Text B Read the following passages and paraphrase them.

Green Products

Recent polls of citizens of both developing and industrialized countries found that a majority considered environmental protection more important than economic growth. Many European countries already have environmental product-labeling initiatives. In the United States, the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) has been working with industry to define environmental goals and facilitate cooperation in achieving them. One result is a labeling program for energy-efficient computers. Design-for-the-environment initiatives are growing.
Design-for-environment (DFE) programs call for careful inclusion of environmentally safe attributes in the early design stages of new products, as opposed to re-engineering them later in the product cycle. Implementing DFE is increasingly critical if companies want to be globally competitive. These programs are also proving to be economically sound, emphasizing consideration of materials and energy, and, as a result, enhance profit potential. Recycling efforts can reduce the volume of raw materials. Maximizing the use of recyclable materials opens up revenue possibilities at the end of a product life cycle. Component reliability, a fundamental design goal in the electronics industry, supports the re-use	to facilitate — to make easy or easier; help укр. полегшувати, допомагати, сприяти sound — showing good sense Synonyms: reasonable, sensible укр. із здоровим глуздом (розумом), тверезий, розсудливий, розумний raw material — not yet treated for use, in a natural state укр. сировина revenue — income укр. доход to refurbish — to make clean and fresh again. Synonyms: to renovate, to overhaul укр. поновлювати landfill — укр. звалище, смітник
of such parts in new or refurbished equipment, again saving raw materials, manufacturing costs, and time. Manufacturing innovations contribute to environmental soundness while boosting manufacturing efficiency. Xerox corporation estimates that its environmental programs already save the company more than $100 million annually. One initiative at Xerox seeks such complete reuse of recycling of business equipment products that no materials need to be taken to a landfill. Another approach is manufacturing involving disassembling a machine, replacing worn-out parts with new, remanufactured or used components. Then machine is cleaned and tested to ensure it meets quality and reliability criteria for a newly manufactured machine. To meet the challenge of zero waste material, the following issues must be addressed: • Product simplification. • Design for disassembly rather than merely assembly. • Incorporating recyclable materials.

Chapter 9 159

 

What's in a Landfill?

 

Chapter 9

 

2. Modeling the World's Climate Will global warming turn green fields into desert? Will the hole in the atmosphere's ozone layer repair itself? These are among the problems tackled by simulations on supercomputers. Climate
modelers use numerical simulations and complex calculations. At the core of today's simulations of climate are the General Circulation Models (GCM). Used by scientists around the world, this method of modeling the earth's climate is based on a set of fundamental	to tackle — to take action in order to deal with укр. працювати над розв'язанням (вирішенням) core (of) — the most important and central part of anything укр. стрижень, сутність, суть, ядро
equations. The method involves dividing the atmosphere into a series of three-dimensional boxes (grid-cells or grid-points), and then solving these equations for each box. Perhaps one of the most far-reaching questions that climate modelers today are addressing is
the greenhouse effect and its influence on global warming. The greenhouse effect is the tendency of certain gases in the atmosphere, notably carbon dioxide, to trap heat below	greenhouse — укр. парник notably — especially, particularly укр. особливо ж, а надто
them in the same way that glass traps heat in a greenhouse. This is a key question because it can dramatically affect environment and society. Climate modeling has its sister science, numerical forecasting of the weather in terms of temperatures, winds, and precipitation. Most of the basic formulae derive from Newton's laws, and a simple climatic model can be created from just a few equations: e.g. the second law of
motion, conservation of mass, the first law of thermodynamics etc. These equations were first used to model the atmosphere in the 1920s by a British scientist, Lewis F. Richardson. He developed «computing forms» to solve them for different locations on the globe. He envisioned a large amphitheater representing	in terms of — with regard to укр. у термінах; з точки зору; у розумінні; з урахуванням precipitation — укр. опади (метеорол.) to envision — to see in the mind as a future possibility Synonym: to foresee укр. передбачати
the world, locations around the hall representing different geographic regions. A sort of «computing amphitheater» came into existence in the 1950s with the birth of the Eniac computer at Princeton University in New Jersey. Weather simulation was one of the first major problems run on this early computer and ever since then climate and weather modeling have been among the first applications transported to the «supercomputer» of each era. A primitive climate model
was developed in 1956, and in the early 1960s, the first full-scale GCMs were developed. Today, there are well over two dozen of these general circulation models in the world. Researchers would like to couple other earth systems with GCM. Topography, ground and	full-scale — укр. у повному обсязі to couple — to join together, connect укр. з'єднувати terrestrial — укр. наземний marine — укр. морський
surface water hydrology, terrestrial ecosystems, marine biochemistry are all being modeled separately today and could, if coupled with today's GCMs, improve them greatly.