Past simple or Past continuous

1. I _________________________ (drive) my new car when I ___________________ (have) the accident.

2. She ______________________ (walk) down the street when she __________________ (trip) on the pavement.

3. They ______________________ me (not see) me because they ____________________ (talk) to each other.

4. I ______________________ (have) a shower so I ______________________ (not hear) the phone.

5. We _____________________ (walk) in the mountains when we __________________ (hear) a scream.

6. When the teacher _____________________ (arrive), they __________________ (play) in the back of the classroom.

7. While I _______________________ (have) a drink in the cafe, I ___________________ (see) an accident outside.

8. What ____________________ (you/ do) when the telephone _____________________ (ring)?

9. Jane ______________________ (have) a wonderful time in Hawaii while her sister ______________________ (work) in New York.

10. Last night I _________________________ (watch) 'Operación Triunfo' on TV when the lights _________________________ (go) off.

 

Past simple or Present Perfect

1.I________ (see) Jane last night.

2.(It’s 11 o'clock in the morning) she _________ (phone) me twice morning.

3.How many times _______________ (you/ go out) this week?

4.Where ________________ (you/ buy) this trousers.

5.________________ (you/see/ already) the film?

6.Jenny ________________ her homework. (finish, just)

7.She ________________ it 10 minutes ago. (finish)

8.Mary ________________ to meet Robbie Williams. (want, always)

9.She ________________ him last week for the first time ever. (meet)

10. I ________________ mum, yet. (not phone)

Образцы текстов для анализа и пересказа на экзамене:

Text 1 Criminology

Criminology is a social science dealing with the nature, extent, and causes of crime; the characteristics of criminals and their organizations; the problems of apprehending and convicting offenders; the operation of prisons and other correctional institutions; the rehabilitation of convicts both, in and out of prison; and the prevention of crime.

The science of criminology has two basic objectives: to determine the causes, whether personal or social, of criminal behavior and to evolve valid principles for the social control of crime. In pursuing these objectives, criminology draws on the findings of biology, psychology, psychiatry, sociology, anthropology, and related fields.

Criminology originated in the late 18^th century when various movements began to question the humanity and efficiency of using punishment for retribution rather than deterrence and reform. There arose as a consequence what is called the classical school of criminology, which aimed to mitigate legal penalties and humanize penal institutions. During the 19^th century the positivist school attempted to extend scientific neutrality to the understanding of crime. Because they held that criminals were shaped by their environment, positivists emphasized case studies and rehabilitative measures. A later school, the “social defense” movement, stressed the importance of balance between the rights of criminals and the rights of society.

Criminologists commonly use several research techniques. The collection and interpretation of statistics is generally the initial step in research. The case study, often used by psychologists, concentrates on an individual or a group. The typological method involves classifying offences, criminals, or criminal areas according to various criteria. Sociological research, which may involve many different techniques, is used in criminology to study groups, subcultures, and gangs as well as rates and kinds of crime within geographic areas.

Criminology has many practical applications. Its findings can give lawyers, judges, and prison officials a better understanding of criminals, which may lead to more effective treatment. Criminological research can be used by legislators and in the reform of laws and of penal institutions.

Many prominent criminologists of the 19^th century, particularly those associated with the Socialist movement, attributed crime mainly to the influence of poverty. They pointed out that persons who are unable to provide adequately for themselves and their families through normal legal channels are frequently driven to theft, burglary, prostitution, and other offences. The incidence of crime especially tends to rise in times of widespread unemployment. Present-day criminologists take a broader and deeper view; they place the blame for most crimes on the whole range of environmental conditions associated with poverty.