History of the development of phraseology

Gabriele Knappe gives a quick look at the history of phraseology. Phraseology is a scholarly approach to language which developed in the twentieth century. It took its start when Charles Bally's notion of locutions phraseologiques entered Russian lexicology <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicology> and lexicography <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lexicography> in the 1930s and 1940s and was subsequently developed in the former Soviet Union and other Eastern European countries. From the late 1960s on it established itself in (East) German linguistics but was also sporadically approached in English linguistics, too. The earliest English adaptations of phraseology are by Weinreich (1969; within the approach of transformational grammar <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transformational_grammar>), Arnold (1973), and Lipka (1974). In Great Britain as well as other Western European countries, phraseology has steadily been developed over the last twenty years. The activities of the European Society of Phraseology (EUROPHRAS) and the European Association for Lexicography (EURALEX) with their regular conventions and publications attest to the prolific European interest in phraseology. With regard to bibliographical publications, the voluminous bibliography by Joachim Lengert (1998-1999) is an inventory of studies on phraseology (in a wide sense) in Romance philology “from the beginning until 1997". It comprises 17,433 titles. Bibliographies of recent studies on English and general phraseology are included in Welte (1990) and specially collected in Cowie/Howarth (1996) whose bibliography is reproduced and continued on the internet and provides a rich source of the most recent publications in the field.is a science, abaut phraseological units, which are firm word combinations with complicated semantical structure.linguist, Professor E.D.Polivanov, first put the question abaut phraseologies as a linguistical disipline. He considered that phraseology “ will occupy firm position (like phonetics, morphologies etc.) in linguistical literature in future-when in consequent stating the varied problems our science is deprived, will be acasual gap’’.works of V. V. Vinagradov promoted the appearance a numerous works on phraseologies in different languages. Such accumulation of systematized facts is one of the premises of the creation of phraseology as a linguistical discipline.in separation of phraseology as a separate linguistical discipline belongs to the former science.forming the the phrase, the human factors plays an enormous role, sience suppressing majority of phraseolgical units are connected with human being, with varied sphere of his actuvity. Phraseological units fill the lexical system of the language, which cannot completely provide the description of human activity, and in most cases are single indication of human, characteristics, his actuvities, conditions situatuons etc. phraseology is a treasure of the language. The reflections of the histiry and folkore are found in phraseological units, originality of its culture and the way of living. A phraseological unit often carries brightly national nature or color.as a science reveals the pecularities of rhe praseological units and defines their place among the other units of the language. In addition, semantic, structual,grammatical, expressive-stylistic characteristics of phraseological unit, peculiarities of their use, classification, consideration sources of the ways of the renewing the phraselogical fund of the language are studied. The tasks of the historical phraseology are the study of their origin, also studying various changes of semantics, structure, lexical compositsion, stylistic characteristics of phraseological units. The phraseological units are accepted as a firm word combination. As a special type of language unit, phraseological unit possess specific features and as structual division, contancy of components, nature of gramatical stucture, equivalence to the word.the phraseological units are higher than a word, have a dismembered structure, and divided on components. Phraseolgical units are formally correlative with word. For phraseolgical units constancy of component and stability of “lexical’’ composition is typical. Each phraseolgical unit is gramatically structured. It falls into one or another gramatical categery and depending on this possesses full or incomplete set of the paradigmatic forms.unit is more compkex language unit, than word, in structural and in semantic spheres. However, for majority of them functional vicinty to word is characteristic. Semantic wholeness is a constancy of components. The structure of the phraseological units defines other important particularity of the phraseolgical unit approaching them with. This means that in system of the language they exist as ready made units that is they are not made in speech process, but are extracted from memory and are used in that lexical meanings, grammatical forms and functions, which are to express.phraseological units, it is possible to emphasize two groups, sayings and proverbs. Mono semantics is typical for proverbs. The polysemies of proverbs do not exist in English.phraseological combinations, including saying and proverbs, are used as expressive means of the language. If they have some changes, than they act as a stylistic device. These changes of the form can be of different nature: from cut-in of on determination in combination to full destruction of phraseological unit and reconstruction main, direct meaning in phraseological joining.by, phraseological unit is reproducible phrase in speech; which have its own meanings,constant components and grammatical structure, more often equivalent of a word.are vastly more complex units, than a word. The particularities of the phraseologies are thir differentiation from variable combinations of the words, analysis of their meanings.structure of the phraseological units is formed with interaction of their lexical components. We sall compare some words in free uae and in composition of the phrase. Therefore, variable word-combination show one’s face means, “показать свое лицо”. In process, word-combination gains the meaning “появится”

= move + nearer (into view).

many components of the semantic structure of the word the word show (bring forward, expose, exhibit to view, produce for inspection, allow tobe seen, appear and etc) there is a component corresponding meaning of the word appear completely falls into semantic structure of the unit ‘show one’s face.’ In meaning face (front of head, from forehead to chin,outward show, aspet) also comes to light the potentional meaning “show” and potential meaning “движения” and “направления и движения”: face- front part of anyting- main entrance (coming/moving/or going in/nearer). As you can see, potential meaning of the word show and face are transformed in the main and differential meaning of the phraseological unit. The metaphoric re- interpreted wprd-combination due to its internal image has gained the connotational meaning, in paticular colloquial coloring and ironic estimation: and it’s God blessing he came too, what with you, afraid to show face down at the Post Office.other example: phrase give smb the slip means, “сбежатъ, покинутъ без предупреждения” (escape =move + away + from smb+ unexpectedly)many components of the semantic structure of the word, give (hand over bestow, render, grant, deliver, put forth oneself) there is component “from”, meaning removing (the potential meaning of the word give and differential meaning of the phraseological unit).semantic structure of the word slip and main maening of the phraseological unit, importance of the phrase was formed because of recomprehension of the word - combination, in which has occurred the redistribution of the meaning: familiar - colloquial stylistic coloring, irony or disapproval:to give us the slip, was ye, you pup!semantic analysis prove that in base to making phraseology, can lie any semantic sign of the subject or phenomena surrounding reality, finding the reflection in semantic structure as word-combinations as a whole, or separate words. Connotational and functional stylistic meanings are defined by contents of the internal image of the phrase, as well as by the nature of the semantic shift in it.process of making phraseological units, word-combinations may change their meaning.full understanding the specifics of phraseological meaning, it is important to distinguish not only internal semantic connections, but also structual-syntactical ones. Peculiarity of these connection. The comparision of the semantic structures of the contraposition, subservience, inconsistency (were used definitions of phraseological and explanatory dictionaries). For intance: to drag one’s feet - move (meaning) + along (the differential meaning ‘направление движения“), (the semantic component “вперед”) + by foot (the differential maening “ способ перемешения”), (the semantic component “ пешком” + very (the differential meaning “усиления действия”), (the semantic component “крайней степени” + slowly (the differential meaning “темп”) (the semantic component “медлителность” + from tiredness (the potential meaning “физическое состояниеб движущегося лица при перемещении”) (the semantic component “усталость”) + functional stylistics meaning (literal bookish) + connotational meanning of “ экспрессивность”.only paradigma tic connections cannot completetly open essence of phraseological meaning. For phraseological unit it is important to study whole complex of the syntagmatic connections. The big part of phraseological units, as is known, is homonymous to word-combination on structure, which they are built. So it is very important to study the interaction of the phrase and context. Only realization in speech gives the true notion about particularity of the using the phrase, nature of its meaning. Semantical connection not only are taken into account,but also connections of the indecation i.e. connection between sign and detonate. These connections are complex and changeable, since at expression of the thoughts in speech same detonate can be marked differently (flee - show the heels to smb. cut and run etc.) On the other hand, the same indication (the sign) can mark different denotate.study of the external phraseological connections helps to distinguish the true Semantic contents one same indications. We shall consider the phrase stretch one’s legs:sat down and streched his legs out on another chair ¹Alderman got out, as he said, to stretch his legs up the hill ², in the first example “sat down” and “out on another chair” show that we deal with variable word-combination “вытянуть ноги”, in the second - “got out” and “up the hill” prove phraseological peculiarity of the phrase - “прогуляться, размять ноги”. It is obviously homonymous phenomena.development of the polysemy of the phraseological units reveals itself in expansion of combinabilty mainly. Semantic and dialectical associations of the broad abstract notion with concrete figurative notion give the phraseological units a possibility to realize carrying of its name on different subjects and phenomena within one notion. However, this creates the possibility in new contextual condition to find new meaning or its tone on the base of the same image. If change of the contents of the phrase occurs within the notion on the same level of the abstractions, than appears only coloring of importance. We shall compare two sentences with phrase make headway - move along (with difficulty) (“продвигаться вперед” с трудом продвигаться вперед):sudden fear struck him and he turned half against the current fighting with every reserve of streight to hold his position and at the same time make same head-way.the meanwhile we had been making headway at a good pace.Pointers “ fighting, streight ” in the context of the first sentence realizes the meaning“ c трудом продвигаться вперед ”, word “ at a good pace”, in the second sentence removes the semantic tone “ c трудом ” in “ make haedway”, etc. potencial meaning “ преодоление препятствия ” can sometimes actualize under attention of the speech situation. The phrase increases its that brihgs to the expansion of its semantics.paradigmatic features and syntagmatic connection of phraseological units witnesses of close interaction of these connections on phraseological level.paradigmatic consideration of meaning of phraseological units, whole semantic structure is taken into account, the total complex of differental meaning, connotational functional-stylistic and disturbutional signs, either as their place in corresponding semantical places. Syntagmatics realizes only one meaning of the phraseological unit or tone of its meaning. In syntagmatic plan phraseological unit is characterized only as member of one synonymous row and semantic field.of the external phraseological connections brings to the change of the paradigmatic connections of the phraseologica unit, to gain its new meaning., phraseological unit can become the member of the various semantical-phraseological paradigms. All this witnesses the systematized peculiarities of phraseological unit, about potential ability to constant developmentand renewing the phraseological fund of the language.with separate words speakers use larger blocks functioning as whole (consisting › 1 word). In any language there are certain restrictions imposed upon co-occurence of words.can be connected with linguistic factors or the ties in the extra-linguistic reality.

types of lexical combinability of words:

) Free combination Grammatical properties of words are the main factor of their combinability

Ex.: I’m talking to you. You are writing.combinations permit substitution of any of its elements without semantic change of the other element.

Collocations

Ex.: to commit a murder& butternightskydayare the habitual associations of a word in a language with other particular words. Speakers become accustomed to such collocations.often they are related to the referential & situational meaning of words.Sometimes there are collocations, which are removed from the reference to extra-linguistic reality. (collocations involving, colour words)

Ex.: to be green with jealousyrevolution

3) Idioms are also collocations, because they consist of several words that tend to be used together, but the difference - we can’t guess the meaning of the whole idiom from the meanings of its parts.criterion is called the degree of semantic isolation.In different types of idioms - it is different.

Ex.: to cry a blue murder = to complain loudly