Task 3. Complete the sentences using the Present Continuous forms:

1. These days most people _________much time in front of computer screens instead of reading books. (spend)

2. What are you doing? ________you _________video games again? (play)

3. I have an exam next week, so I _________very hard these days. (study)

4. Where are Michael and Mary? ________they _______ lunch? (have)

5. I’m tired. I _________to the gym tonight. (not go)

6. Why ___________studying computer literacy _________more and more important these days? (become)

Task 4. Complete the text with present continuous form of the verbs in the box.

cut get increase cause change melt rise have

Global warming

Power stations, factories and cars produce carbon dioxide. Trees and plants change it back to oxygen but we 1) ________________ down trees in the Amazon rainforests, so the amount of carbon dioxide in the air 2)_______________. The carbon dioxide allows radiation from the Sun to enter the atmosphere but not leave it. This 3) ________________ the atmosphere to heat up. Scientists think that polar ice caps and glaciers around the world 4) _________________. This is creating more water and the level of the sea 5) _________________. In many part of the world there is a possibility of floods. In general, the world’s climate 6)_______________. This means warm areas 7) ________________ colder winters and previously cold areas 8) _________________ warmer.

 

Lesson 5.

Task 1. Read and translate the following text.

Why do we need law?

Almost everything we do is governed by some set of rules. There are rules for games, for social clubs, for sports and for adults in the workplace. There are also rules imposed by morality and custom that play an important role in telling us what we should and should not do. However, some rules – those made by the state or the courts – are called “laws”. Laws resemble morality because they are designed to control or alter our behaviour. But unlike rules of morality, laws are enforced by the courts; if you break a law – whether you like that law or not – you may be forced to pay a fine, pay damages, or go to prison.

Why are some rules so special that they are made into laws? Why do we need rules that everyone must obey? In short, what is the purpose of law?

If we did not live in a structured society with other people, laws would not be necessary. We would simply do as we please, with little regard for others. But ever since individuals began to associate with other people – to live in society – laws have been the glue that has kept society together. For example, the law in our country states that we must drive our cars on the right-hand side of a two-way street. If people were allowed to choose at random which side of the street to drive on, driving would be dangerous and chaotic. Laws regulating our business affairs help to ensure that people keep their promises. Laws against criminal conduct help to safeguard our personal property and our lives.

Even in a well-ordered society, people have disagreements and conflicts arise. The law must provide a way to resolve these disputes peacefully. If two people claim to own the same piece of property, we do not want the matter settled by a duel: we turn to the law and to institutions like the courts to decide who is the real owner and to make sure that the real owner's rights are respected.

We need law, then, to ensure a safe and peaceful society in which individuals’ rights are respected. But we expect even more from our law. Some totalitarian governments have cruel and arbitrary laws, enforced by police forces free to arrest and punish people without trial. Strong-arm tactics may provide a great deal of order, but we reject this form of control. The legal system should respect individual rights while, at the same time, ensuring that society operates in an orderly manner. And society should believe in the Rule of Law, which means that the law applies to every person, including members of the police and other public officials, who must carry out their public duties in accordance with the law.

In our society, laws are not only designed to govern our conduct: they are also intended to give effect to social policies. For example, some laws provide for benefits when workers are injured on the job, for health care, as well as for loans to students who otherwise might not be able to go to university.

Another goal of the law is fairness. This means that the law should recognize and protect certain basic individual rights and freedoms, such as liberty and equality. The law also serves to ensure that strong groups and individuals do not use their powerful positions in society to take unfair advantage of weaker individuals.

However, despite the best intentions, laws are sometimes created that people later recognize as being unjust or unfair. In a democratic society, laws are not carved in stone, but must reflect the changing needs of society. In a democracy, anyone who feels that a particular law is flawed has the right to speak out publicly and to seek to change the law by lawful means.

 

Task 2. Match.

1) the purpose of law	a) уважать права отдельного человека
2) to live in society	b) отражать изменяющиеся потребности общества
3) to choose at random	c) иметь разногласия и конфликты
4) to safeguard our personal property and our lives	d) верить в верховенство закона
5) to have disagreements and conflicts	e) защищать основные права и свободы
6) to resolve disputes peacefully	f) назначение (цель) права
7) to turn to the law	g) иметь право открыто высказать свое мнение
8) to respect individual rights	h) жить в обществе
9) to arrest and punish people without trial	i) выбирать что-либо наугад
10) to believe in the Rule of Law	j) стремиться изменить закон законными средствами
11) in accordance with the law	k) арестовывать и наказывать людей без суда и следствия
12) to protect basic individual rights and freedoms	l) охранять нашу собственность и жизнь
13) to reflect the changing needs of society	m) в соответствии с законом
14) to have the right to speak out publicly	n) обращаться к закону
15) to seek to change the law by lawful means	o) решать споры миром