Take a partner of the other sex or find a picture of your favorite artist/ actress etc. Imagine you would have a baby. What traits would you pass him?

18. Remember Modal verbs and its equivalents. Finish the second sentence with the same idea like in the first. Mind that sometimes you need the other modal verb!

1) She can ski really well.

2) She _______ really well when she was five.

3) I can finish it by Friday but it won't be easy.

4) I _______ it by Friday but it wasn't be easy.

5) John can't live here. It's the wrong street.

6) Shakespeare _____ in that house. It wasn't built until 1840.

7) I must check the oil before we leave.

8) I ______ check the oil before we left.

9) It must be raining. Everyone has their umbrella up.

10) It _______. The ground is wet.

11) Thank you very much. You needn't give me a lift, but it's very kind.

12) You _______ me a lift, but it was very kind.

13) He needn't collect me from the station. I'll walk.

14) He _______ me from the station. I walked.

15) Why don't you take the exam? You might pass.

16) Why didn't you take the exam? You _______.

17) He should stop smoking before it's too late.

18) He _______ stop smoking before it was too late.

19) I could visit you next Sunday.

20) I ________ you last Sunday. Why didn’t you ask me?

21) There's the phone. It'll be Paul.

22) Did he have a deep voice? It______Paul.

23) He'll sit in the armchair for hours, staring into space.

24) He_______ in the armchair for hours, staring into space.

25) Let's take the map. We may get lost.

26) I wonder where they are. They _______.

Read the text and translate.

GM Food

One of the best-known and controversial applications of genetic engineering is the creation of genetically modified food. There are three generations of genetically modified crops. First generation crops have been commercialized and most provide protection from insects and/or resistance to herbicides. There are also fungal and virus resistant crops developed or in development. They have been developed to make the insect and weed management of crops easier and can indirectly increase crop yield.

The second generation of genetically modified crops being developed aim to directly improve yield by improving salt, cold or drought tolerance and to increase the nutritional value of the crops. The third generation consists of pharmaceutical crops, crops that contain edible vaccines and other drugs. Some agriculturally important animals have been genetically modified with growth hormones to increase their size while others have been engineered to express drugs and other proteins in their milk.

The genetic engineering of agricultural crops can increase the growth rates and resistance to different diseases caused by pathogens and parasites. These modified crops would also reduce the usage of chemicals, such as fertilizers and pesticides, and therefore decrease the frequency of the damages produced by these chemical pollution.

Ethical and safety concerns have been raised around the use of genetically modified food. A major safety concern relates to the human health implications of eating genetically modified food, in particular whether toxic or allergic reactions could occur. Gene flow into related non-transgenic crops, off target effects on beneficial organisms and the impact on biodiversity are important environmental issues. Ethical concerns involve religious issues, corporate control of the food supply, intellectual property rights and the level of labeling needed on genetically modified products.

Study this text and enlarge it with your knowledge about genetically modified food.

Search the Internet and find all new GM findings: foods and animals and so on. Present then to your class.

Create the project “Genetically modified food”. Choose the product you want to create and qualities you can endow your GM product. What are they? Where can you take them from? Make a poster of your product and tell about the procedure you made to create such unique GM product.

23. Write a ‘for-and against’ essay about pluses and minuses of

- creating GM product.

- using GM food.

 

Practice: Отызбаева К.Ж. УМКД по дисциплине «Профессионально-ориентированный Иностранный язык» для студентов 2 курса по специальности биология и биотехнология 2014г.

Grammar

Take “Oxford Practice Grammar, George Yule, Oxford University Press, 2006”, p. 72-78

SIW tasks

Describe Genetic Create the project “Genetically modified food Engineering ex.22:

Do ex. 40.1-40.4 on pp. 80-81(R.Murphy «English Grammar in Use» Cambridge University Press, 2010e

UNIT 14

Theme: Stem cells

Grammar: Subordinate clause

Objectives: By the end of this unit, students should be able to use active vocabulary of this theme in different forms of speech exercises. Students should be better at discussing Stem cells. Students should know the rule of subordinate clause and fulfill grammar exercises.

Methodical instructions: This theme must be worked out during two lessons a week according to timetable.

Lexical material: Introduce and fix new vocabulary on theme “Stem cells”.

Discuss in groups ‘Stem cells.

Grammar: Introduce and practice the subordinate clause.

Stem cells

What does a “stem cell” mean? Can you use it in a sentence?

Do you know how stem cell is used in treatment of different diseases?

Are stem cells used nowadays? How?

1. Read this text and compare your idea of stem cells and the one given below.

Our future hope?

Stem cells are cells found in most, if not all, multicellular organisms. They are characterized by the ability to renew themselves through mitotic cell division and differentiating into a range of specialized cell types. Research in the stem cell field grew out of findings by Canadian scientists Ernest McCulloch and James Till in the 1960s.

The two types of mammalian stem cells are: embryonic stem cells that are found in blastocysts, and adult stem cells that are found in adult tissues. In a developing embryo, stem cells can differentiate into all of the specialized embryonic tissues. In adult organisms, stem cells and progenitor cells act as a repair system for the body, replenishing specialized cells, but also maintain the normal turnover of regenerative organs, such as blood, skin or intestinal tissues. To ensure self-renewal, stem cells undergo two types of cell division. Symmetric division gives rise to two identical daughter cells both endowed with stem cell properties. Asymmetric division, on the other hand, produces only one stem cell and a progenitor cell with limited self-renewal potential. Progenitors can go through several rounds of cell division before terminally differentiating into a mature cell. It is possible that the molecular distinction between symmetric and asymmetric divisions lies in differential segregation of cell membrane proteins (such as receptors) between the daughter cells.

Stem cells can now be grown and transformed into specialized cells with characteristics consistent with cells of various tissues such as muscles or nerves through cell culture. However, their use in medical therapies has been proposed.

The classical definition of a stem cell requires that it possess two properties: Self-renewal - the ability to go through numerous cycles of cell division while maintaining the undifferentiated state.

Potency - the capacity to differentiate into specialized cell types. Properties of stem cells can be illustrated in vitro, using methods such as clonogenic assays, where single cells are characterized by their ability to differentiate and self-renew. As well, stem cells can be isolated based on a distinctive set of cell surface markers. However, in vitro culture conditions can alter the behavior of cells, making it unclear whether the cells will behave in a similar manner in vivo. Considerable debate exists whether some proposed adult cell populations are truly stem cells.

Medical researchers believe that stem cell therapy has the potential to dramatically change the treatment of human disease. A number of adult stem cell therapies already exist, particularly bone marrow transplants that are used to treat leukemia. In the future, medical researchers anticipate being able to use technologies derived from stem cell research to treat a wider variety of diseases including cancer, Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer’s disease, spinal cord injuries, Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis and muscle damage, amongst a number of other impairments and conditions. However, there still exists a great deal of social and scientific uncertainty surrounding stem cell research,

which could possibly be overcome through public debate and future research, and further educa tion of the public.

Notes

* Cancer - a disease in which cells in the body grow without control, or a serious medical condition caused by this disease.

* Alzheimer's (disease) - a disease that results in the gradual loss of memory, speech, movement, and the ability to think clearly, and that is common esp. among older people.

* Parkinson's disease - is a degenerative disorder of the central nervous system that often impairs the sufferer's motor skills, speech, and other functions.

* Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis - a progressive, usually fatal, neurodegenerative disease caused by the degeneration of motor neurons, the nerve cells in the central nervous system that control voluntary muscle movement.

Vocabulary

act (v)

adult stem cells

assay

capacity

cycle

derive (v)

disease

distinction

division

embryonic stem cells

endow (v)

exist (v)

finding

impairment

in vitro

in vivo

injury

mammalian

marrow

mature

potency

progenitor

property

propose (v)

protein

renew (v)

self-renewal

set

similar

spinal cord

surface

surround (v)

therapy

tissue

transform (v)

turnover

uncertainty

undergo (v)

Translate into English.

1) Терапия взрослыми стволовыми клетками активно используется для лечения лейкемии.

2) Способности стволовых клеток часто демонстрируют в пробирке, используя методы клеточного анализа.

3) Ученые наблюдали за стволовыми клетками в пробирке и сделали вывод, что найденные поврежденные стволовые клетки переходят в раковые клетки.

4) Многие ученые обещают, что через несколько десятков лет стволовыми клетками можно будет вылечить почти все болезни человека.

5) Существуют различия в жизненных циклах разных клеток.

6) Эмбриональные стволовые клетки способны к делению, тем самым они восстанавливают те стволовые клетки, которые погибли или были использованы.

7) У взрослых организмов стволовые клетки и клетки предшественники выступают в качестве ремонта системы для тела, пополнение специализированных клеток и поддержание нормальной регенеративности органов, например, крови, кожи или кишечной ткани.

8) В естественных условиях стволовые клетки, возможно, ведут себя не так как в пробирке.

9) В будущем врачи смогут лечить повреждения спинного мозга.

10) Стволовые клетки млекопитающих бывают двух типов.

11) Чтобы обеспечить самообновление стволовые клетки подвергаются делению.

12) В настоящее время стволовые клетки используются в терапии.

13) В исследовании стволовых клеток есть еще много неопределенностей.

14) Трансплантация спинного мозга используется в лечении лейкемии.

15) Сальные железы выделяют свой секрет на поверхность кожи.

16) Мышечная ткань обеспечивает двигательную активность животного организма.

17) Стволовые клетки обладают свойствами самообновления.

18) Каждая клетка обладает определенным набором генов.

19) В результате симметричного деления образуются две похожие клетки.

20) Костный мозг вырабатывает форменные элементы крови.

21)Стволовые клетки в процессе клеточного деления дифференцируются в зрелые клетки.

22) Потенциал – способность дифференцироваться в различные типы клеток.

23) Клетки предшественники могут пройти несколько этапов клеточного деления.

24) Свойства стволовых клеток можно проиллюстрировать методом клоногенного анализа.

3. Give definitions of the following notions:

1) Stem cells

2) Embryonic stem cells

3) Adult stem cells

4) Symmetric division

5) Asymmetric division

6) Self-renewal

7) Potency