Give a short summary of the text.

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Give annotation of the text.

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Use the following:

1. The article (paper, book) deals with...  - эта статья (работа, книга) касается...

2. As the title implies the article describes... - согласно названию в статье описывается...

3. It is specially noted... - особенно отмечается

4. A mention should be made... - упоминается

5. It is spoken in detail... - подробно описывается

6. ... are noted. - упоминаются

7. It is reported... - сообщается

8. The text gives a valuable information on... – текст дает ценную информацию...

9. Much attention is given to... - большое внимание уделяется...

10. The article is of great help to... - эта статья окажет большую помощь...

11. The article is of interest to... - эта статья представляет интерес для...

12. It (the article) gives a detailed analysis of... - она (статья) дает подробный анализ...

13. It draws our attention to... - она (статья, работа) привлекает наше внимание...

14. It should be stressed (emphasized) that... - следует подчеркнуть, что …

15. ... is (are) proposed (examined, discussed). - предлагается (рассматривается, обсуждается).

16. An option permits... - выбор позволяет.

17. etc. - и т.д.

Text 2

Science and Technology

In recent years, scientific and technological developments have drastically changed life on our planet as well as our view both of ourselves as individuals in society and of the Universe as a whole.

Today, science and technology are closely related. Many modern technologies such as nuclear power and space flights depend on science and the application of scientific knowledge and principles. Each advance in pure science creates new opportunities for the development of new ways of making things to be used in daily life. In turn, technology provides science with new and more accurate instruments for its investigation and research.

Technology refers to the ways in which people use discoveries to satisfy needs and desires, to alter the environment, to improve their lives. Throughout human history, men and women have invented tools, machines, materials and techniques, to make their lives easier.

Of course, when we speak of technology today, we are looking at it in a much narrower sense. Generally, we mean industrial technology, or the technology that began about 200 years ago with the development of power-driven machines, growth of the factory system, and mass production of goods that has created the basis for our modern society. Today we often say that we live in an age of science and technology. According to one estimate, 90 % of all the scientists who ever lived, were alive and active in the 1970-s. This increased scientific activity has brought new ideas, processes, and inventions in ever-growing amount.

The scientific revolution that began, in the 16th century was the first time that science and technology began to work together. Thus, Galileo, who made revolutionary discoveries in astronomy and physics, also built an improved telescope and patented a system of lifting water. However, it was not until the 19th century that technology truly was based on science and inventors began to build on the work of scientists. For example, Thomas Edison built on the early experiments of Faraday and Henry in his invention of the first practical system of electrical lighting. So too, Edison carried on his investigations until he found the carbon filament for the electric bulb in a research laboratory.

This was the first true modern technological research In a sense, the history of science and technology is the history of all humankind.

Notes on the Text

science and technology - наука и техника

technology scientific and technological developments - техника, технология достижения науки и техники

to drastically change the life of - резко изменить жизнь

the Universe - Вселенная

to be closely related - быть тесно связанным

nuclear power - атомная энергия

a space flight - космический полет

an application of scientific knowledge and principles - применение научных знаний и принципов

an advance in pure science - прогресс в чистой науке

to create new opportunities for an instrument for investigation and research - создать новые возможности для инструментa исследований

to satisfy needs and desires - для удовлетворения нужд и потребностей

to alter the environment - изменить окружающую среду

to improve one' s life throughout human history - улучшить чью-либо жизнь на всем протяжении истории человечества

to invent tools, machines, materials and techniques - изобретать инструменты, машины, материалы, технологии

to make one's life easier - облегчить чью-либо жизнь

to look at smth. in a narrower sense - посмотреть на что-либо в более узком смысле

industrial technology - промышленная технология

development of power-driven machines - развитие паровых машин

growth of the factory system - рост фабричной системы

mass production of goods - массовое производство товаров

to create the basis for - создать основу для

an age of science and technology - век науки и техники

according to one estimate - по одной оценке

increased scientific activity - возросшая научная активность, деятельность

an invention - изобретение

the scientific revolution - научная революция

to make a revolutionary discovery in - сделать революционное открытие в

astronomy and physics - астрономия и физика

to patent smth. - запатентовать изобретение

to be based on science - основываться на науке

an inventor - изобретатель

to build on the work of scientists - основываться на научных работах

early experiments - ранние эксперименты

electrical lighting - электрическое освещение

to carry on an investigation - проводить исследование

electric bulb - электрическая лампочка

a research laboratory - исследовательская лаборатория

modern technological research - современное научно-техническое исследование

General understanding:

1. What role has scientific and technological development played in man's life? ____

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2. What proves mat science and technology are closely related today? ____________

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3. What does the term «technology» refer to? ________________________________

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4. What does the term «industrial technology» mean? _________________________

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5. How is scientific activity in the 1970-ies estimated? ________________________

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6. What facts prove that the scientific revolution of the 16th century was the first time that science and technology began to work together? __________________________

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7. What was the first true modern technological research? ______________________

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8. How can the history of humankind be described? ___________________________

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9. What events from the history have you known? ____________________________

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10. Give your attitude to the science and technology of the present. ______________

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Exercises

1. Complete the sentences:

1. Scientific and technological developments have drastically changed____________

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2. Many modern technologies depend on science and the application of___________

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3. Each advance in pure science creates new opportunities for___________________

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4. Technology refers to the ways in which___________________________________

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5. People have invented tools to make______________________________________

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6. We mean industrial technology, or the technology that began about 200 years ago with_________________________________________________________________

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7. Today we often say that_______________________________________________

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8. 90 % of all the scientists who ever lived__________________________________

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9. The scientific revolution that___________________________________________

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10. Thomas Edison built on the early experiments of__________________________

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2. Match Russian and English equivalents:

Science, technology, the Universe, nuclear power, to alter, the environment, industrial technology, modern, technological research, electrical lighting, an inventor, the scientific revolution, a space flight, electric bulb, astronomy, physics, the work of scientists, in a narrower sense, investigation, research, a revolutionary discovery, scientific activity.

Научная деятельность, технология, технологическое исследование, электрическое освещение, Вселенная, наука, атомная энергия, промышленная технология, изобретатель, научная революция, революционное открытие, электрическая лампочка, современный, изменить, космический полет, окружающая среда, астрономия, работа ученого, физика, в более узком смысле, исследование, расследование.

1______________________________2______________________________3______________________________4______________________________5______________________________6______________________________7______________________________8______________________________9______________________________10_____________________________11_____________________________12_____________________________13_____________________________14_____________________________15_____________________________16_____________________________17_____________________________18_____________________________19_____________________________20_____________________________21_____________________________22______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

3. Replace the words and expressions in brackets by their English analogues, translate into Russian:

1. James Watt was a Scottish (изобретатель) ______________and mechanical (инженер) _____________, known for his improvements of the steam (двигатель) ___________.

2. He worked as a mathematical-instrument maker from the age of 19 and soon became interested in improving the steam (двигатель) ______________which was used at that time to (качать насосом) ____________________out water from mines.

3. Watt determined the properties of steam and designed a separate condensing chamber for the (паровой двигатель) ______________________that prevented large losses of steam in the cylinder.

4. Watt's first patent, in 1769, covered this (устройство) _____________and other improvements on steam engine.

5. Watt continued his (исследование) _______________________and patented several other important (изобретения)________________, including the rotary (двигатель) _________________for driving various types of (машинное оборудование)____________________; the double-action (двигатель)______________, in which (пар) ______________is admitted alternately into both ends of the cylinder; and the steam indicator, which records the steam pressure in the engine.

6. He retired from the firm in 1800 and thereafter devoted himself entirely to (исследовательская работа) _______________________________.

7. The misconception that Watt was the actual (изобретатель) ______________of the (паровой двигатель) ______________________arose from the fundamental nature of his contributions to its (развитие) ______________________.

8. The centrifugal or fly ball (управление) _________________, which he invented in 1788, and which automatically regulated the speed of an engine, is of particular interest today.

9. It embodies the feedback principle of a servomechanism, linking output to input, which is the basic concept of (автоматизация) ____________________.

10. The watt, the unit of (энергия) _______________, was named in his honor.

4. Translate into English:

1. За последние годы наши взгляды на жизнь на Земле, на человека как личность, на Вселенную резко изменились.

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2. Современная техника зависит от достижений в области чистой науки.

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3. Техника дает науке более точные инструменты исследования.

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4. Развитие науки делает возможным использование открытий для удовлетворения нужд и потребностей человека и улучшения его жизни.

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5. На всем протяжении истории человечества люди изобретали инструменты, машины, материалы, технологии и изменяли окружающую среду.

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6. Техника в более узком смысле означает промышленную технику, создавшую основу современного общества.

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7. Современная техника началась с паровых машин, развития фабричной системы и массового производства товаров.

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8. Научная революция, начавшаяся в XVI веке, вызвала появление новых идей, открытий и изобретений.

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9. Только в XIX веке техника стала действительно основываться на работах ученых.

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10. Первым действительно научно-техническим исследованием было исследование Фарадея.

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11. История человеческого общества - это, в некотором смысле, - история  развития науки и техники.

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5. Try to explain what do the following statements mean:

1. Scientific and technological developments have drastically changed life on our planet.

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2. Today, science and technology are closely related.

_________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________3. Technology refers to the ways in which people use discoveries to satisfy needs and desires.

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4. When we speak of technology today, we are looking at it in a much narrower sense.

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5. The scientific revolution was the first time that science and technology began to work together.

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6. Translate the sentences:

1. Science is important to most people living in the modern world for a number of reasons. _____________________________________________________________

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2. In particular, science is important to world peace and understanding, to the understanding of technology, and to our understanding of die world. _____________

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3. Science is important to world peace in many ways. _________________________

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4. On one hand, scientists have helped to develop many of the modern took of war.

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5. On the other hand, they have also helped to keep the peace through research which has improved life for people. _____________________________________________

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6. Scientists have helped us understand the problem of supplying the world with enough energy; may have begun to develop a number of solutions to the energy problem - for example, using energy from the sun and from the atom. ____________

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7. Scientists have also analyzed the World's resources. ________________________

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8. We can begin to learn to share the resources with the knowledge provided to us by science. _____________________________________________________________

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9. Science studies the Universe and how to use its possibilities for the benefit of men.

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10. Science is also important to everyone who is affected by modern technology. ___

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11. Many of the things that make our lives easier and better are the results of advances in technology and, if the present patterns continue, technology will affect us even more in the future than it does now. ___________________________________

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12. In some cases, such as technology for taking salt out of ocean water, technology may be essential for our lives on Earth. ____________________________________

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13. The study of science also provides people with an understanding of natural worlds. ______________________________________________________________

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14. Scientists are learning to predict earthquakes, are continuing to study many other natural events such as storms. ____________________________________________

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15. Scientists are also studying various aspects of human biology and the origin and developments of the human race. _________________________________________

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16. The study of the natural world may help improve life for many people all over the world. _______________________________________________________________

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17. A basic knowledge of science is essential for everyone. _____________________

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18. It helps people to find their way in the changing world. _____________________

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7. Fill the gaps with the proper words:

Technology refers to the ways in which ___________________________ use discoveries to satisfy ___________________, to alter the ____________________, to improve their lives. Throughout _____________________, men and women have invented tools, ___________________, materials and _____________, to make their lives ____________.

Of course, when we speak of __________________ today, we are looking at it in a much _________________ sense. Generally, we mean _______________________, or the technology that began about ________ years ago with the _________________ of power-driven _____________, growth of the __________________, and mass __________________ of goods that has created the ____________________ for our modern _______________. Today we often say that we live in an ___________________ and technology. According to one estimate, 90 % of all the __________________ who ever lived, were alive and active in the ________________________. This increased _____________________ has brought new ideas, __________________________, and inventions in ever-growing amount.