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Water bioresourses and aquaculture issuesСтр 1 из 25Следующая ⇒
А.В. Корнильева ФГБОУ ВО «САНКТ-ПЕТЕРБУРГСКАЯ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННАЯ
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК WATER BIORESOURSES AND AQUACULTURE ISSUES
УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО НАПРАВЛЕНИЮ 35.03.08 «ВОДНЫЕ БИОРЕСУРСЫ И АКВАКУЛЬТУРА».
Санкт-Петербург 2019
Рецензенты:
Корнильева А.В.
АНГЛИЙСКИЙ ЯЗЫК WATER BIORESOURSES AND AQUACULTURE ISSUES УЧЕБНО-МЕТОДИЧЕСКОЕ ПОСОБИЕ ПО НАПРАВЛЕНИЮ 35.03.08 «ВОДНЫЕ БИОРЕСУРСЫ И АКВАКУЛЬТУРА»: учебно-методическое пособие/ А.В. Корнильева.- СПБ.: СПБГАВМ, 2019. - 104с.
Учебно-методическое пособие состоит из 8 разделов, в каждом из которых имеется три текста по теме раздела. Материалы пособия позволяют развивать навыки профессионального общения в рамках специальности. Каждый урок содержит необходимое количеством упражнений, направленных на усвоение лексическо-грамматических основ и тренировку навыков монологической и диалогической речи. Учебные тексты пособия снабжены списками терминологической лексики и приближены к темам основных специальных дисциплин, включенных в программы 1 и 2 курса факультета «Водные биоресурсы и аквакультура».Пособие содержит аутентичный материал и систему упражнений, направленных на формирование необходимых для направления «ВОДНЫЕ БИОРЕСУРСЫ И АКВАКУЛЬТУРА» компетенций. Учебно-методическое пособие предназначено для студентов факультета «Водные биоресурсы и аквакультура». Данное пособие может быть полезно аспирантам, студентам, преподавателям профильных учебных заведений, широкому кругу специалистов.
2019
Unit 1 Aquatic Environments Text A Characteristics of aquatic environments
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A
Exercise 1. Read and translate the following word combinations from English into Russian.
Groundwater environment, coastal waters, algal populations, detrimental effects, interact, food web, microbial habitats, inland surface water, biotic foundation, geologic time, biofilms, algal populations, a profound influence on the climate, essential nutrients, microbial mats, alternative energy sources, bacterial extracellular polymers, anaerobic microenvironments, marine microbial life.
Exercise 3. Make up collocations using words from both columns.
Exercise 6. Test yourself by answering these questions and summar ize given information. 1. What does aquatic environment include? 2. What do microorganisms provide to all ecosystems? 3. What is the main source of water for most human uses? 4. What can be found in different microbial habitats? 5. What are the microbial mats? 6. What is the function of biofilms? 7. What do planktonic microbial communities include? 8. Where can microorganisms be found? 9. What does inland surface water mean? 10. What are biofilms characterized by?
Text B Aquatic Ecosystem VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT B
It is interesting to know
Types of Water Resource
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT C
Unit 2 Text A Freshwater Ecosystem Part 2 VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A part 2
What is a riparian zone? Freshwater Ecosystem Part 3 VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A part 3
What may increase flooding? Text B Marine Ecosystems Part 1 VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT B part1
Marine Ecosystems Part 2 VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT B part 2
Coral reefs.
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT C
W hat are reefs? Where can reefs be found? How do coral reefs form? Unit 3 Ocean Ecosystems Text A Open Ocean
VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A
What is nekton? What causes evaporation? Text B Brackish water VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT B
It is interesting to know Hydrothermal vents VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT C
What are ecotones? Unit 4 BENTHIC ECOSYSTEMS TEXT A BENTHIC ECOSYSTEMS VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A
TEXT B Dead Zones in the Ocean. VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT B
Types of Dead Zones Scientists classify dead zones according to how long the hypoxia lasts: Permanent dead zones occur in very deep water. Oxygen concentrations rarely exceed 2 milligrams per liter. Temporary dead zones are hypoxic regions that last for hours or days.
Seasonal dead zones occur every year during the warm months. Diel cycling hypoxia refers to dead zones that occur during warm months, but the water is only hypoxic at night. Note that the classification system doesn't address whether dead zones form naturally or as a result of human activities. Where natural dead zones form, organisms can adapt to survive them, but human activities may form new zones or else expand natural zones, throwing coastal ecosystems out of balance. What Causes Dead Zones The underlying cause of any dead zone is eutrophication. Eutrophication is the enrichment of water with nitrogen, phosphorus, and other nutrients, causing algae to grow out of control or "bloom." Usually, the bloom itself is non-toxic, but an exception is a red tide, which produces natural toxins that can kill wildlife and harm humans.
Sometimes, eutrophication occurs naturally. Heavy rains can wash nutrients from the soil into the water, storms or heavy winds can dredge up nutrients from the bottom, turbulent water can stir up sediment, or seasonal temperature changes can invert water layers. Water pollution is the primary human source of the nutrients that cause eutrophication and dead zones. Fertilizer, manure, industrial waste, and inadequately treated wastewater overload aquatic ecosystems. In addition, air pollution contributes to eutrophication. Nitrogen compounds from automobiles and factories are returned to water bodies through precipitation. How Algae Reduces Oxygen You may be wondering how algae, a photosynthetic organism that releases oxygen, somehow reduces oxygen to cause a dead zone. There are a few ways this happens: Algae and plants only produce oxygen when there is light. They consume oxygen when it's dark. When the weather is clear and sunny, the oxygen production outperforms nighttime consumption. A string of cloudy days can reduce the ultraviolet levels enough to even the score or even tip the scales so more oxygen is used than produced. During an algal bloom, algae grow until it consumes the available nutrients. Then it dies back, releases the nutrients as it decays, and blooms again. When algae die, microorganisms decompose it. The bacteria consume oxygen, quickly making water hypoxic. This occurs so rapidly sometimes even fish can't swim outside of a zone fast enough to escape death. Algae causes stratification. Sunlight reaches the algal layer, but it can't penetrate the growth, so photosynthetic organisms below the algae die.
What is a dead zone? How do dead zones appear? What do dead zones cause? How Algae Reduces Oxygen?
Text C It is interesting to know Environmental problems VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT С
Exercise 80. Read and translate the following word s and word combinations from English into Russian. Environmental problems, unsustainable exploitation, overfishing, coastal areas, destructive fishing practices, pollution, sewage, bleaching of coral reefs, symbiotic relationship, eutrophication, radioactive waste, nuclear power stations. Estuaries and shore areas are also at risk from pollution, which can cause eutrophication by raising nutrient levels in the water. Eutrophication encourages the growth of decomposers that consume available oxygen in the water. As oxygen levels fall, fish and other organisms begin to die off. Eutrophication also causes an overgrowth of algae in the water, often visible as a red, yellow, or green scum on the surface and a visible sign of a threatened ecosystem. These dead zones are found in many areas around the world, such as the Mediterranean and the East Coast of the United States. The deep ocean has also been used as a dump for low radioactive waste, although this was banned in 1993. There have also been discussions on burying medium and high-level radioactive waste from nuclear power stations. If land alternatives prove too risky, these options may be put into practice, but no one knows what the longterm impact might be upon marine ecosystems, however secure the waste was made. Humans do not just put things into the seas and oceans. They take things out as well. Fishing is a traditional activity, with fish being an important protein source in the human diet. However, global fish harvesting has increased 5 times during the last 50 years or so, partly because fishing technology has become more efficient and partly because of the increase in human population, which has increased demand for food. The oceans can probably support a fish harvest of about 100 million tons (90 million metric tons) of fish caught per year. As the fishing industry has expanded, these limits are being reached. Fishing vessels now have to travel farther and farther to get catches. Not only does this hurt the economy, there could also be as-yet-unknown disturbances to the marine ecosystem by driving fish stocks down in this way. People are also seeking to exploit the ocean for oil and gas. Drilling offshore began in 1947 in the Gulf of Mexico, and now there are thousands of such developments. It may be that efforts to extract oil and gas will go deeper still, despite the difficulties of the technology, with unknown effects on the marine environment. There has also been discussion about whether it might be possible to exploit the sea bed as a source of minerals. As the world’s population grows and industrial development spreads, the pressure to use the ocean as a resource can only increase, with unknown impacts on marine ecosystems. Exercise 81. Read and translate the following word s and word combinations from Russian into English. Экологические проблемы, нерациональная эксплуатация, перелов рыбы, прибрежные районы, разрушительные методы рыболовства, загрязнение, сточные воды, обесцвечивание коралловых рифов, симбиотические отношения, эвтрофикация, радиоактивные отходы, атомные электростанции.
Comprehension check-up Unit 5 Forests of the Sea Text A Phytoplankton & Marine plants VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A
Phytoplankton Phytoplankton are microalgae that form an essential component of the marine food chain. These single-celled plants provide nourishment to many marine species and they also play an important role in regulating the amount of carbon in the atmosphere. There are two main types of the larger phytoplankton species: Diatoms and Dinoflagellates. Smaller phytoplankton categorized as nanoplankton and picoplankton.
Diatoms The cell walls of diatoms are made of silica formed into their characteristic “pillbox” shape. Diatoms are composed of two valves or frustules, one on top of the other, within which the living matter of the diatom is found. Diatoms are either found singly where each individual lives in a single box, or found in chains. Diatoms reproduce by dividing in half. One half is attached to the top valve, the other is attached to the bottom valve. Once the division takes place, each half creates a new valve to form another whole. The new valve is secreted in the old valve, therefore the average size of each diatom is reduced with every new generation. It is thought that there are as many as 100,000 species of diatoms currently inhabiting the earth, and they occur in both fresh and saltwater.
Dinoflagellates Dinoflagellates are the other primary form of large phytoplankton with about 2,000 species. Unlike diatoms, dinoflagellates are mobile through the use of a flagella. Also unlike diatoms, they do not have an external skeleton made of silica, however they are protected by cellulose. dinoflagellate - Ceratocorys sp.Dinoflagellates are typically solitary and do not form chains like diatoms. Like the diatom they reproduce through fission. Once divided, each half retains half of the original cellulose armor and replaces the missing half to form a new whole. Some dinoflagellates can produce toxins that are released into seawater. When there are large blooms, a phenomenon known as red tide occurs. In some cases increased levels of dinoflagellate toxin may cause other marine life to die. The symbiotic algae found in many corals, or zooxanthellae, are actually a non-mobile species of dinoflagellate. Dinoflagellates have strong bioluminescence and have been a source of fascination for sailors and other mariners as their ships pass through waves which become lit up by these organisms at night.
Algae Algae are photosynthetic eukaryotes that are either unicellular, colonial, or multicellular. Algae with at least some multicellular members are grouped into two main Empires or Domains (Prokaryota and Eukaryota) and then further down into multiple Kingdoms (e.g., Plantae), Supergroups, Divisions, etc. mainly in the Eukaryota Domain: Phylum Rhodophyta (red algae), Class Phaeophycea (brown algae) and Phyla Chlorophyta and Charophyta (green algae). Red and brown algae species are most commonly marine; green algae are found in abundance in both marine and fresh water.
What is Phytoplankton? What are diatoms made of? Text B Plankton VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT B
What are plankton? What are Zooplankton? Zooplankton VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT C
What are zooplankton? What are holoplankton? Unit 6 Text A Marine biology VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT A
Exercise 103. Translate the following sentences from English into Russian. Biodiversity, marine biology, chemistry, physics, geology, paleontology, geography, clams, scallops, oysters, external covering, crabs, shrimp, lobsters, invertebrate animals, electronic instrumentation, intensity of light, concentrations of dissolved gasses, whales, sharks, tuna, molecular biology, neurobiology, biochemistry, viruses, neckton, backbone, squid, benthic plants, giant kelp, sea grasses. Marine (ocean) biology is the study of the function, biodiversity, and ecology of the animals and plants that live in the ocean. An organism's function is how it lives and grows in its environment. Biodiversity refers to the wide range of species of plants, animals, and microorganisms such as bacteria that live in the ocean. Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms as well as the relationships between organisms and their environment. In order to do their work, marine biologists incorporate information and techniques from a broad range of disciplines, including chemistry, physics, geology (the study of rocks), paleontology (the study of fossils), and geography (the study of locations on Earth). Greek philosopher and natural historian Aristotle (384–322 b.c.e.), is generally regarded as the first marine biologist. Aristotle believed that observation, along with induction and reasoning, would lead to an accurate understanding of the natural world. These pioneering ideas set the stage for the modern scientific method. Aristotle identified, described, and named 24 species of marine worms and crustaceans (animals that have a hard external covering and jointed limbs like crabs, shrimp, lobsters), 40 species of molluscs (clams, scallops, oysters) and echinoderms (a group of invertebrate animals that includes sea stars, sea urchins, and sea cucumbers) and 116 species of fish. He also correctly identified whales and dolphins as mammals (warm-blooded animals that have hair and feed young with milk). Between Aristotle's time and the Renaissance (about 1500 c.e.), very little work was done in marine biology because most people assumed that Aristotle had already accomplished everything. In the sixteenth century, explorers made many important observations about marine life. Alexander von Humboldt (1769–1859) was a German naturalist who journeyed through Central and South America identifying marine animals and plants. British sea captain James Cook (1728–1779) was a renowned explorer who traveled throughout the Pacific describing and identifying marine organisms.In the nineteenth century, work in marine biology became more active. British naturalist Charles Darwin (1809–1882) studied many marine organisms during his travels aboard the H.M.S. Beagle (1831–1836). Darwin's work led to the theory of evolution, a theory that the organisms best suited to their environment live and reproduce to eventually form new species while those not suited to the environment will die. His work also led to a theory of how coral reefs form atolls (a type of island) and to a classification of barnacles (a type of crab that attaches itself to hard surfaces) that is still in use today. Edward Forbes was a British naturalist and one of the first scientists to focus his attention on organisms in the ocean. His azoic theory put forward the idea that there was no life at depths below about 1,800 feet (554 meters). Although this theory was accepted as true for nearly a century, it was later proved to be false. The first large expedition to study life in the ocean was undertaken by the British ship H.M.S. Challenger between 1872 and 1876. The biologists aboard found and described a large number of new marine species. During the twentieth century, great advances in marine biology occurred. Submersible submarines, the Self Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCUBA), and underwater photography allowed scientists to observe life throughout the oceans. Technological advances have led to electronic instrumentation that measure the characteristics of the ocean such as temperature, salinity (saltiness), intensity of light, and concentrations of dissolved gasses that provides important information on the distribution of organisms throughout the oceans. Tracking devices that use satellites (instruments sent into orbit in order to observe Earth) to report the locations of large animals, such as whales, sharks, and tuna, are used to understand migration (travel) patterns. Techniques from the fields of biotechnology (the use of modern equipment and tests to understand biological processes), molecular biology (the study of molecules within cells), neurobiology (the study of nerves), and biochemistry (the study of chemicals that are found in organisms) are used routinely to provide a greater understanding of marine organisms. Marine biology involves the study of all types of organisms that live in the ocean, from the very small to the very large. The patterns and distributions of microscopic organisms called plankton involve one area of research. Plankton include viruses (small molecules like DNA or RNA that have the ability to reproduce when they are in a host), bacteria, phytoplankton (small plants that float in the ocean water) and zooplankton (small animals that float in the ocean). Another focus of marine biology includes the larger animals called neckton that swim through the water. These animals include marine invertebrates (animals without a backbone) such as squid, most species of fish and marine mammals, such as dolphins and whales. Another group of marine organisms are those that live on the ocean floor. These organisms are called benthic and can include animals and plants as well as microorganisms. Some examples of benthic plants include the giant kelp, sea grasses, and algae (plant-like organisms that photosynthesize, but have simpler bodies without veins) that grow on a thin layer on rocks. Many invertebrates are benthic, like corals, sea anemones, sea cucumbers, sea stars, clams, snails, and crabs. A few fish that live close the bottom of the ocean are also consideredbenthic, such as halibut and some gobies. Many microorganisms, like bacteria and protozoans, are found in among the sand and clay at the bottom of the ocean. Exercise 10 4. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. Биологическое разнообразие, морская биология, химия, физика, геология, палеонтология, география, моллюски, гребешки, устрицы, внешний покров, крабы, креветки, омары, беспозвоночные животные, электронные приборы, интенсивность света, концентрация растворенных газов, киты, акулы, тунец, молекулярная биология, нейробиология, биохимия, вирусы, н ектон, кальмары, бентосные растения, гигантские ламинарии, морские травы. Exercise 10 5. Define the term and remember it's definition. Marine biology, benthic plants, paleontology, microorganisms, neckton. Exercise 10 6. Make up collocations using words from both columns.
Exercise 10 7. Translate the following sentences from Russian into English. 1. М орская (океаническая) биология - это изучение функций, биоразнообразия и экологии животных и растений, обитающих в океане. Exercise 10 8. Test yourself by answering these questions and summarize given information. What is ecology? Who was Edward Forbes? 7. What do benthic plants include? Text B Marine Mammals VOCABULARY LIST TO TEXT B
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