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The agricultural education in Ukraine

The agricultural education is a consisting part of the educational system in our country. The demand for specialists increases every year. The national economy needs the specialists with the middle special and higher education. Specialists are nowadays trained at special secondary (technical) schools and higher schools (institutes and universities). Our country is going to join the Bologna process in the system of education It supposes the utilization of the most progressive methods in teaching and their close approach to die modem economy. Nowadays one must consider two levels in education: the Bachelor level and the Master level.

The system of the agricultural education is directed to the solution of different practical tasks in the production. The initial level of the agricultural education includes special technical schools where the young people are mostly given some theoretical knowledge (especially in agricultural engineering) and different practical skills. The agricultural colleges belong to the next level. The students of the agricultural colleges are trained both theoretically and practically. The training takes into account different natural and climatic conditions in different regions of our country. It also includes practical work. Thousands of young specialists who have been trained at the colleges are working in agriculture. Some of the best students reach the Bachelor level and are given the possibility to study at the Master level department. After having graduated from the Master level department the young specialists may work practically in agriculture or devote them to the scientific research. They may write theses and become Candidates of Agriculture and then later Doctors of Agriculture.

Word list

to join the Bologna process	приєднатись до Болонського процесу
the Candidate of Agriculture	кандидат сільськогосподарських наук
the Doctor of Agriculture	доктор сільськогосподарських наук
the more... the better	чим більше... тим краще наукове
the scientific research	дослідження
to train specialists	готувати фахівців
to write theses	писати дисертацію
bachelor	бакалавр
master	магістр

Вправа 1

Дайте відповіді на запитання:

1. Where are the specialists for agriculture trained?

2. How can you characterize the higher education?

3. Where is the system of the agricultural education directed to?

4. What does the initial level of the agricultural education include?

5. What can you tell about the agricultural colleges?

6. What does the training take into account?

Вправа 2

Підготуйте діалог про вищу аграрну освіту в Україні та закордоном

The supply of water

The total amount of water contained in our planet is constant and invariable and can neither be increased nor diminished. It assumes a variety of forms, such as the oceans, moisture vapor, fresh water, lake water of varying degrees of salinity, and salinity. As most of this water is locked away in the oceans, in snow fields, ice caps and glaciers, only a small proportion is available in a form readily usable by man. Moreover, a great deal of the water in and on the land is polluted by minerals or by industrial waste and so frequently rendered unusable.

Of the water contained in the oceans, a very small proportion daily changes its form and composition and is moved to the land, where it can be used by man and from where it returns to the oceans. This process, which has ho beginning and no end, is known as the hydrologic cycle. It comprises a gigantic system operating in and on the land and oceans of the earth and in the atmosphere surrounding it. It is estimated that something like 80,000 cubic miles of water are evaporated each year from the oceans, together with approximately 15,000 cubic miles of water evaporated from the lakes, rivers, canals and land surfaces of the continents. This total global evaporation is exactly balanced by the total precipitation, of which approximately 24,000 cubic miles in the form of waterfall on the land surfaces and the rest on the oceans. This cyclical movement of water is divisible into three main stages. Firstly, solar radiation, acting upon the surface of the oceans, heats the surface layers and causes evaporation and the diffusion of water vapor upwards info the atmosphere. The water vapor, which at this stage is pure, is then transported great distances by the winds. During its movement across the oceans and over the land, it may become polluted in a variety of ways: by atmospheric dust, by particles of radioactive material or by industrial and domestic - smoke.

In the second stage of the cycle, the air masses containing the water vapor are suddenly cooled. This cooling, which may occur for a number of reasons, though primarily as a result of the air masses being forced to rise over high ground, causes condensation to take place and rain or snow to be precipitated. Of this precipitation, some falls directly into the oceans, out of man's reach and some is too heavily polluted to be usable.

The third and final stage is that in which the water moves back, over and under the land, into the oceans from which it came. Of the water which falls upon the land, some flows over the surface, some sinks into the soil, and some is taken up by the roots of vegetation to be used by plants and subsequently released into the atmosphere by transpiration. If, for example, an average of thirty' inches of rainfall precipitation that appears in natural or artificial surface streams reaches the land surface each year, approximately twenty-one inches will evaporate directly or be transpired by vegetation. Of the remaining nine inches, most will run directly to the oceans as surface runoff or permeate the rock materials beneath the surface to form underground water and, at a later stage, indirectly reach the oceans. Water which began in the oceans sooner or later returns to them. The only stage in the cycle at which man can, at present, intervene and make use of the water on a large scale is the third and only then if the water is comparatively pure.

Word List

total amount - загальна кількість	frequently - часто
to contain - вміщувати	to change - змінювати
constant - постійний	to move - рухатися
invariable - незмінний	land - земля
to increase - збільшувати	to return - повертатися
to diminish - зменшувати	to know - знати
oceans - океани	hydrologic cycle - гідрологічний цикл
moisture vapor - волога пара	to estimate - оцінювати
fresh water - прісна вода	to evaporate - випаровуватися
lake - озеро	approximately - приблизно
salinity - солоність	surface - поверхня
to lock - замикати, вміщувати	precipitation - опади
ice caps - горні верхівки	solar radiation - сонячна радіація
glaciers - льодовики	to heat - нагрівати
available - Придатний	layer - пласт, шар
usable - той, що використовують	to cause - спричиняти
waste - сміття	flows - потоки
polluted - забруднений	to precipitate - випадати (опади)
diffusion - розповсюдження	ground - поверхня
stage - стадія	soil - грунт
pure - чистий	to release - визволяти
dust - бруд	average - в середньому
particles - частки	runoff - стоки, потоки
smoke - дим	to permeate - просочуватися
to cool - охолоджувати	underground water - підземні води
to force - змушувати	comparatively - порівняно

Вправа 1

Визначте значення виразів за подібністю з українською або російською мовами:

the total amount; minerals of our planet; by hydrological cycle; solar radiation; diffusion of water; radio-active material; industrial smoke; the stages of the cycle: atmospheric dust; global evaporation; final stage; gigantic system; to balance condensation; the ocean of air.

Вправа 2

Визначте значення слів за словоутворюючими суфіксами:

to use, the use, used, usable; 2) to divide, division, divided, divisible; 3) to vary, variation, variable, invariable; 4) to move, movement, moved, movable; 5) to compare, comparison, compared, comparable; 6) to permeate, permeability, permeable;

7) to measure, measurement, measured, measurable.

Вправа 3

Випишіть парами вирази - синоніми:

to take place, to return, to occur come back, to cause, to comprise, to use, to make use of, to involve, to force, average, upwards, under, beneath, downward, part, upward, downwards, the rest, proportion, the remainder, quantity, mean, amount.

Вправа 4

Знайдіть у тексті антоніми наступних слів:

to increase, little, pure, rarely, usable, approximately, to cool, condensation, to fall, initial, to condensate, beginning, sooner, gradually.

Source of water

In practice, there are four general sources of water available to man: surface water, ground water, atmospheric water and the oceans. The most important of these is surface water in the form of rivers, streams and lakes. Of the other three sources, ground water is increasing rapidly in importance, particularly in those areas which lack surface drainage. The use of pure water derived artificially from the atmosphere and the oceans may become significant if and when technological advances make it available on a sufficiently large scale and at an economic cost.

Ground water or, as it is sometimes called, underground water occurs below the surface of the ground in a zone of saturation, that is the zone in which permeable rocks are saturated with water under hydrostatic pressure. Water moves down from the surface by gravity to enter this zone, the upper surface of which is called the water-table or phreatic surface; for this reason, ground water is sometimes called phreatic, subsurface or subterranean water. The lower limit of the zone is the point at which the underlying rock formation becomes so dense that water cannot penetrate it. It may vary in depth from a few feet to hundreds of feet and there are isolated examples of porous rock having been found at depths of more than a mile. The zone of saturation is very important because it supplies all wells and maintains the normal, relatively uniform flow of streams. It acts as a gigantic reservoir which retains water during wet periods causing a rise in the water-table.

Ground water has been laid down very unevenly beneath the surface and moves towards the oceans like surface water, only much more slowly.

The chief uses of ground water are for irrigation and domestic purposes. It is of no direct importance for the generation of hydroelectricity but of considerable importance in the flow of streams.

Atmospheric water, or water vapor, has two major advantages over water contained in the oceans: it is to be found everywhere above the land surface and it is free of salt. Unfortunately, no large-scale, successful, economic method has yet been devised to tap this water-supply and direct it to places where it is most needed. One serious initial obstacle lies in the fact that clouds are not necessarily water-bearing and may be 'dry'. If, however, they do contain appreciable amounts of water vapor, this may either dry out or condense and fall as rain or snow. The most that we have been able to do is to cause a particular humid cloud that would almost certainly sooner or later have precipitated to shed its moisture at a time and place, of our choosing.

This is achieved in one or two ways. The first method involves the "seeding" of clouds from airplanes or rockets with small particles of various chemicals, which cause water-droplets to form and precipitation to take place.

The, second method is to create artificial convection currents by heating a large air mass near the ground. The air thereupon rises rapidly into the cloud, upsets the equilibrium, and causes precipitation. Some local successes have been achieved by these methods, but both are expensive and both depend upon the presence of water-filled clouds.

The oceans remain the largest potential source of water and together with the island seas contain 92.7 per cent of the earth's water. This water could be made potable if its saline content were reduced from about 35,000 parts per million to 500 parts per million or less. We have known for a long time that it is possible to produce fresh water by heating salt water and so promoting distillation. It is only recently, however, that such processes have been developed on a large scale.

Each of these processes depends upon the use of energy, which may be thermal, mechanical or solar. They each suffer from the disadvantage that the cost of desalination is very high.

It is clear therefore that although a great deal of water is available for use by man, the supply is not infinite. While it is likely that the quantity of usable water will be increased by desalination and the creation of artificial precipitation,

It is certain that for some time to come the greater proportion of our water supply will be derived primarily from surface runoff and to a lesser extent from subterranean sources.;

Water is put to a great variety of uses: for irrigating crops, for the generation of hydroelectricity, for canals and waterways, for controlling pollution and as a source of food. All these uses are interdependent. For example, the construction of a modern dam promotes irrigation, the generation of hydro-electricity, flood control and recreation. Frequently, however, the uses of such natural resources as water may be mutually exclusive and a choice must sometimes be made between one use and another.

Word List

general sources - загальні джерела	irrigation - зрошення
surface water - поверхневі води	purpose - мета
ground water - ґрунтові води	to generatе - виробляти
streams - струмки	to find (found) - знаходити
lack - недостатньо	free - вільний
drainage - осушення	unfortunately - нажаль
artificially - штучно	successful - успішний
significant - значний	to tap - виявити
advances - прогрес	to direct - направляти
sufficiently large scale - у достатньо великому масштабі	water-bearing - насичені водою
dry - сухий
cost - вартість	to condense - конденсувати
to occur - траплятися	to fall - випадати
zone of saturation - зона всмоктування	humid - вологий
permeable - нещільний	to shed - пролити
hydrostatic pressure-гідростатичний тиск	to involve - включати
water-table- дзеркало грунових вод	water-droplets - водні краплі
rock formation - гірські породи	to create - створювати
dense - щільний	equilibrium - рівновага
to penetrate - проникати	expensive - дорогий
to vary - відрізнятися	to remain - залишатися
depth - глибина	potable - питний
porous - пористий	to reduce - зменшувати
well - колодязь	possible - можливий
to maintain - підтримувати	to produce - виробляти
relatively - відносно	to develop - розвивати
reservoir - резервуар	to depend upon - залежати від
to retain - залишати	to suffer from - страждати від
wet - вологий	disadvantage - недолік
to lay (laid) down - залягати	clear - чистий
unevenly - нерівномірно	variety - різновид
considerable - значний	dam - дамба
advantages - переваги	to promote - сприяти
slowly - повільно	natural resources - природні ресурси
choice - вибір
chief uses - головне використання	exclusive - винятковий

Вправа 1

Визначте значення виразів за подібністю з українською або російською мовами:

hydrostatic pressure; the lower limit of the zone; rock formation; a wet period; hydroelectricity; successful method; various chemicals; convection currents; local success; potential source; salt water, the process of distillation; pollution control; a modern dam; isolated examples; in practice; equilibrium; uniform flow; thermal energy; gigantic reservoir

Вправа 2

Визначте значення словосполучень за словоутворюючими суфіксами:
interdependent process; subsurface water; underlying rock; uneven surface; water-filled clouds; water-bearing layers; usable water, infinite process; to a lesser extent; desalinized water

Вправа 3

Перекладіть наступні слова на українську мову, звертаючи увагу на словоутворюючі суфікси прикметників таприслівників:

significant, artificial, sufficient, successful, significantly, initially, sufficiently, successfully, artificially, initial, particularly, particular, considerably, fortunate, appreciably, considerable, appreciable, fortunately

Вправа 4

Побудуйте спеціальні запитання до наступних речень:

1. There are four general sources of water available to man.

2. Ground water is increasing rapidly in importance.

3. Underground water occurs below the surface of the ground.

4. The oceans remain the largest potential source of water.

5. Water is put to a great variety of uses.

6. The construction of a modern dam promotes irrigation.