Psychogenic breathlessness and hyperventilation syndromes 


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Psychogenic breathlessness and hyperventilation syndromes



 

Breathlessness which is not caused by organic disease of the heart or lungs is relatively common. It is difficult to diagnose in patients with coexisting disease, such as asthma or heart disease.

 

DIFFERENTIAL DIAGNOSIS OF ACUTE SEVERE DYSPNOEA

Condition

History

Signs

Chest radiography

Arterial blood gases ECG

Other tests

Pulmonary oedema

Chest pain
Orthopnoea
Palpitations
A previous cardiac history*

Central cyanosis JVP (→ or ↑) Sweating* Cool extremities Dullness and crepitations at bases*

Cardiomegaly
Upper zone vessel enlargement*
Overt oedema/pleural effusions*

Pa O2Pa CO2 Sinus tachycardia Signs of myocardial infarction/ ischaemia* Arrhythmia

ECG* (↓ left ventricular function)

Massive pulmonary embolus

Recent surgery or other risk factors
Chest pain
Previous pleurisy
Syncope*
Dizziness*

Severe central cyanosis Elevated JVP* Absence of signs in the lung (unless previous pulmonary infarction)* Shock (tachycardia, reduced blood pressure)

May be subtle changes only
Prominent hilar vessels
Oligaemic lung fields*

Pa O2Pa CO2 Sinus tachycardia S1Q3T3 pattern ↓ T (V1-V4) Right bundle-branch block

ECG*
V/Q scan*
CT pulmonary angiography*

Acute severe asthma

History of previous episodes, asthma medications, wheeze*

Tachycardia and pulsus paradoxus yanosis (late) JVP →* ⇓ peak flow, rhonchi*

Hyperinflation only (unless complicated by pneumothorax)*

Pa O2Pa CO2 (Pa CO2 rises in extremis) Sinus tachycardia (bradycardia with severe hypoxaemia-late)

 

Acute exacerbation of COPD

Previous episodes (admissions)* If in type II respiratory failure may not be distressed

Cyanosis Signs of COPD* Signs of CO2 retention (warm periphery, flapping tremor, bounding pulses)*

Hyperinflation*
Signs of emphysema
Signs of events precipitating exacerbation

↓ or ⇓ Pa O2 Pa CO2 ↑ in type II failure, with ↑ [H+] and ↑ bicarbonate Nil, or signs of right ventricular strain

 

Pneumonia

Prodromal illness*
Fever*
Rigors*
Pleurisy*

Fever, confusion Pleural rub* Consolidation* Cyanosis (only if severe)

Pneumonic consolidation*

Pa CO2Pa O2 Tachycardia

↑ CRP
↑ White cell count
Sputum and blood culture

Metabolic acidosis

Evidence of diabetes/renal disease*
Overdose of aspirin or ethylene glycol*

Fetor (ketones) Hyperventilation without physical signs in heart or lungs* Dehydration* Air hunger (Kussmaul's respiration)

Normal

Pa O2 normal* ⇓ Pa CO2 ⇓ pH (↑ H+)  

 

Psychogenic (a diagnosis of exclusion)

Previous episodes

Not cyanosed* No heart signs* No lung signs* Carpopedal spasm

Normal

Pa O2 normal* ⇓ Pa CO2 pH normal or ↑ (H+ ↓)*  

End-tidal P CO2 low at rest and during exercise

 

CHEST PAIN

 

Centra l Cardiac · Myocardial ischaemia (angina) · Myocardial infarction · Myocarditis · Pericarditis · Mitral valve prolapse syndrome Aortic · Aortic dissection · Aortic aneurysm Oesophageal · Oesophagitis · Oesophageal spasm · Mallory-Weiss syndrome · Massive pulmonary embolus Mediastinal · Tracheitis Malignancy Peripheral Lungs/pleura · Pulmonary infarct · Pneumonia · Pneumothorax · Malignancy · Tuberculosis · Connective tissue disorders Musculoskeletal · Osteoarthritis · Costochondritis (Tietze's · Rib fracture/injury syndrome) · Intercostal muscle injury · Epidemic myalgia (Bornholm disease) Neurological · Prolapsed intervertebral disc · Herpes zoster · Thoracic outlet syndrome  

 

 

HAEMOPTYSIS

Coughing up blood, irrespective of the amount, is an alarming symptom and nearly always brings the patient to the doctor.

 CAUSES OF HAEMOPTYSIS  

Bronchial disease

· Carcinoma

· Bronchiectasis

· Acute bronchitis

· Bronchial adenoma

· Foreign body

Parenchymal disease

· Tuberculosis

· Suppurative pneumonia

· Lung abscess

· Parasites (e.g. hydatid disease, flukes)

· Trauma

· Actinomycosis

· Mycetoma

Lung vascular disease

· Pulmonary infarction

· Polyarteritis nodosa

· Goodpasture's syndrome

· Idiopathic pulmonary haemosiderosis

 

 

 



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