GRAMMAR: Present Simple vs Present Continuous

Business Organization

 

needs satisfy survive depend on consumption business     profit owner affect (v)

потреби задовольняти вижити; продовжити існувати залежати від споживання бізнес, комерційна діяль-ність, торгове підприєм-ство, фірма, справа прибуток власник впливати на

provide services multinational set up/establish a business be in business run a business do business deal with (v)   go out of business expand a business diversify

надавати послуги транснаціональна корпорація створювати бізнес займатися торгівлею керувати підприємством вести бізнес займатися (чимось); бути клієнтом, купувати (у когось) ліквідувати підприємство розширювати бізнес різноманітити, варіювати

 

The economic system is made up of people with basic needs that they must satisfy to survive. As most people cannot produce all the goods and services they need, we depend on other persons or businesses to make them for our consumption. A business organization is a firm, a company or a business that makes, buys or sells goods, or provides services, to make a profit.

Large companies are referred to as corporations. Many consider the corporation the ideal way to organize business. Large companies operating in many countries are multinationals.

Big business can refer to large business organizations or to any business activity that makes a lot of money. Small companies are referred to as small businesses or small firms.

When we start a business we talk about setting up a business or establishing a business. Once a business has been established we talk about being in business or running a business.

To do business means to trade or deal with a company or country. It's not easy to organize a business and to operate it successfully. When a company is not successful, it may go out of business.

The economic situation, as well as decisions taken by the owners of a company, affects how it grows and changes. You may expand your business, specialize in something, you may also diversify your business.

 

1) What is the economic system made up of? 2) Why do people depend on businesses? 3) What is a business organization? 4) What are corporations? 5) Where do multinationals operate? 6) What do we call "big business"? 7) What does "to do business" mean? 8) When may a company go out of business? 9) What affects a company development? 10) What can a company do to improve its business?

 

1 Match words that have a similar meaning:

 

depend on firm set up a business go out of business run a business expand affect profit needs

 

necessities of life gain sell out a business establish a business enlarge operate a business company influence rely on

 

 

2 The words in the box frequently occur after "business". Find combinations that mean:   1) a small card showing a person's name, position and company name; 2) a visit to clients, suppliers or other business contacts which takes you away from home; 3) a document showing de-

tails of how someone aims to run the company, expand, introduce new product lines, and so on; 4) the people who own a business together; 5) the process of running a company; 6) a college or part of university where courses on business subjects are taught; 7) the organizations and people involved in business; 8) a meeting with lunch to talk about work or to entertain clients; 9) the ability to encourage or predict commercial activity; 10) a gathering of people to discuss work topics; 11) a letter about a business transaction, often following a certain form.

 

3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:

1) a very large organization that owns companies in more than onecountry in order to obtain cheap rawmaterials and make efficient use of a local workforce; 2) the moneygained in a business deal, esp.the difference between the amount earned and the amount spent; 3) a person or business that owns smth; 4) two or more peopleinbusiness

to makea profit by selling goods or services; 5) commercial activities in general; 6) a large groupof companies; 7) to enter new types of businesses; 8) a nation's system for allocating its resources amongits citizens.

 

4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

go out of business, affects, to do business, company, corporation, the owner, dealt, trading, set up, expanded, to run, in business, satisfied

 

1 It's been a pleasure... with you. 2 My wife’s a doctor, but I’m.... 3 Small shops... very quickly. 4 She... her own company and proved to be a very good businessperson. 5 They work for an engineering.... 6 When a... becomes bankrupt, its stock is of no value anymore. 7 The company... its sales force from ten to twenty representatives. 8... of that car bought it at an auto dealer. 9 Have you ever... with this company before? 10 He has no idea how... a successful business. 11 An increasing number of European firms are... with Japan. 12 Very hot weather... how people feel and act. 13 She... her hunger by eating a steak.

 

5 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: economic - economical, economics – economy

1The government's... policy has created a lot of problems. 2... is one of the major subjects which future economists study. 3 We are looking for more... production methods. 4 The country is in a state of... crisis. 5 The new heating system proved... to use. 6 The government is attempting to reduce inflation and strengthen the.... 7 Industrial production has slowed down in all the world’s major.... 8 This machine is no longer... to run. 9 The International Monetary Fund helps the... of the developing world. 10 Investors watch the rate of... growth closely. 11 My friend studies....

 

Ownership

 

join   purpose unlimited liability company limited liability company   be liable (for) debt assets sole trader/proprietorship (general) partnership

об'єднуватися, приєднуватися мета компанія з необмеженою відповідальністю компанія з обмеженою відповідальністю бути відповідальним (за) борг; зобов'язання майно, активи одноосібна власність товариство

private limited company (BrE) / limited liability company (AmE) public limited company (BrE) / listed company (AmE) shareholder share wealth offer (v) public stock exchange

закрита акціонерна компанія   відкрита акціонерна компанія з обмеженою відповідальністю акціонер акція багатство пропонувати громадськість фондова біржа

 

A business is an organization of material, human, financial, and information resources that are joined together for a specific purpose. Not all businesses are owned and organized in the same way.

In unlimited liability companies the owners are personally and entirely liable for the debts of the company. This means they may lose their personal assets (e.g., their house or their car) if the company is in financial difficulties.

In a limited liability company (Ltd.) the owners are liable only for the amount of money they have invested in the business.

Unlimited liability companies are subdivided into sole traders (BrE) / sole proprietorship (AmE) (a type of business organization owned and run by one person) and partnership (BrE) / general partnership (AmE) (a firm run by two or more partners).

Limited liability companies are subdivided into private limited companies (BrE) / limited liability companies (AmE) and public limited companies (BrE) / listed companies (AmE). A private limited company/limited liability company is a company which has shareholders (people who own the wealth of a company) but which cannot offer its shares to the public.

A public-limited company / listed company is a company whose shares can be bought and sold on the stock exchange. A public limited company is privately owned. It is not run by the state.

 

1 Are all businesses owned and organized in the same way? 2 What is the simplest form of business ownership? 3 What are the owners liable for in unlimited liability companies? 4 What are the owners liable for in a limited liability company? 6 What is a partnership? 7 What are limited liability companies subdivided into? 8 What is a private limited company? 9 What is a public limited company? 10 Is a public limited company privately or state-owned?

 

1 Match words that have a similar meaning:

join purpose sole trader public limited company offer organize personal share

 

sole proprietorship listed company propose aim unite stock arrange individual

 

2 The words in the box frequently occur after "debt". Find combinations that mean:1) a person employed to recover money owed by a person or an organization; 2) paying loans back to the lender; 3) renegotiating the form of debts; 4) renegotiating the dates that debts are to be repaid; 5) the overall amount of an organization's debt; 6) a period when a debtor is having trouble repaying their debts.

 

3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition: 1) a firm run by two or more partners; 2) a business owned by one person; 3) a company in which the owners are entirely liable for the debts of the company; 4) a company in which the owners are liable only for the amount of money they have invested in the business; 5) a company that may not offer its shares for sale to the public; 6) a company whose shares can be bought and sold on the stock exchange; 7) money owed by one

one person or an organization to another; 8) an item of value belonging to a person or a company; 9) one of many portions into which a company's capital is divided; 10) a market where stocks and shares are bought and sold under fixed rules; 11) a person who owns shares in a company and is, therefore, a member of the company; 12) (owning) a large amount of money, goods or property.

4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

Stock exchange, wealth, purpose, shareholders, sole trader, partners, shares, assets, debts, partnership, sole proprietorship.

1 The person operating a......owns the business in his or her own name. 2 Formed by two or more persons, the... is considered a business entity. Each partner is responsible for the.... 3 All personal... of each partner are at risk if the business fails. 4... receive dividends in proportion to the capital they invest. 5 Being a......she works long hours in her hairdressing business. 6 The partnership collapsed as a result of the criminal activities of one of the.... 7 He has... in British Gas. 8 He is a man of great.... 9 The... of going to school is to learn. 10 He works as a computer operator at the New York.......

5 Fill in the missing prepositions: (on, by, of-2, to-2, in-2, for, within)

The limited liability company provides a framework... which a business can operate effectively. A limited company is usually the best vehicle... business. Shareholders inject capital and receive a return... proportion to the capital they invest. They are eligible to attend an annual general meeting... approve or otherwise the way the directors are running the business. Annual general meetings also determine how much... the profit will be distributed... shareholders.

Control... the company is... the hands of directors who are appointed... the shareholders to run the company... their behalf.

Ex.1. Divide the expressions in the box into those which talk about present and those which talk about past. Choose any two expressions from each list and write sentences about your own educational experience.

last Monday, this year, for the last two hours, last September, when I was a child, in March, since January, at Christmas, last week, since I entered the college, lately, a week ago, this month, in the last few days

Ex.2. Choose the correct variant:

1 He published/has published a new book twice already. 2 I never was/have been to Italy, but I have gone/went to England last May. 3 I sent /have sent them an e-mail this week. 4 Did you register/Have you registered your ticket yet? 5 The plane from Paris has landed/landed an hour ago. 6 How many schools did/have you studied in? 7 The shop never made/has made any money. 8 Did it stop/Has it stopped snowing yet? 9 He was/has been in his office since early morning. 10 Mary called/has called her employer yesterday. 11 I answered/have answered three letters so far. 12 She was/has been away on business since last Monday.

Ex.3. Complete these sentences using the Past Simple or Present Perfect Simple:

1 People (begin) to watch TV about 50 years ago. 2 I am looking for Tom. You (see) him? I (see) him last week, but not today. 3 When I was a child, I never (eat) cheese. 4 He (organize) his sole proprietorship this year. 5 This morning I (take) a little walk. 6 We (be) to our main office since 7.30. 7 I (know) the owner of this company all my life. 8 The company (change) a lot lately. 9 It (not rain) here for weeks. 10 She (be) a regular investor in my business. 11 How long you (be) in your current job? 12 He (have) several jobs since he left our company.

Ex.4. Correct the mistakes where necessary:

1 Your fax has arrived three days ago. 2 I haven't been to the office since Sunday. 3 Has anyone seen my car keys? 4 I’ve passed my driving test. 5 I already had four cups of coffee today, and it's only lunchtime! 6 I’ve been to most countries of Africa but I never visited Congo. 7 He’s passed his exams last May. 8 He was

busy all this week. 9 There’s a lot of work to do recently. 10 Computers have become very important lately.

Ex.5. Translate into English:

1 Вона завжди давала мені багато корисних порад в бізнесі. 2 Ми не бачили його вже 2 роки. 3 Я щойно заплатив йому за цю роботу. 4 Я щойно прочитав звіт наших партнерів. 5 Ви не одержали від нього жодного листа, чи не так? 6 Він надіслав нам ці документи позавчора. 7 Невже він повідомив вам цю новину? 8 У мене був вільний час і я продивився ваш контракт. 9 Твої друзі принесли тобі багато квітів і подарунків. 10 Його стаття була надрукована в нашому журналі. 11 Ми обговорили план співробітництва з цією фірмою дві години тому. 12 Вони інвестували в мій бізнес велику кількість грошей.

 

Business Relationship

subsidiary   parent company     holding company hold(v) stake

дочірня компанія, підконтрольна компанія, філія компанія-засновник; компанія, що володіє контрольним пакетом акцій іншої компанії холдингова компанія володіти частка (капіталу), акція

sister company conglomerate joint venture separate legal entity consortium undertake (a project)   carry out

сестринська компанія конгломерат спільне підприємство окрема юридична особа консорціум розпочинати, здійснювати (проект) виконувати, здійснювати

 

As businesses expand they may buy shares in other companies, or join with other companies for a particular purpose. There are different relationships these companies can have with one another.

A groupis a number of subsidiary companies operating under one leading company – the parent company. A subsidiary is a company half or wholly owned by another company (the parent company).

A holding company is one that holds all, or more than half of, the stakes in one or more subsidiaries. It is the leading company in a group.A holding company's relationship to its subsidiaries is that of parent company, and the subsidiaries' relationship to each other is that of sister companies.

A conglomerate is a group consisting of a lot of different companies in different businesses run as one large company.

When two or more companies decide to work together, they form a joint venture. In such cases, the two companies involved remain separate legal entities.

A consortium is a group of companies which come together to undertake a project which any one of the members cannot carry out alone.

 

1 Describe the types of relationships that companies can have with one another. 2 What is a group? 3 Is a subsidiary owned by another company? 4 What is a holding company? 5 What is a conglomerate? 6 Under what circumstances is a joint venture formed? 7 Why do companies unite into a consortium?

 

1 Match words that have a similar meaning:

 

consist stock separate carry out operate holding company hold decide remain

 

stay parent company different from make up one's mind share fulfil function be composed of own

 

2 The words in the box frequently occur after "company". Find combinations that mean:

 

1) the leading company of a group that holds all or more than half of the shares of the other companies and usually controls other companies; 2) one of two or more organizations that are part of the same group; 3) a business formed by a group of people using money provided by them all; 4) a company of which at least half the share capital is owned by another company, called a parent or holding company; 5) a company whose shares are recorded on the

main market of a stock exchange;

6) a company whose members are only responsible for its debts up to a limited amount; 7) a company that offers the same or better goods and services as another and therefore competes for the same customers.

 

3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:

 

1) a connection between ideas, people or things; 2) the leading company in a group; 3) a holding company together with any subsidiary companies in which it owns more than half of the share capital; 4) a business activity in which two or more people or organizations work together; 5) a sum of money invested in a

business; 6) a number of companies, sometimes involved with different products, joined together and run as one large company; 7) a temporary association of two or more companies for a major project that is too complex for any of them to do alone; 8) allowed or required by law.

4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

Undertake, remained, holds, relationship, joint venture, sister, stake, holding, subsidiary (2), conglomerate, separate

 

1 One of the oldest breweries has now joined an international... of drinks manufacturers. 2 There are now five... companies in the group. Each... company trades under its own name. 3 The businessman formed a... company to control all his assets. 4 They have a 25%... in the business. 5 Our... company may share some of the advertising costs with US. 6 An American and a German auto maker agreed to form a......to build trucks. 7 Those two companies have a close working.... 8 She... stocks of 12 companies. 9 This product has... popular for many years. 10 The company will... the building of a large warehouse. 11 The cost of making the product and the cost of selling it are two... issues.

5 Fill in the missing prepositions: (into, for (2), of (4), with, in (7), by (2), because of)

1 The group's shares fell...10 %...a fall in the home market. 2 Our parent company has its HQ... Finland. 3 Nestle Corporation,... its many branches and subsidiaries, is one... the world's largest food manufacturers. 4 Multinational corporations now operate... every sector... industry. 5 Philip Morris is a holding company which owns several major American companies... the tobacco and food industries. 6 Warner Bros is an entertainment conglomerate that produces television programmes... broadcasting all over the world. 7 Japanese and US firms... the textile industry continue to enter... joint ventures... India. 8 The hotel was finally rescued... a consortium... local business owners. 9 I work... a construction company which has a lot... contracts... other countries. 10 The partners... a joined venture agree to control and manage the business together.

GRAMMAR: Present Perfect Simple (2)

have / has + V3 (Ved)

 

We use the Present Perfect Simple:

*for the action or situation which is finished: We have painted the whole house.

*for recent actions or events in the past that have a result in the present: You have broken the window!

*for actions or situations that began in the past and continue in the present: Windsor Castle has been a royal residence since the 11th century.

Time expressions: for, since, just, already, yet, this morning (week), recently, lately, never, ever.

1 Choose the correct verb form:

1. Have you ever seen/did you ever see a rock concert? 2. I saw/have seen the Rolling Stones last year. 3. I love rock and roll I like/have liked it all my life. 4. The Stones' concert has been/was excellent. 5. І have bought/bought all their records after the concert. 6. How long have you known/do you know Peter? 7. I know him/have known him since we were at school together. 8. When did you get/have you got married to him? 9. We have been/are together for over ten years, and we have got/got married eight years ago.

2 Put for or since into each gap. a. ____ two weeks b. ____ half an hour c. ____ August d. ____ 9.15 e. ____ I was ten

f. ___ a long time g. ___ 3 March h. ___ ages i. ___ the beginning of term j. ___ a couple of days

 

3 Make sentences about the following people:

1) Alice is a journalist. (meet/a lot of famous people; not be/on television) 2) Robert Swan is an explorer. (be/North Pole; see/polar bears; never/get lost) 3) Bill and Sophie are unemployed. (not have/a job for six months; not have/a holiday since Christmas; not be/the cinema for a year) 4) Sue is a tennis player. (play/since she was six; not win/a senior competition; never play/at Wimbledon)

 

4 Answer the questions about you. Use short answers. Have you ever ...

...been to Mexico / tried Chinese food / forgotten to do the homework / made your teacher angry with you?

 

5 Put for or since into each gap. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

a) I haven't seen Keith_____a while. b) He's been in China_____January. c) Jack works for KMP. He has worked for them_____several years. d) He and his wife have lived next to me_____their son, Denny, was born. e) І have known them_____many years. f) We’ve been friends_____we were at university together. g) His wife, Carrie, is a designer. She has had her own studio_____six months. h) I’m looking after Tom today. He's been at my house _____8.00 this morning.

 

6 Ask these people questions about their experiences:

 

1 a racing driver - have an accident? 2 an explorer - get lost? 3 an actress - forget your words? 4 a mountaineer - climb Mount Everest? 5 a window cleaner - fall off your ladder? 6 a pop singer - have a number one song? 7 an electrician - have an electric shock?

 

7 Open the brackets. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

 

1 Sorry I’m late – I (miss) the bus. 2 We (live) here all our lives. 3 What they (tell) you? 4 She (have) a headache since morning. 5 You (ask) her yet? 6 I (not know) her very long. 7 He (be) a singer since childhood. 8 She (not do) her homework again! 9 Anybody (see) Jane this morning? 10 I (be) to France and Italy but I never (be) to Greece. 11 You (have) your breakfast yet?

 

Companies’ Restructuring

restructure market profitable combine merge (v) merger controlling share     acquire / make an acquisition take over

реорганізовувати ринок прибутковий об'єднуватися зливатися, об'єднуватися злиття, об'єднання частка в капіталі компанії, яка забезпечує контроль за її діяльністю придбати   поглинати (компанію)

hostile takeover   willingly   make a bid (for smth) buyout   divest of / pull out abandon efficient

одержання контролю над компанією проти бажання її керівництва (вороже поглинання) охоче; добровільно, без примусу робити пропозицію викуп контрольного пакету акцій відмовлятися від участі залишати ефективний

In the world of business we can often see changes to the structure of companies and groups of companies. As a rule companies join with or buy other companies in order to have better control of a particular market, to diversify their business, to strengthen their operations or to remain profitable. When two companies combine, they merge to form one company in an agreement known as a merger.

To buy another company or to win a controlling share of a company is to acquire a business, make an acquisition or take over a company. There are two types of takeover: a hostile takeover is a situation in which a company is bought out when the owners do not want to sell. A friendly takeovertakes place when a company is willingly bought out. When someone wants to buy a company they have to make a bid for it, i.e. offer to buy it at a certain price.

A buyout is a situation in which a person or group gains control of a company or a particular part of it by buying all or most of its shares.

If a company sells a business, it divests itself of that business. If you pull out of a business activity, you abandon it, perhaps as part of a programme of restructuring: reorganizing a business in order to make it more efficient and profitable.

1 Why do companies join with or buy other companies? 2 What happens when companies combine? 3 What does "making an acquisition" mean? 4 What types of takeover exist in business? 5 What is the difference between a hostile and a friendly takeover? 6 What do you have to do when you want to buy a company? 7 What is a buyout? 8 Why do businessmen restructure their business?

1 Match words that have a similar meaning:

see buy aim staff make an acquisition enter new types of businesses win share hostile takeover bid pull out

stop participating acquire observe purchase purpose gain stock diversify offer to sell something at a certain price unfriendly takeover personnel

2 The words in the box frequently occur before "market". Find combinations that mean: 1) the illegal economy, not approved by a government; 2) the situation of buying and selling goods for personal use, not for resale; 3) a place where raw materials and some manufactured goods are bought and sold; 4) any market where there is a lot of buying and selling; 5) a place where deals are made relating to the long-term investment needed by businesses;

6) a market where certain securities are plentiful and prices are low because there are few buyers; 7) a market where foreign currencies are traded; 8) a market where conditions are good for the buyer; 9) a market where conditions are good for the seller; 10) a financial market at which the value of stocks and bonds goes down; 11) a situation in a financial market where prices are rising and lots of shareholders are buying.

3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition: 1) a business or part of a business taken over or bought by another company; 2) a person who saw something and can tell about it;3) the buying of one company or most of the shares in it, by a person or another company; 4) (in business) combining two companiesinto one larger company; 5) an offer to sell something at a certain price;6) the

amount of money for which something can be bought or sold; 7) the purchase of a controlling interest in business; 8) the workers or employees of an organization; 9) a situation where a person or an organization owns enough shares (usually more than 50%) in a company to say how it should be run.

4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

the market, to merge, the merger, acquisition, a takeover, a bid, price, a purchase, a staff, profitable, abandoned

1 This deal should be highly.... 2 We have... of twenty. 3 Choose carefully before making.... 4 We can't afford to buy the computer at that.... 5 Our company made... to sell coffee beans at $ 10 per pound. 6 The family will never sell more than 49 per cent of the shares; they don't want any possibility of.... 7 The software company's... of Acme Company will help it compete in the hardware market. 8 The directors of both companies met to discuss the terms of.... 9 The two insurance companies have agreed.... 10 We... the project because it was too expensive. 11... determines what goods are made.

5 Fill in the missing prepositions: (of (5), to, for (3), as, in (4), by, over, into, between, about)

1 Rumours... a takeover led... a sharp rise in the company's share price. 2 The company has launched a bid... a hostile takeover... its main rival in the sector. 3... a result... the friendly takeover... Eastern Foods Ltd, we can witness a substantial increase... earnings. 4 His company makes a bid... Telecom Spain. 5 Santrix Corporation was taken......Chesterton Corporation two years ago. 6 Making an acquisition... the computer industry will greatly improve the company's position... the market. 7 Many American banks have merged... the last 5 years. 8 Talks... a merger... Daimler and Chrysler caused speculation... job security. 9 The staff signed a birthday card... me. 10 Two banks underwent a merger and combined... one huge operation.

Organizational Structure

 

vary location   employee customer Board of Directors be in charge of Chairman of the Board Managing Director Head of a company Finance department

відрізнятися; змінювати місце знаходження, розташування службовець, співробітник замовник, клієнт, покупець правління, рада директорів керувати голова правління генеральний директор керівник компанії фінансовий відділ

Sales department Marketing department Production department Research and Develop-ment department Personnel department personnel report to (v)   senior (top) executive /manager

відділ збуту відділ маркетингу виробничий відділ відділ наукових досліджень та розробок відділ кадрів персонал, штат звітувати; підпорядковуватися керівник вищого рангу

 

The structure of organizations varies greatly according to the nature of the business. There are several factors which influence this structure:

*the number of locations and employees

*the economic sector

*the type of market in which they operate

*the type of customer

*the degree of management control required

*the complexity of the business activities

The company is run by a Board of Directors; each Director is in charge of a department. However, the Chairman of the Board is in overall control and may not be the head of any one department. The Board is responsible for policy decisions and strategy. The Managing Director (sometimes called the Chief Executive or President in the USA) is the head of the company, who has overall responsibility for the running of the business.

Most companies have Finance, Sales, Marketing, Production, Research and Development (R&D) and Personnel Departments.

These are the most common departments, but some companies have others as well.

Most departments have a Manager, who is in charge of its day-to-day running, and who reports to the Director; the Director is responsible for strategic planning and for makingdecisions. Various personnel in each department report to the Manager.

People at the head of an organization are often called senior executives or senior managers, top executives or top managers.

1 What does the structure within which business can operate depend on? 2 What factors influence this structure? 3 Who is the company run by? 4 What is the Board of Directors responsible for? 5 Who is the head of the company? What is he/she responsible for? 6 Who supervises the Managing Director? 7 What departments do most companies have? 8 What is the Director responsible for? 9 Who reports to the Director? 10 Who do personnel in each department report to? 11 Who elects the Board of Directors?

 

1 Match words that have a similar meaning:

vary customer be in charge of head make a decision department personnel director

chief decide staff division manager change client control

 

2 The words in the box frequently occur before "manager". Find combinations that mean:

 

1) a person in control of staff in one section of an organization; 2) a per-son in control of staff but under the authority of a manager; 3) a person in control of the manufacturing process; 4) a person in control of the design and quality of goods made by a company; 5) a person at the head of an organization; 6) a person responsible for the sales staff and their work; 7) a person responsible for recruiting / training employees and dealing with

their problems.

3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition:

1) the place where something is located; 2) a person who works for another person, business or government; 3) a person who buys something from a shop, pays for a service or orders something from a company; 4) a group of directors who are responsible for running a company and usually have legal res-

ponsibilities to it; 5) a company director responsible for the day-to-day running of a company; 6) the chief officer of a company responsible for deciding and carrying out company policy; 7) a person in charge of a department; 8) the people employed by an organization; the staff; 9) people at the head of an organization.

 

4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

 

reports, personnel department, personnel, made, day-to-day, the head, in charge of, the Board of Directors, customers, an employee

 

1 She is... of this company. 2 Our company treats its... well with fast service and good products. 3... is discussing the annual pay rise. 4 She is... of the new project. 5 She is... of the finance committee. 6 My partner takes care of the... operations of the company. 7 He... a quick decision to buy the TV. 8 Training courses are provided for all company.... 9 She... directly to the company's president. 10 New staff should report to the....

 

5 Choose the correct word:

1 The employees responsible for carrying out general office duties are clerks/accountants/financiers. 2 The employees who sell a company's products are the sales representatives/managers/managing directors. 3 The employees who are responsible for seeing that the finished goods are well made are the packers/quality controllers/economists. 4 The workers who process data, under the control of managers and supervisors, are the computer hackers/operators/users. 5 The person who greets a visitor and tells him or her how to get to the right office is the manager/president/receptionist. 6 The clerical workers who use typewriters or word processors and who produce letters and other documents are writers /secretaries/editors. 7 The employees who check a company’s financial affairs are the statisticians /accountants/customers. 8 The person appointed by the board of directors to be responsible for the management team that runs a business on a day-to-day basis is the operator/managing director/seller.

Employment

 

employment   reflect (v) be self-employed (v)   work freelance (v)   employer fixed-term contract part-time worker   administration

зайнятість, робота за наймом відображати працювати самостійно, не за наймом працювати не за наймом; бути вільним художником наймач, роботодавець строковий контракт робітник, який зайнятий неповний робочий день управління, керування (справами); адміністрація

reject (v) Human resources HR department recruitment staff appraisal welfare     ensure (v) meet the needs (v) job rotation job security

відхиляти персонал, людські ресурси відділ кадрів набір (кадрів) оцінка роботи персоналу соціальне забезпечення; допомога з соціального забезпечення забезпечувати, гарантувати задовольняти потреби зміна робіт гарантія роботи / зайнятос-ті, забезпечення роботою

 

Work plays a major part in most people's lives. People of all sorts work in business, and the terms businessman and businesswomanreflect this, referring to a wide range of individuals, from the rich and famous to small company owners, from people in large organizations to those who work for themselves.

Businessmen and women are referred to together as businesspeople.

Many people choose to be self-employed (to have their own business) or to work freelance for several employers.

As the labour market becomes more flexible, many employers respond by increasing the number of fixed-term contracts and part-time workers.

In large organizations, administration of people is done by thepersonnel department, although this expression is now sometimes rejected. Companies talk instead about their human resources or HR.

The Human Resources departmentof a company is responsible for planning, recruitment of new people, staff training and development, staff appraisal, welfare, pensions administration and industrial relations. It works to ensure that the right people are available to meet the company's needs.

Some companies move their workers regularly between teams or departments. This is called job rotation. Job security is knowing or feeling that a job will last for a long time.

 

1 What do we call people working in business? 2 How do employers respond to the flexibility of the labour market? 3 What department is administration of people done by? 4 What is the Human Resources department of a company responsible for? 5 What is job rotation? 6 What is job security? 7 When a person works freelance, does he/she work for him/herself?

 

1 Match words that have a similar meaning:

 

available rich famous businessman HR department be responsible for staff ensure staff appraisal last fixed-term contract

 

continue business person personnel department be in charge of performance appraisal wealthy renowned make sure terminal contract personnel obtainable

 

2 The words in the box frequently occur after "job". Find combinations that mean:

 

1) an outline of the main aims and tasks of the work done by a particular employee; 2) examining how much money a job is worth and how much the person doing it should be paid; 3) the name of a person's job; 4) a situation where a job is likely to be permanent; 5) dividing a full-time job for one person between two or more part-time employees; 6) it is carried out to examine a particular job in detail

7) a kind of notice put by an organization in a newspaper, company bulletin or on the Internet; 8) the feeling of achievement and enjoyment a worker gets from a job.

 

3 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition: 1) a person or company that provides job; 2) the people who work in an organization; 3) having a paid job; 4) without a job; 5) an assessment of the quality of the employee's work; 6) an agreement to employ someone for a limited period only; 7) two or more people working together; 8) the process of interviewing and choosing

people to do a job; 9) personnel, employees; 10) a regular payment made by the state to a person who has retired from a job; 11) someone who works for her/himself and is not employed by a company.

 

4 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

 

Businesswoman, pension, recruitment, flexible, job title, job security, job evaluation, personnel, job satisfaction, job advertisements, job, employment, self-employed.

 

1 He is out of work and looking for.... 2 He has got a highly-paid... in the oil business. 3 There are several... for administrative staff in today's newspaper. 4 Although the pay is low, there is a high level of.... 5 We cannot afford to lose skilled.... 6 My... is coming up next week. I hope they decide to pay me more money. 7 The union is demanding greater.... 8 My actual... is departmental manager. 9 She is... and always open to new ideas. 10 She is responsible for the... of new staff. 11 After working for the company for 20 years, he was offered a good.... 12 She was a successful..., with her own tourist agency. 13 She used to work for a design agency, but now she is....

 

5 Fill in the missing prepositions: (on (3), as, out, for, from, of (6), in (3), about)

 

1 Job rotation has enabled our staff to broaden their range... skills. 2 The fastest growing sector... the labour market is... the employment of women. 3 Could you tell me... the kind... work you are looking...? 4 He has a good job... computers. 5 We are carrying... four job evaluations this week. 6... a result... new technology more workers felt there was a lack... job satisfaction. 7 She finds it difficult to live... her state pension. 8 We must reduce the amount... time and money spent... administration. 9 We get about 30%...

our staff... recruitment agencies. 10. He lost his job and is now... welfare.

6 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: to provide - to secure - to ensure

 

1 My job... me with the opportunity to meet new people every day. 2 People need a job to... their indepen-

dence. 3 Our company will soon... a full account of its investment activities. 4 I was very pleased with the room you... me with. 5 I... that the house was protected by locking all the doors. 6 My department... advice for those who plan to set up a business. 7 The company has... all the workers who use dangerous machines. 8 She has...a good job. 9 I can't...that he will be there in time. 10 Can you...me two good seats for the show?

Human Resources

 

skills job title define (v) personal assistant authority executive   workforce supervisor

навички назва професії визначати секретар-референт керівництво, влада керівник, адміністратор, службовець робоча сила інспектор; керівник персоналу (на підприємстві); контролер

on the payroll   payroll monthly-paid / weekly-paid / hourly-paid staff   white-collar worker manual worker blue-collar worker colleague/co-worker

в штатному складі (підприємства) платіжна відомість персонал, який отримує заробітну платню щомісячно / щотижнево / погодинно службовець робітник фізичної праці робітник колега, співробітник

 

"Human Resources" means people, plus the skills and experience they bring to an organization. Job titles such as "Accounts Manager" or "Personal Assistant" define what people do.

An employer is a person or company that provides job. Boss is an informal word meaning "someone in authority", for example an employer or owner of a company, or simply someone in a superior position.

The person who runs a specific part of an organization is called a manager. An executive is usually a

manager at quite a high level. People at the head of an organization, as it was already mentioned, are senior executives, top executives or top managers. Someone who is in charge of making sure a job is well done e.g. on the factory floor, or in retailing, is sometimes called a supervisor.

People working for a company are referred to as its workforce, employees, staff or personnel and are on its payroll.

Payrollis the list of all the people employed by a company, and the amount of money paid to each of them. The payroll is usually divided into monthly-paid staff, weekly-paid staff and hourly-paid staff.

Professionals or people with office jobs are white-collar workers, while manual workers in factories, on building sites, etc. are called blue-collar workers. Someone who works with you in your job is a colleague (sometimes called a co-worker).

 

1 What does "Human Resources" mean? 2 Who is an employer? 3 Who is an executive? 4 Who is at the head of an organization? 5 Whom do we call "boss"? 6 What is workforce? 7 Where do white-collar workers work? 8 What do blue-collar workers do? 9 What is a supervisor in charge of? 10 What is a payroll? 11 What is a payroll usually divided into? 12 What do managers usually run?

 

1 Match words that have a similar meaning:

 

specific manual provide workforce colleague define authority owner

 

give co-worker definite physical possessor personnel specify power

 

2 Match the words and phrases in the box with the correct definition: 1) a person who works for another person or an organization in return for wages; 2) a person who is employed to control, organize and direct part or all of a business or organization; 3) (informal) a person who is responsible for the work of a company, a department or at least one other person; 4) a person with authority who watches others work to

make sure a job is done properly; 5) a list of all the people employed by a company, and the amount of money paid to each of them; 6) the (official) power to give orders, make decisions, etc.; 7) a person that you work with in a profession or business; 8) an employee who does unskilled work, usually in a factory; 9) a person who works in an office; 10) all the employees in an office or factory; 11) a manager in a company who has the power to spend money, hire and fire employees.

 

3 Choose the correct word from the box to complete the gaps. Translate the sentences into Ukrainian:

 

authority, executive, skills, payroll(2), supervisor, workforce, colleagues, blue-collar / white-collar workers

 

1 The new salary structure only affects.... 2 Health and safety regulations state that all... must wear a uniform. 3 Many of his... are more qualified than he is. 4 The... has been reduced by half in the last five years. 5 If you have any problems please talk to your.... 6 She has been on the... for nearly 20 years. 7 I have no... to change decisions taken by management. 8 She has excellent advertising.... 9 She is an... with a bank. 10 The company has over 1000 people on its....

 

4 Fill in the missing prepositions: (to (4), on (2), in (5), as, at, of, by)

 

1 The company's owner granted each manager authority to spend up... $ 10,000...travel. 2 We hired him and put him... the payroll. 3 The workforce... this area is well-educated. 4 My colleagues... the office agree... this proposal. 5 Most blue-collar workers... the USA do not belong... unions. 6 He got a white-collar job... a computer programmer. 7 She is the boss... the publishing company. 8 She has years... experience... marketing. 9 Large corporations try to develop their human resources... giving educational programs. 10 She is senior... the others... the company because she has worked here the longest.

 

5 Complete the sentences using these often confused words: employer - employee

 

1 The company has 1200..... 2 She asked her ….. for a pay rise. 3 The steel works used to be the largest ….. in the town. 4 She is an ….. of this company. 5 My ….. is United Chemical. 6 All the company's ….. are encouraged to take part in training courses. 7 Philips is an equal opportunities ….. 8 I'll have a word with my ….. about leaving early this afternoon. 9 We cannot afford to lose skilled …..10 There

are plenty of seasonal..... in the tourists industry.

 

GRAMMAR: Past Perfect Simple (2)

had + V3 (Ved)

We use the Past Perfect Simple:

*to talk about an action or event in the past that happened before another action in the past. The second action in the past is in the Past Simple:

He had abandoned his business by the time I arrived in this city.

*to talk about an action or event in the past that happened before a definite time in the past:

I had never been to London until this year.

*to give a reason for a past event or action: He didn't come because he had missed the train.

 

1 Make sentences from the chart:

A	В	C	D
1. I couldn't answer the questions 2. I was hungry 3. My mother was worried 4. I was late 5. I was pleased 6. I was nervous during the flight 7. My father was furious 8. I was tired	because I	had   hadn't	crashed his car. passed my driving test. got stuck in a traffic jam. flown in a plane before. slept badly. revised for the exam. been in touch for a long time. eaten all day.

 

2 Put numbers in the brackets to show the order in which each action happened:

 

1. I went to bed () after I'd had a bath () and brushed my teeth ().

2. When I arrived at John's house (), he had made a cake () and done the washing-up ().

3. When I arrived at John's house (), he made us a cup of tea ().

4. My stomach-ache disappeared () after I'd taken some medicine ().

5. When we got to the theatre (), the play had started () and all the seats had been taken ().

6. Paul had supper (), then went to sit in his living room (). He felt miserable (). It had been an awful day()

7. Paul sat in his armchair () and thought about the day (). He had got up late (), and then in the evening, his girlfriend had left him (). He decided it was time for bed ().

 

3 Put the verbs in brackets one in the Past Simple and one in the Past Perfect:

1 He _________ (die) after he _________ (be) ill for a long time.

2 They _________ (thank) her for everything she _________ (do).

3 When I got to the office, I _________ (realize) that I _________ (forget) to lock the front door.

4 When they _________ (finish) their work, they _________ (go) home.

5 I _________ (call) you at 8.00, but you _______just _______ (go) out.

6 I took my family to Paris last year. I _______ (be) there as a student, so I _______ (know) my way around.

7 When І _________ (listen) to the news, I _________ (go) to bed.

 

4 Open the brackets using Past Perfect or Past Simple:

 

1. On my way to college I (realize) that I (leave) my report at home. 2. All my friends (be) glad to hear that I (pass) all the exams successfully. 3. By the time we (come) to see him, he (return) home. 4. During the holidays my friend (visit) the village where he (live) in his childhood. 5. When they (enter) the hall, the performance already (begin). 6. Where you (work) before you (enter) the institute? 7. She (think) that Gerry and Lisa (quarrel). 8. Suddenly he (remember) that he (not ring) her up in the morning. 9. By the time the train (reach) the city, he (make) friends with many passengers. 10. He (study) Spanish before he (enter) the university.

 

5 Translate into English using the Past Perfect Tense:

 

1. Представник фірми вже підписав контракт, коли вони припинили постачання сировини. 2. Ми вже відправили звіт компанії, коли вона помітила деякі помилки. 3. Персонал компанії вже обрав нового президента, коли він зателефонував. 4. До того як ми з'єднали наші компанії, цей бізнес був збитковим. 5. До кінця минулого року вони вже створили декілька спільних підприємств. 6. До кінця вересня ціни зросли вдвічі. 7. Він запізнився на конференцію, тому що не встиг на перший автобус. 8. Вона вже завершила підготовку до щорічного звіту, коли менеджер викликав її у свій офіс. 9. Ми вже розпочали роботу над нашим спільним проектом, коли він залишив компанію. 10. Його бізнес став дуже прибутковим після того, як він запросив нового консультанта.

Recruitment Procedure