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Sari, rupee, samosa, dacha, samovar, coup d`etat

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Shakespeare won fame and fortune in London. But he invested his money and kept his family in Stradford-on-Avon. Some writers of the new London theatre scene of the late 16^th century abandoned their home towns when they moved to the capital – Christopher Marlowe, for example, maintained no connection with Canterbury once he had left. But Shakespeare never cut himself off from his birthplace. It is tempting to read particular meaning into such loyalty, but it was quite common at the time for people to work for a while in London without ever completely settling in there. Local loyalties ran deep. There was little of the faceless anonymity of modern urban life – save, perhaps, in London. In a town the size of Stratford, at any rate, most people probably knew each other. One`s relations with one`s neighbours needed to be maintained if life was to go on smoothly. In Shakespeare`s day, Stratford was a corporation, i.e. it governed itself. Every year a bailiff and 14 aldermen, along with the 14 burgresses they appointed, would handle the town`s affairs, dealing with everything from breaking up fights to petitioning the Crown for assistance in the wake of a ruinous fire. In many ways, this was a community whose members were known to each other in a way which a modern city-dweller might well find intrusive, but which could also make for a close-knit sense of belonging.

       Shakespeare was baptized on 26 April 1564. Tradition insists that he was born on 23 April 1564, partly so that the birthday of the National Poet should coincide with the Saint`s Day of the National Saint, and partly for the sake of symmetry, in that he was to die on 23 April. However, one cannot be sure. He was born into an uncertain world. Of his seven siblings, three died in childhood. He was lucky to survive childhood himself. The parish records laconically note in the list of burials for July 1564, “Hic incipit pestis”: the dreaded plague had visited Stratford. Before it left, it would carry off some 200 souls. Infants and the infirm were in particular danger. Roger Green, a neighbor of Shakespeares, had buried four children by the end of the year.

John Shakespeare had moved to Stratford by 1552; in that year, he was fined for leaving an unauthorized dung-heap in Henley Street. Originally he had come from Snitterfield, a village a few miles to the north. He was the son of Richard Shakespeare, a farmer, who died in 1561. He had left his disreputable brother Henry behind in Snitterfield, and taken to the trade of glover and whittawer (one who prepares white leather). He seems also to have traded in wool. For a time, everything went well. The Stratford records chart his early success in the purchase of property around Stratford, and the offices he held in the corporation.

The precise cause of John Shakespeare`s problems is not known. But times were hard in the late 16^th century. The assumption behind the managed economy of Elizabethan England was that life went on much the same from one generation to the next. Their ideal was not the modern one of progress, but rather of stasis. Historical reality was very different – as John Shakespeare found out the hard way, and his son discovered to his profit when he recouped the family fortunes in the newly-established professional theatre.

 

 

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