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By heart

 

2. Universities ________ students on the results of entrance exams.

Admit

 

3. The teacher’s kind words ________ children to work more and better.

Encouraged

 

4. If you need to ________ teacher’s attention, just put your hand up.

Attract

 

5. College education in the USA is aimed at the development of ______ skills.

Vocational

 

6. The teacher will assess your paper only after you ________ it.

Submit

 

7. Not all British students study _______ at university or college as many of them combine their studies and work.

Full time

 

8. I was really pleased that I managed to ________ the exam.

Pass

 

9. I passed the exam, but I am still waiting to get my …

Certificate

 

10. If the examiner can’t make sense of your writing, you’ll get a low ____________.

Mark

 

11. It’s important for each student to get ________ experience of work.

Practical

 

12. Success in one _______ doesn’t influence another.

Subject

 

13. His ________ on tests did not allow him to go on with studies.

Scores

 

14. I would like to know what __________ taught are required in your country.

Qualifications

 

 

15. At the end of program of instruction the teacher must _______ its results before moving to the next cycle of teaching events.

Assess

 

№ 2 ДЕЛОВАЯЛЕКСИКА

 

1. He is a manager and he has to _______ with any complaint.

Deal

 

2. Bids had to be in by 6.00 and we put ours in ten minutes before the __________.

Deadline

 

3. His advice on investing the money was _______________.

Valuable

 

4. We did badly in the Japanese market so eventually we decided to cut our _______ and stop.

Losses

 

5. On looking through the report I see that your ______ are way over your budget.

Expenses

 

6. The company made a public _______ that the prices would decrease.

Announcement

 

7. They touched upon a wide _______ of subjects in their conversation.

Range

 

8. She became a full-time member of _______ last year.

Staff

 

9. Have you had any news about that ________ you applied for yet?

Job

 

10. Their accounts were _______, they had been fooling the customers for years.

Phoney

 

11. Our income is low so we're going to have to _______ budgets in every single department.

Reduce

 

12. They managed to buy the equipment for less than the asking …

Price

 

13. The _______ for this position starts at?30,000 per year.

Salary

 

14. I think you will _______ from getting a new job.

Benefit

 

15. Shelley disagreed with the board’s decision and so she _______ and went to work for another company.

Resigned

 

№ 3 ПРОФЕССИОНАЛЬНАЯЛЕКСИКА

 

1. These devices contain electric circuits through which electric current …

Flows

 

2. Physics is a science based upon exact …

Measurements

 

3. One of the most significant branches of contemporary physics is the study of the fundamental ________ constituents of matter, the elementary particles.

Subatomic

 

4. The International decimal system of _______ and measures is based on the metre and kilogram.

Weights

 

5. Nanomaterials are excellent filters for _______ heavy metals and other pollutants from industrial wastewater.

Trapping

 

6. Electronics is concerned with the use of electricity to produce signals that ________ information and control devices such as computers.

Carry

 

7. A transducer designed to transmit or receive electromagnetic waves is a (an) …

Aerial

 

8. Most types of energy can ______ one form to another.

Switchfrom

 

9. Materials which do not allow the transmission of light are called …

Opaque

 

10. Nowadays communications tend to use optical fibres to _______ light signals from lasers and LEDs.

Transmit

 

 

№ 4 ТЕРМИНЫ (ДЕФИНИЦИИ)

 

1. A material with electrical conductivity between that of a conductor and an insulator is a ….

Semiconductor

 

2. The long-distance transmission of written messages without physical transport of letters

Telegraphy

 

3. A form of energy that transfers from one object or body to another if there is a difference in temperature between the two is …

Heat

 

4. The measurement of the rate and direction of change in position of an object is …

Velocity

 

5. The number of waves produced per second is …

Frequency

 

6. The force that you exert on the Earth as a result of gravity acting on your body is …

Weight

 

7. The rate at which electrical energy is transferred by an electric circuit is …

Electricpower

 

8. A passive electrical component that can store energy in a magnetic field created by the electric current passing through is a (an) …

Inductor

 

9. A particle without substructure being one of the basic building blocks of the universe from which all other particles are made is a (an) …

Fundamentalparticle

10. The change in velocity over time is …

Acceleration

 

11. A laser is a device for ________ ordinary light into an intense narrow beam.

Сonverting

 

12. A device or process that removes from a signal some unwanted component is …

Filter

 

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 5 Словообразование

 

1. The scientists said that they had an announcement of international …

Importance

 

2. The man we interviewed for the job was ________ but we weren’t very impressed with his appearance.

Intelligent

 

3. Wales is a part of the UK, so one can’t really call it ________ country.

An independent

 

4. London is home to one of the United Kingdom’s most important ______, the Queen.

Residents

 

5. London is popular with foreigners, who visit the city in order to see many of its ______ buildings and tourist attractions.

Famous

 

6. He was ________ and wore decent clothes.

Educated

 

7. In all the countryside there was no garden so _______ as his.

Lovely

 

8. We all watched __________ as Mark made his speech of thanks.

Nervously

 

9. How many means of __________ do you use on a regular basis?

Communication

10. Doing sports can really __________ your muscles.

Strengthen

 

 

МестоименияЗАДАНИЕ N 6

1. There were ______ interesting people at the party last night.

no

 

2. It is more shameful to distrust one’s friends than to be deceived by …

Them

 

3. I can hear a noise; I think _______ is outside.

Somebody

 

 

4. Do you want to spread _______ honey on your slice of bread?

a little

 

5. Unfortunately, ______ knew the history of this ancient town.

Nobody

 

6. This is Mary Simpson. She’s the girl _______ works with me.

Who

 

7. Thank you for the offer, but I think I’ll use __________ own book.

my

 

8. I saw a ticket on the floor next to a couple of tourists and asked them if it was …

Theirs

 

9. There aren’t ______ easy ways of learning languages.

Any

 

10. Sam telephoned but there was ______ at home.

Nobody

11. This is a book _______ is definitely going to be a bestseller.

Which

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 7 Степени сравнения прилагательных и наречий

 

1. That was ________ meal I’ve had for a long time.

The most delicious

 

2. If the problem gets any ________, we may need to inform the manager about it.

More serious

 

3. My new job is ______ than the old one. I work fewer hours and earn more.

Far better

 

4. Unfortunately, travelling is becoming …

More and more expensive

 

5. Life is getting …

Harder and harder

 

6. Out of all the students in my music school, I practise …

Most often

7. I am sorry I’m late. I got here as ________ as I could.

Fast

 

8. The city centre was not so _________ as usual.

Crowded

 

9. The more electricity you use, ________ your bill will be.

The higher

 

10. Some old laws are no longer …

Effective

 

11. Veronica seems _________ since she moved schools.

Happier

 

12. Youlook ______ today!

Great

 

ЗАДАНИЕN 8 Существительное

1. There are not many ________ in our educational establishments.

Men-teachers

2. The staff of our hospital includes qualified …

Women-doctors

 

3. The money _______ to him.

Belongs

 

4. They offered me the job because I had much …

Experience

 

5. Bad news _______ people happy.

Doesn’t make

 

6. I advise you to visit my …

Father-in-law’s library

 

7. He had ________ holiday last summer.

A month’s

 

8. I don’t like very hot weather. Thirty degrees _______ too warm for me.

is

 

9. Ten miles ________ a long way to ride.

is

 

10. Do you think the police _______ well-paid?

Are

 

11. The police _______ little information about the robbery.

Have

 

12. The Russian people _______ invincible.

is

 

13. All _______ of the world should be peaceful.

Peoples

 

14. There are special schools for _________ in our country.

The blind

 

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 9 Артикли

1. Reports are coming in of a major oil spill in …

TheMediterranean

2. Show me ________ on this map, please.

TheCanary Islands

 

 

3. St. Bernard dogs are named after a monastery high up in …

TheAlps

 

4. They used to spend their summer holidays in …

TheCrimea

 

5. I can’t get through to …

The Johnsons

 

6. You could buy ________ at $500 in those days.

A Picasso

 

7. English is not ________ language spoken in Great Britain.

The only

 

8. Porcelain was first made by …

The Chinese

 

 

9. The other day Dad was invited to ________ to see the headmaster.

The school

10. Coffee isn’t popular in England, ________ prefer tea.

The English

11.You can easily find that place. There’s ________ in the middle of the square.

A monument

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 10 Предлоги

1. They discussed, ________ other things, recent events in Europe.

Among

 

2. Who is responsible ________ dealing with complaints?

For

 

3. It was very stupid ________ him to make such a silly mistake.

of

 

4. You were rude ________ him for no reason.

to

 

5. Walk ________ the station, but turn right a couple of blocks before you get there.

Towards

 

 

6. Mary hasn’t seen her distant relatives ________ three years.

For

 

 

7. The train is to arrive ________ a quarter of an hour.

in

 

8. There’s a regular air-service ________ those two cities.

Between

 

 

9. They should arrive ________ the airport in about an hour.

at

 

 

10. We should arrive _______ Paris at six in the morning.

in

 

11. Tom’s away at the moment. He’s _______ holiday in France.

on

ЗАДАНИЕ N 11 Союзы

1. I wouldn’t worry ________ I’m not bothered.

As long as

2. Can you turn off the light _______ you go out, please?

as

3. Choose an author ________ you choose a friend.

as

4. Few people like him _______ of his bad manners.

Because

5. Christine and Andrew knew happiness, _________ they were so poor.

Though

6. The guests had arrived _________ the rain began to fall.

Before

7. She is going to take some chocolate ________ she gets hungry.

In case

8. She wouldn’t forgive him ________ all his apologies.

Despite

9. I’ll never forgive you ________ you tell this to anybody.

if

10. Children are allowed to use the swimming pool _______ they are with an adult.

Provided

11. After a long, tiring day _______ Maria _______ Paula do very much in the evening.

neither … nor

12. I can’t give you a definite answer ________ I get a letter from them.

Until

13. He speaks English perfectly ________ he has never been to England.

Though

Задание 12 Тема: Глагол и его формы

 

1. I haven’t been able to see Mr Brown because when I eventually found his office he _______ to lunch with some foreign visitors.

Had gone

 

2. Mr Harrison said that he _______ again.

Would call

 

3. I slipped away while the others …

Were having lunch

 

4. I _______ over the phone for a whole hour when the porter knocked at the door.

Had been talking

 

5. He has been doing exercises since five o’clock and he _______ ten so far.

Has done

 

6. He will be late for the train if he _______ at once.

Doesn’t start

 

7. What _______ doing since you returned from school? Your homework isn’t ready.

Have you been

 

8. I _______ English for the last two years but I can’t speak it yet.

Havebeenstudying

9. By the time we all returned from holiday father and Bob _______ redecorating the kitchen.

Had finished

10. If you _______ to see Judie, ask her to phone me.

Happen

 

 

Задание 13 Тема: Страдательныйзалог

1. This story is worth reading. Who wrote it? – It _______ by Jack London.

Was written

 

2. Shall I send the letter? – No, don’t worry about it. It …

Has already been sent

 

3. The son and heir of the monarch _______ the title «Prince of Wales».

Is given

 

4. Most of Shakespeare’s plays _______ in London.

Were written

 

5. At the airport we _______ by the immigration officer.

Were questioned

 

6. Their car is at the garage. It _______ now.

Is being repaired

7. The hall _______ before the academic year began.

Had been painted

 

8. We can’t give refunds on articles of clothes that …

Have been worn

9. Though the report lasted for a long time, the speaker _______ to with great attention.

Was listened

Задание 14 Тема: Неличныеформыглагола

1. Isawhim ________ herhandkerchief.

Pick up

 

2. Many film stars now hire bodyguards because they want …

Protecting

 

3. Before ________ anything you should ask the price.

Buying

 

4. He left the shop without _______ so he was accused of stealing.

Paying

 

5. He is clever enough _______ the crossword.

To do

 

6. This house wants …

Painting

 

7. Many film stars now hire bodyguards because they want …

Protecting

 

8. He knew himself _______ strong enough to take part in the expedition.

To be

 

9. No one even tries to make these children _________ well.

Behave

10. The newspapers are luckily _________ talking at any time.

To start

11. The train _________ in a minute later, the two brothers parted.

Coming

ЗАДАНИЕ N 15Тема: Фразовые глаголы

1. He turned _____at the very end of the party when nobody expected him to appear.

up

 

 

2. Police are looking _______ the robbery in Oxford Street that happened last week.

Into

3. He gave _____ the idea of convincing her. It was useless.

up

 

4. The customs officer went through their bags looking _______ drugs.

For

 

 

5. He eventually managed to come _______ a solution.

Up with

 

6. Her secret was given _______ by her friend by mistake.

Away

 

 

7. Without my glasses I can hardly make ________ the words on this page.

Out

 

 

8. I hope nobody disturbs me; my favourite television programme will be ______ in five minutes.

Off

 

 

9. I was taken _______ when I heard she’d married him. She’d never loved him.

Aback

 

10. He's going to _______ that job offer and move to the office in London.

Take up

 

11. You can _________ in a dictionary if you don’t know what it means.

Look up

 

12. Sue was offered a job of a translator but she …

Turned down

 

13. We fastened our seatbelts and soon the plane took …

Off

 

14. Martin is happy at his job because he can _________ with people.

Get on

 

 

15. The professor being ill, the lecture was …

Putoff

 

ЗАДАНИЕN 16 Тема: Модальныеглаголы

 

1. They ________ go to the theatre together because Nelly had agreed to baby-sit for them.

Were able to

 

 

2. I bought everything we need yesterday so I ________ go shopping today.

Don’t have to

 

 

3. Mary ________ use the dictionary when she reads Spanish books. She knows Spanish very well.

Doesn’t have to

 

4. Quite luckily, Nick’s departure was delayed by one day and so we ________ to spend one more evening together.

Were able

 

 

5. Aren’t you afraid we have too little petrol? – So what? It’s so close from here that we ________ use the car.

Needn’t

 

6. Headmaster to student: «That was terrible behaviour! You ________ apologize to your history teacher».

Must

 

7. We ________ to hurry or we’ll be late.

Ought

 

8. He speaks French like a Frenchman, he _________ by an excellent teacher.

Must have been taught

9. The forecast says it’ll rain. You _________ take your umbrella.

Should

 

 

10. We ________ pay for the tickets as Fiona won them in a competition.

Didn’t have to

 

 

11. Yes, of course you ________ open the window if you’re too hot!

Can

 

12. We couldn’t find a hotel room, so we ________ sleep in the car. It was awful!

Had to

 

 

13. I suppose we really ________ to book our ferry tickets in advance.

Ought

 

 

14. You ________ wash the car. The paint is still wet.

Mustn’t

 

 

ЗАДАНИЕ17 Тема: Бытовая сфера

Выберите реплику, наиболее соответствующую ситуации общения.

1.Guest: «It was a lovely party!»

Hostess: «_______________». I am glad you enjoyed it. You are welcome!

 

2.Friend 1: «Will you come and see me tonight».

Friend 2: «________________». Not sure I’ll make it.

 

3.A: «Can I give you a lift?»

B: «_______________». Yes, please.

 

4. Passer-by 1: «Am I going in the right direction?»

Passer-by 2: «__________________». Oh yes!

 

5.Passer-by 1: «Am I going in the right direction?»

Passer-by 2: «__________________». Oh yes!

 

6.A: «Would you like a cup of hot tea?»

B: «__________». I’d love to.

 

7.A: «Many happy returns of the day, Mary! Here’s your birthday present».

B: «__________________». Thanks a lot. I’m very grateful to you!

 

8.Mother: «Is anything the matter?»

Son: «__________». Quite well really.

 

 

9.A: «Would you wait half an hour, please?»

B: «____________». All right.

 

10.Wife: «Could you do some shopping?»

Husband: «_______________». Rightaway.

 

 

ЗАДАНИЕ18 Тема: Профессионально-деловая сфера

Выберите реплику, наиболее соответствующую ситуации общения.

 

1.Director General: «The results of your department are not so good as it was expected».

Manager: «_______________».

 

Sorry to hear that. We will do our best to improve the situation.

 

2.A: «I’m calling for Mr Jones from Advertising».

B: «_______________».

 

ЗАДАНИЕ 19 Тема: Учебно-социальная сфера

Выберите реплику, наиболее соответствующую ситуации общения.

1.Student: «Can I have a look at your notes?»

Student: «___________».

 

Thank you for advising me.

 

3.Student A.: «Could you give me your dictionary for a few hours?»

Student B.: «_______________».

 

Here it is.

 

4.Professor: «You’d better not miss my lectures».

Student: «___________».

 

I’ll do my best.

 

5.Professor: «Revise Chapter 5 before testing».

Student: «_______________».

 

Thank you. Of course, I will!

 

6.Teacher 1: «_______________».

Teacher 2: «I’ll think it over».

 

I think you should reconsider your position.

 

7.Student: «I wonder if you could give me some information».

Librarian: «_______________».

 

ЗАДАНИЕ20 Тема: Социально-деловая сфера

Выберите реплику, наиболее соответствующую ситуации общения.

1.Receptionist: «Good evening, Madam. Can I help you?»

Guest: «_____________?» My name is Saunders. I have a reservation.

 

2.Customer: «A table for two, please».

Receptionist: «_______________». I’m afraid that’s not possible, sir.

 

3.Agent: «British Railways. Can I help you?»

Customer: «______________».

ЗАДАНИЕ N 21 Тема: Великобритания

 

1. The famous Battle of Trafalgar which resulted in the victory of the British fleet and the death of the national hero Admiral Nelson was fought in …

Spain

 

 

2. The chairman in the House of Commons of Great Britain is the …

Speaker

 

 

3. A stage through which a bill has to go before it becomes an Act of the British Parliament is called …

Reading

 

 

4. Stonehenge is a (an) ______ which is located in Britain.

Prehistoric monument

 

5. The _______ was built by William the Conqueror in 1078.

Tower of London

 

6. The Queen gives a speech about the state of the British nation every year on …

Christmas Day

 

 

7. One of the most popular, very slow and long English summer games played on a green field by two teams of eleven players each is called …

Cricket

 

 

8. The collective decision-making body of Her Majesty's Government in the United Kingdom, composed of the Prime Minister and some 22 Cabinet Ministers is called …

The Cabinet

 

 

9. The largest city in Britain which will host the Summer Olympics in 2012 is …

London

 

 

10. The capital of Northern Ireland is …

Belfast

 

 

11. The Irish Sea separates Great Britain from …

Ireland

 

12. The part of the UK which had been an independent state and was joined to Britain in 1707, after a long struggle for its independence is …

Scotland

 

 

13. The plant (flower) – symbol of peace in Great Britain is a …

Poppy

 

14. The part of the UK which is officially bilingual is …

Wales

 

 

15. The Palace which has never been the official London residence of the English Sovereigns is …

The Palace of Holyroodhouse

 

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 22 США

 

1. The building where the US Congress meets is called the …

Capitol

 

2. The highest peak of the USA, Mount McKinley, is located in …

Alaska

 

3. The river on which Washington D.C. is situated is the …

Potomac

 

4. The main industry of Washington D. C. is …

Government

 

5. The American astronaut who was the first to step on the surface of the Moon is …

Armstrong

6. There are ______ main political parties in the USA.

Two

 

7. The two major parties in the US are the …

On the east and west coasts

 

9. The Beaver State is a nick name for …

Oregon

 

10. The state named after Queen Elizabeth I is …

Virginia

 

11. The most recent state to join the USA was …

Hawaii

 

12. In the USA the executive branch is headed by the …

President

 

13. As the Americans are made up from nearly all races and nations the USA is often called the …

«melting pot»

 

 

ЗАДАНИЕ N 23 Тема: Канада

1. Lady of the Snows is another name for …

Vancouver

2. Canada’s two national sports are …

Lacrosse and ice hockey

 

3. Canada’s official national sport in summer is …

Lacrosse

 

4. Canada is one of the world’s leading ________ producers and exporters.

Wheat

 

5. The slogan associated with Canada's constitution is …

Toronto

 

 

7. The maple leaf, a Canadian symbol, appears on the …

Penny

 

8. Canadians measure things in …

Meters

 

9. The tallest and longest living tree in Canada is …

Douglas Fir

 

10. There are ________ provinces and territories in Canada.

Thirteen

 

 

11. One of Canada’s prominent national symbols is the …

Beaver

 

12. The Queen’s representative, the ________, carries out most of the royal duties in Canada.

Governor General of Canada

 

13. Canadians honour those who served in wartime on …

Remembrance Day

 

 

14. Canada gained its independence from Britain in …

ЗАДАНИЕ N 24 Тема: Выдающиеся личности англо-говорящих стран

1. An English musician one of the founding members of The Beatles is …

John Lennon

 

2. A Scottish moral philosopher and a pioneer of political economics is …

Adam Smith

 

3. A famous American humorist and author of popular and outstanding autobiographical works, travel books and novels, whose real name is Samuel Langhorne Clemens, is …

Mark Twain

 

4. The greatest playwright and poet of all times whose works are still being staged is …

William Shakespeare

 

5. The Prime Minister who used to say to the Cabinet of Ministers: «When I want your opinion, I`ll give it to you!» is …

Margaret Thatcher

 

6. The most prolific of all inventors in history, who patented 1,093 different inventions in the USA including the incandescent electric lamp, the motion-picture projector and the phonograph is …

Thomas Edison

 

7. An American film producer, director and animator who made the first full-length animated musical cartoon is …

Walt Disney

 

8. The present Prime Minister of the UK is …

David Cameron

 

 

9. A handsome English actor who has made his career playing romantic roles (starring in «Bridget Jones’s Diary») opposite many divine leading ladies is …

Hugh Grant

 

10. A famous American writer of wit short stories with clever twist endings is …

O. Henry

 

11. A Scottish biologist and pharmacologist whose best-known achievement is the discovery of the antibiotic substance penicillin in 1928 is …

Alexander Fleming

 

12. An American civil rights leader who fought through nonviolent action is …

Martin Luther King

 

Далее вопросы с 25 по 28!

Electricity
1. Electricity is a flow of negative charges called electrons. These electric charges are measured in units called coulombs. Electricity is a very versatile form of energy that can be converted into many other forms of energy, including light and heat, direct current (DC), which flows in one direction only, and alternating current (AC), which changes direction 60 times per second.
2. An electric circuit is an unbroken conducting path from, and back to, a power supply. It has three main parts: the power supply, the conductor, and the load. The power is provided by a generator or battery, the conductor carries the current, and the load is an electric device such as a lamp.
3. Unlike current electricity, static electricity does not flow. It is created when an electrically neutral substance loses or gains electrons, making it, respectively, positively or negatively charged. You can create static electricity by rubbing a balloon on your clothing. Electrons will move from the clothing to the balloon, making the balloon negatively charged and the clothing positively charged. The resulting static electricity on each will attract small, light objects such as pieces of paper.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 25

    Electricity can be changed into various energy forms.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 26
The kind of electricity which can be created at friction is called …

    staticelectricity

ЗАДАНИЕ N 27
What device is designated for the continuous flow of electric current?

    Electrical circuit allows electrons to flow through continuously without beginning or end.

ЗАДАНИЕ N 28

    Electricity is a very changeable energy form being presented by different kinds.

 

 

Начало формы


Конец формы

 

Technology
1. Technology is the usage and knowledge of tools, techniques, crafts, systems or methods of organization in order to solve a problem or create an artistic perspective. Technologies significantly affect human as well as other animal species' ability to control and adapt to their natural environments. The human species' use of technology began with the conversion of natural resources into simple tools.
2. The prehistorical discovery of the ability to control fire increased the available sources of food and the invention of the wheel helped humans in travelling in and controlling their environment. Recent technological developments, including the printing press, the telephone, and the Internet, have lessened physical barriers to communication and allowed humans to interact freely on a global scale. However, not all technology has been used for peaceful purposes; the development of weapons of ever-increasing destructive power has progressed throughout history, from clubs to nuclear weapons.

 

3. Technology has affected society and its surroundings in a number of ways. In many societies, technology has helped develop more advanced economies (including today's global economy) and has allowed the rise of a leisure class. Many technological processes produce unwanted by-products, known as pollution, and deplete natural resources, to the detriment of the Earth and its environment. Various implementations of technology influence the values of a society and new technology often raises new ethical questions.
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    Some technological products can be dangerous for people.

 

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Peopletreattechnologiesdifferently …

    because they can be created for various purposes

 

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Why is the development of technology vitally important for people?

    Technology provides people with the ability to control and adapt to their natural environments.

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    Technology promotes people’s development in different spheres but its possible outcomes should be carefully examined before its wide application.

 

 

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Electromagnetism
1. Electricity and magnetism combine to form one of the fundamental forces of the universe – electromagnetism. The two constantly interact, and the relationship between them is one of the most important in physics. For example, an electric current passing through a wire creates a magnetic field; and if the lines of force around a magnet are cut by a passing object, an electric current will be produced.
2. Magnets are attracted to iron and to any material that contains iron. Magnets have two poles, a north pole and a south pole. Unmagnetized iron and steel have magnetic regions of atoms called domains that are jumbled up and point in lots of different directions. When iron or steel becomes magnetized, the domains become aligned and they all point in the same direction. One end of each domain points toward the magnetic north pole.
3. Electronics is a new branch of physics, and one that plays an increasingly important part in our lives. It is concerned with the use of electricity to produce signals that carry information and control devices such as computers. These devices contain electric circuits through which electric current flows. The controlling parts in a circuit are called components, and these include diodes and transistors. Components can amplify currents, switch them on and off, or change their

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    The controlling parts in a circuit can strengthen currents, turn them on and out, or change their direction.

 

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The interrelations of electricity and magnetism …

    are the most significant in physics

 

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Why is the study of electricity of paramount importance in electronics?

    Electricity is used to produce signals that carry information and control electronic devices.

 

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    Electromagnetism is one of the essential forces of the universe finding an increasingly wide application nowadays.

 

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Solid
1. Solid is one of the major states of matter. It is characterized by structural rigidity and resistance to changes of shape or volume. Unlike a liquid, a solid object does not flow to take on the shape of its container, nor does it expand to fill the entire volume available to it like a gas does. The atoms in a solid are tightly bound to each other, either in a regular geometric lattice or irregularly one.
2. The branch of physics that deals with solids is called solid-state physics, and is the main branch of condensed matter physics (which also includes liquids). Materials science is primarily concerned with the physical and chemical properties of solids. Solid-state chemistry is especially concerned with the synthesis of novel materials, as well as the science of identification and chemical composition.
3. The forces between the atoms in a solid can take a variety of forms. For example, a crystal of sodium chloride (common salt) is made up of ionic sodium and chlorine, which are held together by ionic bonds. In diamond or silicon, the atoms share electrons and form covalent bonds. In metals, electrons are shared in metallic bonding. Some solids, particularly most organic compounds, are held together with van der Waals forces resulting from the polarization of the electronic charge cloud on each molecule. The dissimilarities between the types of a solid result from the differences between their bonding.


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    A solid’s properties are quite different from those of a gas or a liquid due to its structure and the ability to resist.

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A solid has a constant form …

    as the atoms in it are tightly bound to each other

 

 

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Why do there exist different types of solids?

    This is due to the type of a chemical bond a certain solid possesses.

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    A solid has its own distinctive characteristics which are studied by different branches of sciences.

 

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Light
1. The form of energy that illuminates our world is called light. It usually comes from hot objects, like the sun or fire, but it is also produced by electricity and some chemical reactions. Light is the only part of the electromagnetic spectrum (which includes microwaves, ultraviolet rays, and X-rays) that is invisible to the human eye. It travels at 186,000 miles (300,000 km) per second, and nothing can travel faster. Like other forms of energy, light travels in waves, but it can also travel in packets of energy called quanta. This enables it to travel through a vacuum.
2. Light rays are reflected when they hit a shiny or silvered surface, such as a still pool of water or a mirror. Reflection involves two light rays: the incoming ray and the reflected ray which bounces off the reflecting surface. The two rays are at identical angles to the reflecting surface on either side of an imaginary line.
3. Refraction is a property of all types of energy that travel in waves, including light. Light waves normally travel in straight lines, but when they pass from one transparent material to another, they usually refract, or bend. Refraction occurs because light travels at different speeds in different materials. As light from a material with a low density, such as air, enters a material with a high density, such as water, its speed is reduced. This causes it to bend (except when it enters a material at a right angle).

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    In the form of quanta light rays can travel through a vacuum.

 

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Unlike all other kinds of electromagnetic radiation light …

    is able to be seen

 

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What quality do all energy forms travelling in ways hold?

    They possess the property of refraction.

 

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    Light possesses both its own distinctive characteristics and properties belonging to many other energy forms.

 

 

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How Batteries Work
1. An electrical battery is a combination of one or more electrochemical cells, used to convert stored chemical energy into electrical energy. Since the invention of the first Voltaic pile in 1800 by Alessandro Volta, the battery has become a common power source for many household and industrial applications.
2. Inside the battery itself, a chemical reaction produces the electrons. The speed of electron production by this chemical reaction (the battery's internal resistance) controls how many electrons can flow between the terminals. Electrons flow from the battery into a wire, and must travel from the negative to the positive terminal for the chemical reaction to take place. That is why a battery can be stored on a shelf for a year and still have plenty of power. Once you connect a wire, the reaction starts.
3. Batteries may be used once and discarded, or recharged for years as in standby power applications. Miniature cells are used to power devices such as hearing aids and wristwatches; larger batteries provide standby power for telephone exchanges or computer data centers.

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    The conversion of chemical energy into electrical makes batteries the source of power.

 

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Batteries’ long life is provided by…

    the peculiarity of chemical reaction taking place inside them

 

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Why do people use batteries?

    People use batteries due to their convenience and significance of application.

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    Battery has become a common power source due to peculiarity of its energy generation as well as simplicity and significance of its application.

 

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Vacuum
1. Evangelista Torricelli produced the first laboratory vacuum in 1643, and other experimental techniques were developed as a result of his theories of atmospheric pressure. A torricellian vacuum is created by filling a tall glass container closed at one end with mercury and then inverting the container into a bowl to contain the mercury.
2. The quality of a vacuum refers to how closely it approaches a perfect vacuum. Residual gas pressure is a primary indicator of quality, and is most commonly measured in units called torr, even in metric contexts. Lower pressures indicate higher quality, although other variables must also be taken into account.
3. Vacuum became a valuable industrial tool in the 20th century with the introduction of incandescent light bulbs and vacuum tubes, and a wide array of vacuum technology has since become available. The recent development of human spaceflight has raised interest in the impact of vacuum on human health, and on life forms in general.

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    Industry is not the only application sphere of vacuum technologies.

 

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A great variety of vacuum technologies have become possible …

    when incandescent light bulbs and vacuum tubes began to be applied in industry

 

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What are the contemporary spheres of vacuum application?

    Vacuum is widely adopted nowadays in the domain of human spaceflight.

 

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    The capacities of vacuum enable its use for industrial as well as medical purposes.

 

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Plasma Cutters
1. Modern industry depends on the manipulation of heavy metal and alloys. We need metals to build the tools and transportation necessary for day-to-day business. The reason is simple: metals are extremely strong and durable, so they're the logical choice for most things that need to be especially big, especially sturdy, or both.
2. The funny thing is that metal's strength is also a weakness: because metal is so good at resisting damage, it's very difficult to manipulate and form into specialized pieces. People can precisely cut and manipulate the metals using the plasma cutter. The plasma cutter is actually a common tool that has been around since World War II.
3. Plasma cutters are not the only devices to harness the power of plasma. Neon signs, fluorescent lighting and plasma displays, just to name a few, all rely on it to get the job done. These devices use "cool" plasma. Though cool plasma cannot be used to cut metals, it has tons of other useful applications.

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    The drawback of metal is in its difficulty to be manipulated and formed into specialized pieces.

 

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Modern industry relies on plasma cutters as …



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