Read and translate the text.

Variant 1.

Read and translate the text.

An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Smaller values of current can be measured using a milliameter or a microammeter.

The earliest design is the D'Arsonval galvanometer or moving coil ammeter. It uses magnetic deflection, where current passing through a coil causes the coil to move in a magnetic field. The voltage drop across the coil is kept to a minimum to minimize resistance across the ammeter in any circuit into which it is inserted.

Moving iron ammeters use a piece of iron which moves when acted upon by the electromagnetic force of a fixed coil of wire. This type of meter responds to both direct and alternating currents (as opposed to the moving coil ammeter, which works on direct current only).

To measure larger currents, a resistor called a shunt is placed in parallel with the meter. Most of the current flows through the shunt, and only a small fraction flows through the meter. This allows the meter to measure large currents.

 

Ask 5 questions of all types.

Put the verbs in the brackets at appropriate tenses of Conditional sentences. Translate the sentences.

1. If you pass your examination we (have) a celebration.

2. What (happen) if I press this button?

3. You would play better bridge if you (not talk) so much.

4. If I had known that you couldn’t eat meat I (not buy) it.

5. If you go to Paris where you (stay)?

6. If someone offered to buy you one of those rings, which you (choose)?

 

4. Decipher the following abbreviations:

Abs, cap., defl, dwg, e.g., HF, in., ma, N\E, ref.

 

Translate into English.

1. Южный полюс магнита, подносимый к северному полюсу другого магнита, притягивает его.

2. Так как часть энергии, преобразующейся в тепло, теряется, не вся химическая энергия аккумуляторного элемента преобразуется в электрическую энергию.

3. Температура вещества, которую сейчас повысили, показывает, что движение молекул ускорилось.

4. Изучив свойства атома, ученые поставили его на службу человеку.

5. Преодолев электрическую связь, которая скрепляет атомы, молекула, распадается на составляющие.

 

 

Variant 2.

Read and translate the text.

 

Transducers.

A transducer is a device, usually electrical, electronic, electro-mechanical, electromagnetic, photonic, or photovoltaic, that converts one type of energy or physical attribute to another for various purposes including measurement or information transfer (for example: pressure sensors).

There are three kinds of transducers. A sensor is used to detect a parameter in one form and report it in another form of energy (usually an electrical or digital signal), such as a tachometer. An actuator is used for the transformation of energy or in other words, actuator is the one which gets actuated or stands responsible for the output action, in that it converts electrical signal into generally nonelectrical energy. An example of an actuator is a loudspeaker which converts an electrical signal into a variable magnetic field and, subsequently, into acoustic waves. The third kind of transducer has both functions -- acting as an actuator to produce ultrasonic waves, and acting as a sensor to detect ultrasonic waves.

 

Ask 5 questions of types.

Put the verbs in the brackets at appropriate tenses of Conditional sentences. Translate the sentences.

1. The flight may be cancelled if the fog (get) thick.

2. If you (read) the instructions carefully you wouldn't have answered the wrong question.

3. If the milkman (come), tell him to leave two pints.

4. If you were made redundant what you (do)?

5. So­meone (sit) on your glasses if you leave them there.

6. You (not have) so many accidents if you drove more slowly.

 

4. Decipher the following abbreviations:

Ac, awp, cct, deg, eff, fxd, J, ma[, h.f., rev.

 

Translate into English.

1. Получив все необходимые инструкции, мы приступили к проведению эксперимента.

2. Энергия, теряемая в конденсаторе в результате диэлектрического гистерезиса (dielectrichysteresis), проявляется в форме теплоты, генерируемой внутри диэлектрика.

3. После того, как опыты были закончены, мы начали новые исследования.

4. Будучи помещенным в жидкость, тело будет тонуть до тех пор, пока не вытеснит массу жидкости, равную своему собственному весу.

5. Полимеры обработать намного проще и легче, чем древесину, камень или металл, поэтому такое большое внимание уделяется этим искусственным материалам в настоящее время.

 

 

Variant 3.

Sensors.

A sensor is a device that measures a physical quantity and converts it into a signal which can be read by an observer or by an instrument. For example, a mercury thermometer converts the measured temperature into expansion and contraction of a liquid which can be read on a calibrated glass tube. A thermocouple converts temperature to an output voltage which can be read by a voltmeter.

Sensors are used in everyday objects such as touch-sensitive elevator buttons and lamps which dim or brighten by touching the base. There are also innumerable applications for sensors of which most people are never aware.

  A sensor's sensitivity indicates how much the sensor's output changes when the measured quantity changes. For instance, if the mercury in a thermometer moves 1 cm when the temperature changes by 1°C, the sensitivity is 1 cm/°C. Sensors that measure very small changes must have very high sensitivities. Sensors also have an impact on what they measure.  Sensors need to be designed to have a small effect on what is measured, making the sensor smaller often improves this and may introduce other advantages.

 

Translate into English.

1. Генератор переменного тока состоит из двух основных частей: статора с неподвижной обмоткой, в которой индуцируется переменный ток, и ротора, создающего подвижное магнитное поле.

2. Переменный ток генератора выпрямляется двухполупериодным трехфазным выпрямителем с полупроводниковыми диодами.

3. Ротор генератора переменного тока может вращаться с большей частотой, чем якорь генератора постоянного тока.

4. При большой частоте вращения якоря генератора постоянного тока ухудшается контакт между щетками и ламелями (lamel) коллектора вследствие колебания щеток при скольжении их по коллектору.

5. Под действием центробежных сил возможен выход обмоток из пазов якоря.

 

Variant 4.

Amplifier

Generally, an amplifier or simply amp, is any device that changes, usually increases, the amplitude of a signal. The relationship of the input to the output of an amplifier—usually expressed as a function of the input frequency—is called the transfer function of the amplifier, and the magnitude of the transfer function is termed the gain.

In popular use, the term usually refers to an electronic amplifier where the input "signal" is usually voltage or current. In audio applications they are used to operate a loudspeaker that is being used in a PA system to make the human voice louder or play recorded music. Amplifiers may be classified by the input (source) they are designed to amplify (such as a guitar amplifier to perform with an electric guitar), or named for the device they are intended to drive (such as a headphone amplifier), or by the frequency range of the signals (Audio, IF, RF and VHF amplifiers for example), or grouped by whether they invert the signal (inverting amplifiers and non-inverting amplifiers), or by the types of device used in the amplification (valve or tube amplifiers, FET amplifiers, etc.).

 

Translate into English.

1. На каждой электрической станции обычно бывает установлено несколько генераторов, которые включаются на параллельную работу в общую сеть.

2. Все параллельно работающие генераторы должны отдавать в сеть ток одинаковой частоты.

3. Поэтому они должны вращаться строго синхронно, т. Е. их скорости вращения должны быть в точности обратно пропорциональны числам пар полюсов.

4. Поэтому необходимо отрегулировать надлежащим образом режим работы генератора на холостом ходу перед его включением на параллельную работу и в надлежащий момент времени включить генератор в сеть. Совокупность этих операций называется синхронизацией генератора.

5. Напряжение вводящегося генератора должно быть равно напряжению сети или уже работающего генератора.

 

 

Variant 5.

Translate into English.

1. Генератор переменного тока может работать как двигатель переменного тока, когда электрическая, а не механическая энергия подается на него.

2. В синхронном двигателе изменения в механической нагрузке в пределах номинальных параметров машины не приводят к изменению скорости.

3. Когда на якорь подается трехфазное напряжение, то создается поле постоянной величины.

4. В генераторе переменного тока в отличие от генератора постоянного тока, кроме обмотки возбуждения в роторе имеется обмотка типа «беличья клетка». Пазы этой обмотки находятся на рабочих поверхностях полюса и параллельны валу.

5. Работа синхронного двигателя зависит от силы, произведенной проводником несущим ток, находящимся в магнитном поле.

 

 

 

                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                                            

Variant 1.

Read and translate the text.

An ammeter is a measuring instrument used to measure the electric current in a circuit. Electric currents are measured in amperes (A), hence the name. Smaller values of current can be measured using a milliameter or a microammeter.

The earliest design is the D'Arsonval galvanometer or moving coil ammeter. It uses magnetic deflection, where current passing through a coil causes the coil to move in a magnetic field. The voltage drop across the coil is kept to a minimum to minimize resistance across the ammeter in any circuit into which it is inserted.

Moving iron ammeters use a piece of iron which moves when acted upon by the electromagnetic force of a fixed coil of wire. This type of meter responds to both direct and alternating currents (as opposed to the moving coil ammeter, which works on direct current only).

To measure larger currents, a resistor called a shunt is placed in parallel with the meter. Most of the current flows through the shunt, and only a small fraction flows through the meter. This allows the meter to measure large currents.