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V. Put ten questions to the text.Стр 1 из 12Следующая ⇒
II семестр
Апта
Text 1. What is Ecology I. Read and translate the text: Ecology (from Greek: οἶκος, "house"; -λογία, "study of") is the scientific study of interactions among organisms and their environment, such as the interactions organisms have with each other and with their abiotic environment. Topics of interest to ecologists include the diversity, distribution, amount (biomass), number (population) of organisms, as well as competition between them within and among ecosystems. Ecosystems are composed of dynamically interacting parts including organisms, the communities they make up, and the non-living components of their environment. Ecosystem processes, such as primary production, pedogenesis, nutrient cycling, and various niche construction activities, regulate the flux of energy and matter through an environment. These processes are sustained by organisms with specific life history traits, and the variety of organisms is called biodiversity. Biodiversity, which refers to the varieties of species, genes, and ecosystems, enhances certain ecosystem services. Ecology is an interdisciplinary field that includes biology and Earth science. The word "ecology" ("Ökologie") was coined in 1866 by the German scientist Ernst Haeckel (1834–1919). Ancient Greek philosophers such as Hippocrates and Aristotle laid the foundations of ecology in their studies on natural history. Modern ecology transformed into a more rigorous science in the late 19th century. Evolutionary concepts on adaptation and natural selection became cornerstones of modern ecological theory. Ecology is not synonymous with environment, environmentalism, natural history, or environmental science. It is closely related to evolutionary biology, genetics, and ethology. An understanding of how biodiversity affects ecological function is an important focus area in ecological studies. Ecologists seek to explain: · Life processes, interactions and adaptations · The movement of materials and energy through living communities · The successional development of ecosystems, and · The abundance and distribution of organisms and biodiversity in the context of the environment.
Ecology is a human science as well. There are many practical applications of ecology in conservation biology, wetland management, natural resource management (agroecology, agriculture, forestry, agroforestry, fisheries), city planning (urban ecology), community health, economics, basic and applied science, and human social interaction (human ecology). Organisms and resources compose ecosystems which, in turn, maintain biophysical feedback mechanisms that moderate processes acting on living (biotic) and nonliving (abiotic) components of the planet. Ecosystems sustain life-supporting functions and produce natural capital like biomass production (food, fuel, fiber and medicine), the regulation of climate, global biogeochemical cycles, water filtration, soil formation, erosion control, flood protection and many other natural features of scientific, historical, economic, or intrinsic value.
II. Study the following words & word combinations: diversity, communities, conservation biology, soil formation, abundance, natural resource management, maintain, moderate, rigorous, social interaction, wetland, feature, intrinsic value. III. Give synonyms of the following words: Environment, human, management, interaction, formation, protection, value, wetland, application. IV. Give your own definition of the words: Ecology, ecosystem, natural resource, abiotic component, natural capital. Апта
I. Read and translate the following words and word – combinations: Environment, external, human, to include, to supply, soil, sunlight, seaweed, both...and, interact, water, current, to influence, weather, nutrients, to maintain, circulation, digestion, study, relationship, survival, to depend on (upon), to eat(ate, eaten), to surround.
II. Arrange the following words in pairs of a) synonyms, b) antonyms a) to supply, soil, to influence, to maintain, to eat, to interact, to learn, to protect, to support, to feed, to study, to defense, to provide, land, to affect, to relate. b) to include, external, to eat, internal, to depend on, to die, living, to starve, to live, hot, evaporate, to exclude, to be independent, nonliving, cold, to condense, to build, to destroy. Word - building - ment – development, environment - ture – temperature, literature - al – environmental, principal - inter – interact, interchange - tion – composition, condition - ic – biotic, abiotic
III. Read and translate the text: Environment.
Environment is everything that is external to an organism. A human being’s environment includes such factors as temperature, food supply, and other people. A plant’s environment may be made up of soil, sunlight, and animals that will eat the plant. Nonliving environmental factors, such as temperature and sunlight, make up the abiotic environment. Living or recently living things, such as seaweed and food, make up the biotic environment. Both the abiotic and biotic environments interact to make up the total environment of living or nonliving things. Abiotic environment includes such factors as soil, water, atmosphere, and radiation. The abiotic environment is made up of many objects and forces that influence one another. For example, a river’s current, temperature, clearness, and chemical composition will influence what kinds of plants and animals live there and how they live. One important group of abiotic environmental factors makes up weather. Other abiotic factors include the amount of living space and certain nutrients. All organisms must have nonliving nutrients, such as phosphorus, to maintain such body activities as circulation and digestion. Ecology is the study of the relationships between organisms and their environment. Biotic environment includes food, plants, animals, and their interactions among one another and the abiotic environment. A human being’s survival and well-being depend largely on the foods eaten, such as fruit, vegetables, and meat. It also depends on associations with other living things. For example, some bacteria in the digestive tract help a person digest certain foods. Social and cultural surroundings are an important part of a person’s biotic environment.
IV. Answer the following questions: 1. What is environment? 2. What factors does human beings environment include? 3. What factors does plant’s environment include? 4. Name please nonliving environmental factors. 5. What kind of environment do you know? 6. What is the biotic environment? 7. What is the abiotic environment? 8. What is ecology?
V. Name 3 or 4 factors of 1. biotic environment 2. abiotic environment
VI. Name 4 or 5 kinds of 1. vegetable 2. meat 3. fruit
Yellowstone National Park. A national park is large piece of land. In the park animals are free to come and go. Tress and plants grow everywhere. People go to a national park to enjoy nature. Many people stay in campgrounds in national parks. They sleep in tents and cook their food over campfires. They also walk on trails or paths in the parks. On a gate at the entrance of Yellowstone, a sign says, "For the Benefit and Enjoyment of the People".
Yellowstone is the world's oldest national park. It became a national park in 1872. It is also the world's largest park. It covers parts of the states of Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho. Yellowstone is two- and – half times the size of the smallest state, Rhode Island. Yellowstone is famous for its geysers. These holes in the ground shoot hot water into the air. There are about seventy geysers in the park. The most famous is Old Faithful. About every hour Old Faithful shoots hot water hundreds of feet into the air: Two- and – a half million people visit this beautiful park each year. Park rangers give information to visitors. Park rangers give information to visitors. They also take care of the park. They tell them not to feed or hunt the animals.
X. Insert appropriate words: 1. People go to a national park to enjoy ________. a. people b. nature c. animals 2. There is a sign on a ________. a. visitor b. gate c. house 3. The sign says, "For the _______ and Enjoyment of the People". a. Benefit b. Information c. Security 4. Yellowstone is famous for its _________. a. visitors b. geysers c. bears 5. Park rangers ______ of the park.. A feed b. take care c. are afraid 6. Visitors cannot _________ the animals. a. hunt b. pick c. catch
XI. Complete the sentences: 1. Yellowstone covers parts of __________. a. Wyoming and Montana b. Wyoming, Montana, and Idaho c. Rhode Island 2. Yellowstone is two-and-a-half times the size of ________. a. Montana b. seventy geysers c. about seventy geysers 3. Yellowstone has ___________. a. twenty geysers b. seventy geysers c. about seventy geysers 4. Geysers shoot hot water into the _________. a. ground b. air c. tree 5. The most famous geyser is ________. a. Old Faithful b. Old Hundred c. Old Chap 6. Park rangers give ____ to visitors.
Апта
I. Read and translate the following words and word- combinations:
pollution, to refer (to), to pollute, to dirty, smoke, to poison, chemicals, substance, to damage, fertilizers, vehicle, to disturb, noise, to cause, to face, to harm, illness, death, to kill, to reduce, amount, available, to grow, to bring, ugliness, to complicate, to benefit, to discharge, job, goods, to ruin, crop, aid, to lessen, to enforce, to require, to persuade, major, rural, pollutants, to scatter.
II. Arrange the following words in pairs of a) synonyms, b) antonyms: a) to ruin, to pollute, substance, vehicle, to require, to dirty, matter, pollution, to destroy, amount, labor, to trouble, to convince, contamination, to disturb, job, to enforce, to lessen, to persuade, automobile, major, to reduce, quantity, general, to claim, to encourage. b) death, urban, to collect, silence, life, health, to reduce, to discharge, rural, illness, to charge, to benefit, noise, to scatter, to do smb. harm, to increase.
III. Read and translate the text A: Environmental pollution. Environmental pollution is a term that refers to all the ways by which people pollute their surroundings. People dirty the air with gases and smoke, poison the water with chemicals and other substances, and damage the soil with too many fertilizers in various other ways. They operate machines and motor vehicles that fill the air with disturbing noise. Nearly everyone causes environmental pollution in some way. Environmental pollution is one of the most serious problems facing humanity today. Air, water, and soil – all harmed by pollution- are necessary to the survival of all living things. Badly polluted air can cause illness, and even death. Polluted water kills fish and other marine life. Pollution of soil reduces the amount of land that is available for growing food. In addition, environmental pollution also brings ugliness to our naturally beautiful world.
Everyone wants to reduce pollution. But the pollution problem is as complicated as it is serious. It is complicated because much pollution is caused by things that benefit people. For example, exhaust from automobiles causes a large percentage of all air pollution. But the automobile provides transportation for millions of people. Factories discharge much of the material that pollutes air and water, but factories provide jobs for people and produce goods that people want. Too much fertilizer or pesticide can ruin soil, but fertilizers and pesticides are important aids to the growing of crops. Thus, to end or greatly reduce pollution immediately, people would have to stop using many things that benefit them. Most people do not want to do that, of course. But pollution can be gradually reduced in several ways. Scientists and engineers can work to find ways to lessen the amount of pollution that such things as automobiles and factories cause. Governments can pass and enforce laws that require businesses and individuals to stop, or cut down on, certain polluting activities. And – perhaps most importantly – individuals and groups of people can work to persuade their representatives in government, and also persuade businesses, to take action toward reducing pollution. People have always polluted their surroundings. But throughout much of history, pollution was not a major problem. Most people lived in uncrowded rural areas, and the pollutants (waste products) they produce were widely scattered.
IV. Answer the following questions: 1) What is environmental pollution? 2) What is the most serious problem facing humanity today? 3) What does polluted water kill? 4) What can badly polluted air cause? 5) Who can pass and enforce laws reducing polluting activities? 6) Name all kinds of environmental pollution.
V. Make up sentences with the help of the words from right and left columns:
1. People also pollute 1. is one of the most serious problems 2. Everyone wants facing humanity 3. Pollution of soil 2. reduces the amount of land 4. Environmental pollution 3. to reduce pollution 5. Too much fertilizer 4. their surroundings in various other 6. All parts of the environment ways 7. Badly polluted air 5. Are closely related to one another 6. can ruin soil 7. can cause illness
VI. Give definitions to the following words: Smoke, poison, fertilizer, crop, pollute. 1) agricultural plants in the fields; 2) make dirty; 3) chemical plant food; artificial manure; 4) visible vapour with particles of carbon, etc. Coming from a burning substance; 5) substance causing death or harm if absorbed by a living thing (animal, or plant)
Апта
I Read and translate the following words and word- combinations: Wastes, odorless, hazy, smelly, damage, property, particulates, tiny, liquid, solid, matter, indoor, outdoor, tend, combustion, manufacture, reduce, furnace, trash, irritate, lungs, pneumonia, illness, harm, protect, available, substances, support, crop, soil, nutrients, decay, feed, fertilizers.
II Arrange the following words in pairs of a) synonyms b) antonyms: a) soil, matter, damage, reduce, liquid, land, trash, substance, decrease, solid, wastes, harm b) indoor, reduce, tiny, outdoor, odorless, increase, smelly, large.
Word- building - less careless, treeless - ness happiness, kindness - y sunny, heavy - tion pollution, irrigation - able comfortable, usable - ent (ant) different, pollutant
III Read and translate the text A: Kinds of pollution There are several kinds of environmental pollution. They include air pollution, water pollution, soil pollution, and pollution caused by soil wastes, noise, and radiation. Air pollution turns clear, odorless air into hazy, smelly air that harms health, kills plants, and damages property. People cause air pollution both outdoors and indoors. Outdoor air pollution results from pouring hundreds of millions of tons of gases and particulates. (tiny particles of liquid or solid matter) into the atmosphere each year. One of the most common forms of outdoor air pollution is smog. Indoor air pollution results from many of the same substances found outdoors. But indoor pollutants can present a more serious problem because they tend to build up in a small area from which they cannot easily escape. Cigarette smoke is a familiar indoor air pollutant.
Most air pollution results from combustion (burning) processes. The burning of gasoline to power motor vehicles and the burning of coal to heat buildings and help manufacture products are examples of such processes. Weather conditions can help reduce the amount of pollutants in outdoor air. Air pollution Most of the gases and particles that people put into the air come from combustion (burning) processes. The furnaces in factories, homes, and office buildings, the engines in automobiles, airplanes, and other motor vehicles; and the burning of trash are the chief sources of pollution from combustion. The pollutants from these sources have a wide variety of effects, as shown below. One serious result of air pollution is its harmful effect on human health. Both gases and particulates burn people's eyes and irritate their lungs. Particulates can settle in the lungs and worsen such respiratory diseases as asthma, bronchitis, and pneumonia. Air pollution also harms plants. Poisonous gases in the air can restrict the growth of, and eventually kill, nearly all kinds of plants. Air pollutants may also effect climate. Both gases and particulates can cause changes in the average temperatures of an area. Air pollutants may damage the layer of ozone (a form of oxygen) in the earth's upper atmosphere. The ozone layer protects animals and plants from much of the sun's harmful ultraviolet light. Water pollution Most of the pollutants that people put into water come from treated and untreated sewage, from agricultural drainage, and from industrial wastes. The pollutants reduce valuable supplies of pure, fresh water by upsetting the natural cycles that work to keep water clean. By upsetting the cycles, the pollutants harm the animals and plants that live in the water. Water pollution reduces the amount of pure, fresh water that is available for such necessities as drinking and cleaning, and for such activities as swimming and fishing. The pollutants that affect water come mainly from industries, farms, and sewerage systems. Soil pollution damages the thin layer of fertile soil that covers much of the earth's land is essential for growing food. Natural processes took thousands of years to form the soil that supports crops. But, through poor treatment people can destroy soil in a few years. Plant and animal wastes, including dead organisms, accumulate in the soil. Bacteria and fungi decay these wastes, breaking them down into nitrates, phosphates, and other nutrients. The nutrients feed growing plants, and when the plants die the cycle begins again. People use fertilizers and pesticides to grow more and better crops. Fertilizers add extra nutrients to the soil and increase the amount of a crop that can be grown on an area of land. But the use of large amounts of fertilizer may decrease the ability of bacteria to decay wastes and produce nutrients naturally.
IV Answer the following questions: 1) What kinds of environmental pollution do you know? 2) How do people cause air pollution? 3) What is the most common from of outdoor air pollution? 4) What is the meaning of smog? 5) What can help reduce the amount of pollutants in outdoor air? 6) What causes water pollution? 7) Were do most of the pollutants come from? 8) What does soil pollution damage? 9) What accumulates in the soil?
V Complete the following sentences: 1). People cause air pollution both outdoors and _________. 2). Weather conditions can help reduce the amount of ______ in outdoor air. 3). Particulates can settle in the lungs and worsen such ______ diseases as asthma bronchitis and pneumonia. 4). The pollutants that affect water come mainly from _____, farms and sewerage systems. 5). Pollution damages the thin layer of fertile soil that covers much of the earth's land and is essential for growing food.
VI. Find nouns and verbs which correspond to the following definitions: Smoke, poison, fertilizer, crop, pollute. 1). agricultural plants in the fields 2). make dirty 3). chemical plant food; artificial manure 4). visible vapour particles of carbon, etc. Coming from a burning substance. 5). Substance causing death or harm it absorbed by a living thing (animal or plant).
VII. Make up the sentences with the following words and word combinations: several kinds of environmental pollution; air pollution; pollutants; is one of the most serious problems; wants to reduce pollution, necessary to the several.
VIII. Match left and right 1. People also pollute 1. Is one of the most serious 2. Everyone wants problems facing humanity 3. Pollution of soil 2. Reduces the amount of land 4. Environmental pollution 3. to reduce pollution 5. Too much fertilizer 4. their surroundings 6. All parts of the environment in various other ways 7. Badly polluted air 5. Are closely related to one another 6. can ruin soil 7. can cause illness
IX. Read and translate text B: "Air pollution" What is this passage about? (1) cities (3) air pollution (2) cars (4) industries
Апта
I. Read and translate the following words and word- combinations: Noise, acid, pesticides, mercury, lead, trouble, urban, rural, expose, loud, airplane, trucks, construction, cause, extreme, deafness, blood, pressure, substance, weapons, nuclear, cell, eliminate, major, insects, pests, tissue,
II. Find the definition for the following words: Noise, pesticide, blood, cell, tissue, insects, urban, rural. 1). Substance used to destroy pests 2). Mass of cells and cell products in an animal body 3). Loud and unpleasant sound, especially when confused and undesired. 4). Microscopic unit of living matter 5). Red liquid flowing throughout the body 6). Sorts of small animal, e.g. ant, fly, wasp, having six legs and no backbone and a body divided into three parts (head, thorax, abdomen). 7). Suitable for the countryside 8). Of or in a town.
III. Read and translate the text A: Other Kinds of pollution
Some things that pollute the environment cannot be classified as air, water, or soil pollutants, or as solid wastes. They travel through and affect various parts of the environment. These pollutants include noise, radiation, acid rain, pesticides, and such metals as mercury and lead. Noise is an especially trouble some pollutant in urban areas. People in and near cities are exposed to loud noise much of the time. The noise comes from such things as airplanes, automobiles, buses, motorcycles, trains, trucks, construction projects, and industries. The noise causes discomfort in human beings. In extreme cases, loud noise can also damage hearing or even cause deafness. Radiation is an invisible pollutant that can be highly dangerous. Nuclear radiation comes from radioactive substances, including waste from nuclear weapons testing and from nuclear power plants. Small amounts of electromagnetic radiation are produced by a variety of electronic devices, including computers, lasers, microwave ovens, television sets, and X- ray machines. Scientists have not determined exactly what effects small amounts of radiation have on humans. But exposure to large amounts can cause cancer and harmful changes in reproductive cells. International agreements ban most testing of nuclear weapons in the atmosphere. Such regulations have helped to eliminate major sources of radiation. Acid rain has become an increasingly serious problem. This pollutant forms when moisture in the air combines with nitrogen oxide and sulfur dioxide released by automobiles, by factories, and by power plants that burn coal or oil. The reaction between the moisture and the chemical compounds produces nitric and sulfuric acids, which fall to the earth with rain or snow. The acids pollute lakes, streams, and oceans, resulting in the death of fish and the contamination of drinking water. They also can damage crops and forests and cause harmful changes in soil. This form of pollution can even damage buildings and statues. In addition, acid rain pollutants sometimes travel long distances, even from one country to another. Pesticides affect more than the natural cycles in soil and water. Much pesticide material never reaches the insects or other pests it is intended to kill. Instead, tiny particles of the pesticide travel through the air and water, sometimes for great distances. Humans and animals that come in direct contact with the pesticide take it into their bodies, and the material collects in tissues and organs. Humans and animals also take in pesticides indirectly when they eat organisms that contain the material. For example, a large fish can take in heavy amounts of pesticide by eating smaller fish that have the material in their bodies. A human being may then eat the large fish and acquire the highly concentrated pesticide material. When materials are passed from one organism to another in this way, the materials travel through an ecological system called a food chain. Thousands of tons of mercury, lead, and other heavy metals are put into the water and air each year in the form of liquids and gases. Most of these materials come from combustion processes in industries or from motor vehicle engines. Heavy metals, like pesticides, are long lasting and can spread over large areas. They also collect in tissues and organs and can pass through food chains. Most heavy metals are highly poisonous. In large amounts, they can affect the human nervous system.
Noise pollution is a problem in urban areas. Loud noises annoy people and, under some circumstances, can cause damage to hearing. Noises are measured in units called decibels. The chart below shows the approximate decibel level from some sources of noise and effects various decibel levels can have.
IV. Answer the following questions: 1) What does environmental pollution include except air, water, soil pollution? 2) From where does the noise come? 3) Is radiation an invisible pollutant? 4) From where does radiation come? 5) How does acid rain pollutant form? 6) Do pesticides affect as dangerous pollutants?
V. Make up sentences using the following words and word- combinations: Loud noise, damage, invisible pollutant, nuclear, weapons, serious, problem, heavy metals.
What is this passage about? (1) noise (3) decibels (2) deafness (4) sound
Апта
I Read and translate the following words and word- combinations:
food, feed, clothing, shelter, tribe, seed, captivity, skill, wild, hunting, fishing, plant, search, activity, output, art, craft, supply, possible, improvement, labor, tool, cultivating, harvesting, occur.
IV. Word- building (adj.) - able comfortable - ible terrible - al central - ful useful - less useless - y cloudy
V. Read and translate the text A:
Agriculture
Agriculture is the world's most important industry. It provides us with almost all our food. It also supplies materials for two other basic human needs- clothing and shelter. In addition, agriculture provides materials used in making many industrial products, such as paints and medicines. About half of the world's workers are employed in agriculture- far more than in any other industry. Agriculture is one of the world's oldest industries. It began to develop about 11.000 years ago in the Middle East At that time, certain Middle Eastern tribes discovered how to grow plants from seeds and how to raise animals in captivity. By about 10 000 years ago, they had mastered these skills and had begun to depend chiefly on farming for food. Before the development of agriculture, people got all their food by gathering wild plants, hunting and fishing. They had to search for food continually, which left them little time for other activities. But as agriculture developed and farm out put increased, fewer people were needed to produce food. The non-farmers could then develop the arts, crafts, trades, and other activities of civilized life. Agriculture therefore greatly affected the food supply and made civilization possible. For many centuries, improvements in agriculture came slowly. Farming depended heavily on human and animal labor, and farmers had few tools to make their land and labor more productive. Then in the late 1600's inventors began to develop machinery for planting, cultivating and harvesting crops. During the 1900's scientists have developed better and better varieties of plants and livestock and highly effective fertilizers and pesticides. All these improvements have greatly reduced the need for farm labor and have enormously increased farm output.
Апта
I Read and translate the following words and word combinations:
provide, fiber, feed, forage, crop, alfalfa, clover, grass, fish, game, cattle, hog, sheep, major, divide, cereal, grain, nourishment, barley, corn, millet, oat, rice, rye, wheat, root, crop, potatoes, pulses, beans, peas, flour, meal, oil, chickens, goats, meat, eggs, milk, honey, mill, demand, fur.
I. Find definitions to the following words:
fiber, forage, game, cattle, cereal, grain, nourish, root, pulses, flour, meal, food. 1. Any kind of grain used for food 2 Keep (a person) alive and well with food. 3 Fine powder, made from grain, used for making bread, cakes. 4 Bulls, cows. 5 Small, hard seed of food plants such as wheat and rice. 6 Food for horses and cattle 7 That part of a plant, tree, etc. which is normally in the soil and which takes water and food from it. 8 Kind of plants which consist mainly of dry beans and peas. 9 One of the very thin threads of which many animal and vegetable growths are formed, e.g. cotton, wool, nerves, muscles. 10 Food that is eaten: grain coarsely ground (oat meal) it is collective term for breakfast, lunch, tea, dinner, supper. 11 (Flesh of) animals and birds hunted for sport and food. 12 A general term for anything that people eat.
II. From the list below please pick up words which have the same meaning and which are the opposites:
a) Synonyms: food, provide, animals, grain, demand, livestock, supply, cereals, important, request, major. b) Opposites: possible, divide, solid, eat, liquid, go hungry, impossible, combine.
III. Word – building - en short – shorten - ize sympathy -sympathize
Build verbs with the help of the suffixes – en, -ize and translate them: Soft, weak, local, collective, national.
The Hot Dog
In its home country of Germany, the hot dog was called the frankfurter. It was named after Frankfurt, a German city. Frankfurters were first sold in the United States in the 1860s. Americans called frankfurters "dachshund sausages". A dachshund is a dog from Germany with a very long body and short legs. "Dachshund sausage" seemed like a good name for the frankfurter. Dachshund sausages first became popular in New York, especially at baseball games. At games they were sold by men who kept them warm in hotwater tanks. As the man walked up and down the rows of people, they yelled, "Get your dachshund sausages! Get your hot dachshund sausages! People got the sausages on buns, special bread. One day in 1906 a newspaper cartoonist named Tag Dorgan went to a baseball game. When he saw the men with the dachshund sausages, he dot an idea for a cartoon. The next day at the newspaper office he drew a bun with a dachshund inside – not a dachshund sausage, but a dachshund. Dorgan didn't know how to spell dachshund. Under the cartoon, he wrote "Get your hot dogs!" The cartoon was a sensation, and so was the new name. If you go to a baseball game today, you can still see sellers walking around with hot – water tanks. As they walk up and down the rows they yell, "Get your hot dogs here! Get your hot dogs!"
I. Complete the sentences: 1. The special bread used for a hot dog is a _________. a. sausage b. bun c. dachshund 2. Another word for TO SHOUT is to _________. a. name b. draw c. yell 3. A line of objects or people is a __________. a. row b. game c. cartoon 4. Large containers for water or other liquids, sometimes made of metal, are called _________. a. tanks b. sellers c. cartoonists 5. A funny drawing is a __________. a. cartoonist b. frankfurter c. cartoon
Апта
I Read and translate the following words and word – combinations:
skin, leather, wool, drugs, equipment, ranches, yards, animal husbandry, domesticate, settle, tissue, by – products, goods, manufactures, feather, nutrients, ruminants, shelter, harm, stomach, shortages, consumption.
II. Match the words with their definitions below:
skin, leather, wool, drugs, ranches, animal husbandry, tissue, by – products, ruminants: 1. Substance used for medical purposes, either alone or in a mixture. 2. Substance obtained during the manufacture of some other substance. 3. Large farm, especially one with extensive lands for cattle, but also for fruit, chickens etc. 4. Material from animal skins, used for making shoes, bags, etc.. 5. Farming. 6. (Animal) which chews the cud, e.g. cows, deer. 7. Animals skin with or without the hair or fur. 8. Mass of cells and cell products in an animal body. 9.Soft hair of sheep, goats and some other animals. III. From the list below – pick up words which have the same meaning and which are the opposites: a) Synonyms: goods, skin, fleece, ruminants, stomach, leather wares, wool, chewing animals, abdomen. b) Opposites: domesticate, harm, build, wild, destroy, kind, increase, valuable, decrease, invaluable.
IV. Read and translate the text A: Livestock. Livestock are domestic animals that are used to produce food and many other valuable products. The skins of some livestock provide such important materials as leather and wool. Various organs of livestock supply drugs used by countless people. Farmers in developing nations use livestock to pull farm equipment. Some livestock in these countries also transport people and materials. Most livestock are raised on farms and ranches, but some people raise rabbits, chickens, or other small livestock in their yards. The chief kinds of livestock raised throughout the world are cattle, hogs, poultry, sheep and horses. Other kinds of livestock include donkeys, goats, mules and rabbits. In some countries farmers raise such livestock as llamas, reindeer, water buffalo and yaks. The science of raising, breeding and caring for livestock is called animal husbandry. At one time, people wandered from place to place hunting animals and gathering plants for food. Several thousand years ago, people began to domesticate and raise various kinds of livestock. The use of domesticated animals as a source of food and power made it possible for people to settle in one place. Then they were able to begin farming.
Uses of livestock In most parts of the world, livestock provide such food products as meat, butter, cheese, eggs and milk. These foods contain large amounts of protein, which builds new tissue and maintains and repairs old tissue in the human body. Animal food products also supply minerals and vitamins that people need for good health. Livestock also provide such valuable by – products as fur, hair, leather and wool. These materials are used to produce blankets, brushes, clothing, shoes and other goods. Manufacturers use the hoofs and horns of livestock to make such articles as buttons, combs, glue and knives. Other livestock by – products are used in the preparation of livestock feed. Some of the glands and organs of certain livestock are used to make such drugs as epinephrine, insulin and pepsin.
V. Answer the following questions:
1. What do we call livestock? 2. What do the skins of some livestock provide? 3. Name chief kinds of livestock? 4. What science do we call animal husbandry? 5. What is the reason of settling people in one place? 6. What food products does livestock provide? 7. What by – products does livestock provide?
Care of Livestock Feed. A domestic animals’ daily food is called a ration. A balanced ration contains the nutrients that the animal holds for growth and good health. These nutrients include carbohydrates, fats, minerals, protein and vitamins. Animals suffering from nutritional deficiencies produce less meat, milk and eggs. They are also more likely to become unhealthy. Some livestock producers and animal feed companies use computers to determine the kind and proportion of ingredients used in livestock rations. Swine and poultry feed consists of various grains, by- products from food – processing, minerals, vitamins and concentrated plant and animal proteins. Cattle, sheep and other ruminants (animals with more than one stomach compartment) eat the grasses of pastureland. They are also fed grain, hay, the stalks of certain plants and other crop remains. Many farmers raise cattle in fenced – in areas called feed lots. These animals receive special feed that increases their growth rate. The use of feed lots decreases the amount of land needed for grazing. It also concentrates the amount of animal wastes available for use as fertilizer. Farmers move these wastes from the feed lots to the fields to fertilize the crops. Shelter. Livestock require some protection from severe weather so they can maintain satisfactory growth and reproduction. At one time, these animals could live easily without shelter. Through the years, however, farmers have developed breeding methods designed to increase meat production. These methods produce less hardly types of livestock. Today, many livestock cannot withstand extreme cold or heat. Exposure to snow and wind can also harm the animals. Livestock owners provide the most economical type of shelter that can best maintain the animals’ levels of food production. Some livestock need only a windbreak or shade tree for shelter. Others are sheltered in climate – controlled buildings where the humidity, light, sound level, temperature and ventilation are precisely regulated.
Апта
1. Read and translate the following words: substance, cover, surface, breathe, consist, begin, wash, shape, soil, help, absorb, release, breeze, warm, rise, fall, fail, starvation, spread, destruction, property, slave, clean, cook, bath, carry, waste, irrigate, dry, wet, fresh, salty, icecaps, glaciers, evaporate, pollute, flood.
II. Match the words with their definitions below: substance, absorb, starvation, irrigate, evaporate, pollute, breeze, glacier, flood, spread 1). supply(land, crops) with water(by means of rivers, pipes) 2). (particular kind of) matter 3). (cause to) change into vapour 4). mass of ice, formed by snow on mountains, moving slowly along a valley 5). suffering or death caused by having no food 6). make dirty, impure 7). take in or suck in 8). wind, especially a gentle wind 9). (coming of a) great quantity of water in a place that is usually dry 10). extend the surface or width of something by unfolding or unrolling it III. From the list below – pick up words which have the same meaning and which are the opposites:
a). synonyms: substance, earth, pollute, soil, wet, begin, matter, muddy, dry, start b). opposites: salty, small, hot, evaporate, rise, fresh, cold, absorb, fall, large
IV. Read and translate the text A:
“WATER”
Water is the most common substance on earth. It covers more than 70 per cent of the earth’s surface. It fills the oceans, rivers, and is in the ground and in the air we breathe. Water is everywhere. Without water, there can be no life. In fact, every living thing consists mostly of water. Your body is about two- thirds water. A chicken is about three- fourths water, and a pineapple is about four- fifths water. Most scientists believe that life itself began in water – in the salty water of the sea. Ever since the world began, water has been shaping the earth. Rain hammers at the land and washes soil into rivers. The oceans pound against the shores, chiseling cliffs and carrying away land. Rivers knife through rock, carve canyons, and build up land where they empty into the sea. Glaciers plow valleys and cut down mountains. Water helps keep the earth’s climate from getting too hot or too cold. Land absorbs and releases heat from the sun quickly. But the oceans absorb and release the sun’s heat slowly. So breezes from the oceans bring warmth to the land in winter and in winter and coolness in summer. Throughout history, water has been people’s slave – and their master. Great civilizations have risen where water supplies were plentiful. They have fallen when these supplies failed. People have killed one another for a muddy water hole. They have worshiped rain gods and prayed for rain. Often, when rains have failed to come, crops have withered and starvation has spread across a land. Sometimes the rains have fallen too heavily and too suddenly. Then rivers have overflowed their banks, drowning large numbers of people and causing enormous destruction of property. Today, more than ever, water is both slave and master to people. We use water in our homes for cleaning, cooking, bathing, and carrying away wastes. We use water to irrigate dry farmlands so we can grow more food. Our factories use more water than any other material. We use the water in rushing rivers and thundering waterfalls to produce electricity. Our demand for water is constantly increasing. Every year, there are more people in the world. Factories turn out more and more products, and need more and more water. We live in a world of water. But almost all of it – about 97 per cent – is in the oceans. This water is too salty to be used for drinking, farming, and manufacturing. Only about 3 per cent of the world’s water is fresh (unsalty). Most of this water is not easily available to people because it is locked in icecaps and other glaciers. By the year 2000, the world demand for fresh water may be double what it was in the 1980's.’But there will still be enough to meet people's needs.
V. Answer the following questions:
1) What is water? What forms of water do you know? 2) How much per cent does water cover the earth’s surface? 3) Where does water flow? 4) Can we live without water? Why? 5) Every living thing consists mostly of water, doesn’t it? Do you know any facts about it? 6) Is water slave or master to people? 7) What negative or positive sides of water do you know?
Interesting facts about water. 1 mile = 1.609 km (one thousand 6 hundred and 9 km.) 1 gallon (gal) = 4.546 litres (British) = 3.785 litres (US)
VI. Read and translate text B:
“ Water Is Life.”
Water is the natural resource we all know very well. We know its many forms – rain, snow, ice, hail, vapour, fog. Yet, water is the natural resource we least understand. How does water get into the clouds? What happens when it reaches the Earth? Why is there sometimes too much and other times too little of it? And, most important, is there enough water for all the plants, and all the animals, and all the people? Water covers nearly three fourths of the Earth, most being sea water. But sea water contains various salts, including those that are harmful to most land plants and animals. Still, it is from the salty seas and oceans that most of our fresh water comes- no longer salty and harmful. Water moves from clouds to land and back to the ocean in a never- ending cycle. Ocean water evaporates into atmosphere leaving salts behind, and moves across the Earth as water vapour. Water in lakes and rivers also evaporates and rises into the air. Having cooled in the air the water vapour condenses and falls to the Earth as rain, hail or snow, depending on region, climate, season and topography. This part of the cycle is very important because man can use water stored in the atmosphere only when it falls to the land. Every year about 450,000 cubic kilometers of water evaporates from the oceans and about 61,000 cubic kilometers from land sources. Water is an unchanging and ever renewing resource but its distribution on the surface of the globe varies greatly – there is either too little or too much water. Many problems are caused by too much water when we do not want it or too little when we do want it. No natural resource on our planet has so many uses as water. We need water to support our lives, to grow our crops, to water our stock, to power our industries and for many other purposes. Our water needs are great and they continue to grow. Agriculture requires great quantities of water to provide food and raw materials for industry. Industry consumes not less water than agriculture. Per capita use of water is increasing rapidly in the world. There is plenty of water on the Earth. But the amount of fresh water available to man is very small. In socialist society measures are taken against waste of water and pollution of water. We have to use water more efficiently in industry, towns and cities, in agriculture and irrigation. All life depends on water.
VII. Find definitions to the following words:
Air, Earth, water, sea, nature, plant, vegetable, moisture, soil, ground, land 1. Salt water which covers most of the Earth’s surface. 2. The planet on which we live. 3. The system of things of which we ourselves are a part. 4. The mixture of gases that surrounds the earth. 5. The common liquid which fills the rivers, lakes, seas and oceans. 6. Water vapour either in the air or condensed on a surface.7. Any form of vegetable life. 8. Any kind of plant which is used for food. 9. The earth in which things grow. 10. The surface of the Earth. 11. The solid part of the Earth’s surface contrasted with water and sea.
VIII. Tell about “Water cycle ”.
IX. Find opposite words:
a) to fall, to appear, to heat, to evaporate, moist, cold, to give, far, always, easy, heat, to decrease, to produce, to die, useful, inefficient, salt. b) To disappear, to rise, to cool, efficient, harmful, to live, never, difficult, to condense, to take, hot, dry, fresh, near, cold, to increase, to consume.
X. Find odd words:
1. heat, light, motion, surface; 2. a plant, a crop, an animal, a hat, a man; 3. soil, water, land, ground, Earth; 4. autumn, summer, sunlight, winter, spring; 5. quickly, directly, fast, slowly, rapidly; 6. an ocean, a lake, an inch, a river, a sea; 7. to plow, to sow, to plant, to harm, to cultivate, to harvest. XI. Read and translate text C:
“ Mice Under Water.”
Words To Help You Understand the Passage
temperature Temperature is how cold or how hot something is. It is usually measured by a thermometer. carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is a gas that is passed out of the lungs during breathing fluid-filled Fluid is another word for liquid. Fluid- filled means something is filled with a liquid.
Mice can live for many hours under water. A team of scientists has found that rodents can breath under water if two conditions are met. The water must contain salts and it must have more oxygen than is usually found in water. The scientists were led to their experiments by a study of how animals and people drown. Mice were put under water and were watched until their breathing stopped. When the tank was filled with ordinary sea water or tap water, the mice died quickly. When it was filled with a salt solution in which the salt solution in which the salt was equal to that in the mouse’s body and when oxygen was bubbled into it, the mice lived for as long as four hours. When the temperature was held at 20º C. and a chemical was added to improve carbon dioxide exchange, the mice lived to a maximum of nearly 18 hours.
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