― historical heritage‖ in a law passed in 1997. Other religions practiced in Moscow include Armenian Apostolicism, Buddhism, Hinduism, Catholicism, Islam, Judaism, Old Believers, Lutheranism, Protestantism.

The Patriarch of Moscow serves as the head of the church and resides in the Danilov Monastery. Moscow was called the "city of 40 times 40 churches"— "город сорока сороков церквей" —prior to 1917. In 1918 the Bolshevik government declared Russia a secular state, which in practice meant that religion was repressed and society was to become atheistic. During the period of 1920-1930s a great number

of churches in Moscow were demolished, including historical Chudov Monastery in the Kremlin, dating from the 14th century, Kazansky Cathedral on the Red Square, the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour, constructed in the 19th century in memory of a victory over Napoleon's army in 1812, and many others. This continued even after the Second World War, in 1940-1970s, when persecutions against religion in the Soviet Union became less severe. Most of the surviving churches and monasteries were closed and then used as clubs, offices, factories or even warehouses.

Since the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 1991 many of the destroyed churches have been restored and traditional religions are once again gaining popularity. Among the churches reconstructed in the 1990s is an impressive new Cathedral of Christ the Savior which once more has become a landmark. It was built on the site of the old demolished cathedral, where there had been a huge open swimming-pool until 1994.

The Moscow mufti council claimed that Muslims numbered around 1.5 million of 10.5 millions of the city's population in 2010. There are four mosques in the city.

Moscow Cathedral Mosque has been built at the site of the former one. It was officially inaugurated on September 23, 2015. The new mosque has the capacity of ten thousand worshippers. Presidents of Russia Vladimir Putin, of Turkey Recep Tavyyip Erdogan, of Palestinian territories Mahmoud Abbas and local Muslim leaders participated in the inauguration ceremony of this mosque.

 

Cathedral of Christ the Saviour

Moscow Cathedral Mosque (new)

Questions

1. What is the predominant religion in the city?

2. Which church is the most popular? When was it built? When was it restored?

3. What other religions are practiced in Moscow?

4. Where does the Patriarch of Moscow reside?

5. When was Russia declared a secular state?

6. What happened to a great number of churches and monasteries since then?

7. Has any of the destroyed churches been restored?

8. How many mosques are there in Moscow? Which of them is the biggest one?

1. В Москве представлены все основные мировые религии. Официально в городе зарегистрировано более 1000 религиозных объединений и организаций, которые представляют более 50 различных вероисповедных направлений.

2. Крупнейшей из религиозных организаций является Русская православная церковь (Московский патриархат) — она включает в себя около 500 объединений и организаций, 711 православных храмов и часовен, 6 мужских и 6 женских монастырей.

3. В городе действуют старообрядческие православные объединения и организации, которых насчитывается около 10.

4. Ислам представляют 25 объединений и организаций, богослужение проводится в 4 мечетях, крупнейшей из которых является Московская соборная мечеть.

5. Также в Москве представлены иудаизм, буддизм, Армянская апостольская церковь, лютеранство, протестантизм и прочие религиозные направления.

Life and Culture

One of the most notable art museums in Moscow is the Tretyakov Gallery, which was founded by Pavel Tretyakov, a wealthy patron of the arts who donated a large private collection to the city. The Tretyakov Gallery is split into two buildings. The Old Tretyakov gallery, the original gallery in the Tretyakovskaya area on the south bank of the Moskva River, houses works in the classic Russian tradition. The works of famous pre-revolutionary painters, such as Ilya Repin, as well as the works of early Russian icon painters can be found here. Visitors can even see rare originals by early 15th-century iconographer Andrei Rublev.

The New Tretyakov gallery, created in Soviet times, mainly contains the works of Soviet artists, as well as of a few contemporary paintings, but there is some overlap with the Old Tretyakov Gallery for early 20th-century art. The new gallery includes a small reconstruction of Vladimir Tatlin‘s famous monument to the Third International and a mixture of other avant-garde works by artists like Kazimir Malevich and Vasily Kandinsky. Socialist realism features can also be found within the halls of the New Tretyakov Gallery.

           

Another art museum in the city of Moscow is the Pushkin Museum of Fine Arts, which was founded by, among others, the father of Marina Tsvetaeva. The Pushkin Museum is similar to the British Museum in London in that its halls are a cross-section of exhibits on world civilisations, with many copies of ancient sculptures. However, it also hosts paintings from every major Western era; works by

Claude Monet, Paul Cezanne, and Pablo Picasso are present in the museum's collection.

The State Historical Museum of Russia is a museum of Russian history located between Red Square and Manege Square in Moscow. Its exhibitions range from relics of the prehistoric tribes inhabiting present-day Russia, through priceless artworks acquired by members of the Romanov dynasty. The total number of objects in the museum's collection numbers is several million.

The Polytechnical Museum, founded in 1872 is the largest technical museum in Russia, offering a wide array of historical inventions and technological achievements, including humanoid automata from the 18th century and the first Soviet computers. Its collection contains more than 160,000 items.

The Borodino Panorama museum located on Kutuzov Avenue provides an opportunity for visitors to experience being on a battlefield with a 360° diorama. It is a part of the large historical memorial commemorating the victory in the Patriotic War of 1812 over Napoleon‘s army that includes also the triumphal arch, erected in 1827. There is also a military history museum that includes statues, and military hardware.

Moscow is the heart of the Russian performing arts, including ballet and film, with 68 museums 103theaters, 132 cinemas and 24 concert halls. Among Moscow‘s theaters and ballet studios is the Bolshoi Theatre and the Maly Theatre as well as Vakhtangov Theatre and Moscow Art Theatre.

The Moscow International Performance Arts Center, opened in 2003, also known as Mosocw International House of Music, is known for its performances in classical music. It has the largest organ in Russia installed in Svetlanov Hall.

There are also two large circuses in Moscow: Moscow State Circus and Moscow Circus on Tsvetnoy Boulevard named after Yuri Nikulin.

Memorial Museum of Astronautics under the Monument to the Conqueror of Space in the end of Cosmonauts Alley is the central memorial place for the Russian space officials.

The Mosfilm studio was at the heart of many classic films, as it is responsible for both artistic and mainstream productions. However, despite the continued presence and reputation of internationally renowned Russian filmmakers, the once prolific native studios are much quieter. Rare and historical films may be seen in the Salut cinema, where films from the Museum of Cinema collection are shown regularly.

The Schusev State Museum of Architecture is the national museum of Russian architecture by the name of the architect Alexey Schusev near the Kremlin area.

Questions

1. Which is the most famous picture gallery?

2. Where is the State Historical Museum located?

3. Which is the largest technical museum and when was it founded?

4. What is the Borodino panorama museum like?

5. What theatres are most popular in Moscow?

Sports

Moscow is home to 63 stadiums (besides eight football and eleven light athletics maneges), of which Luzhniki Stadium is the largest and the 4th biggest in Europe. Forty other sport complexes are located within the city, including 24 with artificial ice. There are also seven horse racing tracks in Moscow, of which Central Moscow Hippodrome, founded in 1834, is the largest.

Moscow was the host city of the 1980 Summer Olympics. Large sports facilities and the main international airport, Sheremetyevo Terminal 2, were built in preparation for the 1980 Summer Olympics.

Russia hosted the 2018 FIFA World Cup, and in Moscow, the Luzhniki Stadium had an increased capacity, by almost 10,000 new seats, in addition to a further two stadiums that will be built: the Dynamo Stadium, and the Spartak Stadium. Together these will have a capacity of at least 40,000 seats.

1. В Москве действует много спортивных сооружений. Среди них более 200 бассейнов, около 40 дворцов спорта, свыше 30 стадионов, рассчитанных более чем на 1500 мест, более 20 крытых ледовых арен, 2700 спортзалов, около 150 детско-юношеских спортивных школ, велотрек и единственная в мире находящаяся в черте города олимпийская велотрасса (в Крылатском).

2. В Москве есть две арены для проведения скачек: Центральный Московский ипподром и Конно-спортивный комплекс Битца.

Architecture

1. Saint Basil‘s Cathedral	- Собор Василия Блаженного
2. dome	- купол храма
3. the Seven Sisters	- сталинские высотки
4. embellish	- украшать
5. nobility	- дворянство
6. raze	- сносить

Moscow's architecture is world-renowned. Moscow is the site of Saint Basil‘s Cathedral, with its elegant onion domes, as well as the Cathedral of Christ the Saviour and the Seven Sisters. The first Kremlin was built in the middle of the 12th century.

The Kremlin was rebuilt in the 15th century. Its towers and some of its churches were built by Italian architects. From the end of the 15th century, the city

was embellished by masonry structures such as monasteries, palaces, walls, towers, and churches.

The city's appearance had not changed much by the 18th century. The rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century was necessitated not only by constant fires, but also the needs of the nobility. Much of the wooden city was replaced by buildings in the classical style.

For much of its architectural history, Moscow was dominated by Orthodox churches. However, the overall appearance of the city changed drastically during Soviet times, especially as a result of Joseph Stalin‘s large-scale effort to "modernize" Moscow. Stalin's plans for the city included a network of broad avenues and roadways which were constructed at the expense of a great number of historical buildings and districts. Among the many casualties of Stalin's demolitions was the Sukharev Tower, a longtime city landmark, as well as mansions and commercial buildings.

The city's newfound status as the capital of a deeply secular nation,resulted in demolishing of made religiously significant buildings. Many of the city's churches, which in most cases were some of Moscow's oldest and most prominent buildings, were destroyed; some notable examples include the Kazan Cathedral and the Cathedral of Christ the Savior. During the 1990s, both were rebuilt. Many smaller churches, however, were lost.

While the later Stalinist period was characterized by architectural innovation, the earlier post-revolutionary years saw a great number of radical new buildings

created in the city. Especially notable were the constructivist architects responsible for such landmarks as Lenin's Mausoleum. Another prominent architect was Vladimir Shukov, famous for Shukhov Tower. It was built between 1919 and 1922 as a transmission tower for a Russian broadcasting company.

Shukhov also designed spacious shop galleries, most notably the GUM department store on Red Square.

Perhaps the most recognizable contributions of the Stalinist period are the so- called Seven Sisters, comprising seven massive skyscrapers scattered throughout the city at about an equal distance from the Kremlin.

All seven towers can be seen from most high points in the city; they are among the tallest constructions in central Moscow apart from the Ostankino Tower, which, when it was completed in 1967, was the highest free-standing land structure in the world and today remains the world‘s seventy-second tallest.

The Old Arbat Street, a tourist street that was once the heart of a bohemian area, preserves most of its buildings from prior to the 20th century.

 

Many buildings found off the main streets of the inner city (behind the Stalinist facades of Tverskaya Street, for example) are also examples of bourgeois architecture typical of Tsarist times. Ostankino Palace, Kuskove, Uzkoye and other large estates just outside Moscow originally belong to nobles from the Tsarist era, and some convents and monasteries, both inside and outside the city, are open to Muscovites and tourists. There are a few examples of notable, early Soviet avant-garde work too, such as the house of the architect Konstantin Melnikov in the Arbat area.

Moscow's skyline is quickly modernizing with several new towers under construction. In recent years, the city administration has been widely criticized for heavy destruction that has affected many historical buildings. As much as a third of historic Moscow has been destroyed in the past few years to make space for luxury apartments and hotels. Other historical buildings, including such landmarks as the 1930 Moskva hotel and the 1913 department store Voyentorg, have been razed and reconstructed anew, with the inevitable loss of historical value. Some organizations,

such as Moscow Architecture Preservation Society and Save Europe's Heritage, are trying to draw the international public attention to these problems.

Questions

1. What Moscow architectural monuments are world-known?

2. What was the city embellished with from the end of the 15th century?

3. What was the rebuilding of Moscow in the second half of the 18th century necessitated by?

4. What were Stalin's plans for the city construction?

5. What prominent buildings were destroyed in the result of the reconstruction?

6. What buildings were designed by another prominent architect Vladimir Shukhov?

7. What buildings can be found in the Old Arbat?

8. Why has a third of historic Moscow has destroyed in the past few years?

Parks and landmarks

There are 96 parks and 18 gardens in Moscow, including four botanical gardens. There are 450 square kilometres (170 sq mi) of green zones besides 100 square kilometres (39 sq mi) of forests. Moscow is a very green city, if compared to other cities of comparable size in Western Europe and North America; this is partly due to a history of having green "yards" with trees and grass, between residential buildings. There are on average 27 square meters (290 sq ft) of parks per person in Moscow compared with 6 for Paris, 7.5 in London and 8.6 in New York.

Gorky Park (officially the Central Park of Culture and Rest named after Maxim Gorky), was founded in 1928. The main part (689,000 square meters / 170 acres) along the Moskvariver contains estrades, children's attractions (including the Observation Wheel water ponds with boats and water bicycles), dancing, tennis courts and other sports facilities. It borders the Neskuchny Garden (408,000 square meters / 101 acres), the oldest park in Moscow and a former imperial residence,

created as a result of the integration of three estates in the 18th century. The Garden

features the Green Theater, one of the largest open amphitheaters in Europe, able to hold up to 15 thousand people.

Several parks include a section known as a "Park of Culture and Rest", sometimes alongside a much wilder area (this includes parks such as Izmaylovsky, Fili and Sokolniki). Some parks are designated as Forest Parks (lesopark).

Izmaylovsky Park, created in 1931, is one of the largest urban parks in the world along with Richmond Park in London.

Sokolniki Park, named after the falcon hunting that occurred there in the past, is one of the oldest parks in Moscow and has an area of 6 square kilometres (2.3 sq mi). A central circle with a large fountain is surrounded by birch, maple and elm tree alleys. A labyrinth composed of green paths lies beyond the park's ponds.

Losiny Ostrov National Park (―Elk Island‖ National Park), with a total area of more than 116 square kilometres (45 sq mi), borders Sokolniki Park and was Russia‘s first national park. It is quite wild, and is also known as the ―city taiga‖ – elk can be seen there.

Tsytsin Main Botanical Garden of Academy of Sciences, founded in 1945 is the largest in Europe. It covers territory of 3.61 square kilometres (1.39 sq mi) bordering the All-Russia Exhibition Center and contains a live exhibition of more than 20 thousand species of plants from around the world, as well as a lab for scientific research. It contains a rosarium with 20 thousand rose bushes, a dendrarium, and an oak forest, with the average age of trees exceeding 100 years. There is a greenhouse taking up more than 5,000 square metres (53,820 square feet) of land.

The All-Russian Exhibition Center formerly known as the All-Union Agricultural Exhibition (VSKhV) and later Exhibition of Achievements of the National Economy (VDNKh), though officially named a "permanent trade show", is one of the most prominent examples of Stalinist-era monumental architecture. It still retains the bulk of its architectural landmarks, including two monumental fountains

(Stone Flower and Friendship of Nations) and a 360 degrees panoramic cinema. In

2014 the park returned to the name Exhibition of Achievements of National Economy.

Lilac Park, founded in 1958, has a permanent sculpture display and a large rosarium.

Moscow has always been a popular destination for tourists. Some of the more famous attractions include the city's UNESCO World Heritage Site, Moscow Kremlin and Red Square, which was built between the 14th and 17th centuries. The Church of the Ascension at Kolomenskoye, which dates from 1532, is also a UNESCO World Heritage Site and another popular attraction.

Near the new Tretyakov Gallery there is a sculpture garden, Museon, often called ―the graveyard of fallen monuments‖ that displays statues of the former Soviet Union that were removed from their place after its dissolution.

Other attractions include the Moscow Zoo, a zoological garden in two sections (the valleys of two streams) linked by a bridge, with nearly a thousand species and more than 6,500 specimens. Each year, the zoo attracts more than 1.2 million visitors. Many of Moscow's parks and landscaped gardens are protected natural environments.

YouTube Video

1. Surprising Facts About Moscow, Russia.

2. The most interesting facts about Moscow!