Match the words and phrases on the left with their definitions on the right and translate them.

 

1. sociologist	a) facts or details that tell you something about a situation, person, event etc
2. behaviour	b) the opinions and feelings that you usually have about something
3. relationship	c) something that you hope to achieve in the future
4. attitude	d) the things that a person or animal does
5. business firm	e) a business or company, especially a small one
6. political party	f) someone who likes rock music very much
7. community	g) the people who live in the same area, town, etc
8. information	h) the one who conducts a study of societies and the behaviour of people in groups
9. goal	i) the way in which two people or two groups feel about each other and behave towards each other
10. rock fan	j) a political organization with particular beliefs and aims, which you can vote for in elections

POINT OF GRAMMAR

Modals

'Modals' are the small verbs like can, must, and might, which give certain

meanings to main verbs.

 

FORM

There are twelve modal verbs:

Can

Could

May

Might

Shall

Should

Will

Would

Must

Ought to

Need (to)

Dare

• Positive is formed by putting the modal between the subject and the

main verb:

We should stay.

You ought to go.

He might come.

• Negative is formed by adding not (or n't) after the modal:

We shouldn't stay.

You ought not to come.

He might not come.

• Questions are formed by changing the position of the modal and the subject:

Should we stay? Shouldn't we stay?

Ought you to go? Oughtn't yon to go?

Might he come? Mightn't he come?

Notes

• need can be needn't [modal form) or don't need to (verb form).

• Negative questions generally use n't. If not is used, there is a different word order:

Shouldn't we stay? Should we not stay?

Using modals in questions and negatives

Rewrite these sentences as questions or negatives, according to the instruction given.

1 I must go to the hospital tonight. (negative)

I mustn't go to the hospital tonight.

2James can play the piano. (question)

Can James play the piano?

3 Peter can pay for us. (question)

4 We must go to the passport office today. (negative)

5 We can go to the bank tomorrow. (negative question)

6 You should phone the school today. (negative)

7 You can answer all the questions. (question)

8 She can pay for the lessons. (negative)

9 You can talk to Mary for me. (question)

10 Peter can check the times of the trains for us. (question)

11 We must say goodbye to Alan and Sue. (question)

12 They can stay here for a week. (negative)

13 We can buy a return ticket here. (question)

14 They should help you. (negative)

15 He can understand me. (negative question)

Can, could

• can: (i) know how to, be able to:

I can swim.

Mary can speak French.

can: (ii) be allowed to:

You can sit here.

My mother says I can't go out tonight.

• could: knew how to:

Emily could swim when she was two.

• couldn't: (i) wasn't able to:

I'm sorry, I couldn't come yesterday.

I couldn't go to work this morning.

could/couldn't (ii) used in the second conditional:

If you gave me the money, could I do the shopping?

• Requests: both can and could are used in requests. Could is a little more

polite:

Can I have a. glass of water, please?

Could you open the door for me, please?

Notes

• can refers To the future if it is followed by a time word {next week, tomorrow, etc):

I can do it for you next month.

• In the negative: can —> can't or cannot could —> couldn't or could not.

2. Complete these sentences using can or could. If two answers arc possible, write them both.

1 .Could.. n't you find John yesterday?

2 .Can/Could. I come and see you tomorrow?

3 … you pass me the salt, please?

4 … you play the guitar?

5 Why … 't the children go to the cinema tonight?

6 … you help me with my suitcase, please?

7 … you drive my car if you had to?

8 … you answer the phone for me?

9 Why … 't you come to the disco tomorrow?

10 It was very difficult to hear; I … n't understand what she was saying.

11 … I smoke in here?

12 We had an appointment yesterday afternoon, but he … n't see me.

13 I … do the job for you next year.

14 … you tell me the time, please?

15 I … n't find my front door key last night.

May, might

may and might indicate present or future possibility:

He might arrive soon.

He may arrive soon.

She might be angry if yon do that.

She may be angry if you do that.

May I? or May we? are used for polite requests, in the same way as Can I? or Can we?

It is a very polite form:

May I ask you a question?

May I have a glass of water, please?

Notes

• may is occasionally used in formal English to mean to be allowed to:

Guests may bring husbands or wives if they wish.

• may and might are usually used in question form only with / or we: other persons more

often use the positive with Do you think...?:

He might be late. —> Do you think he. might be late?

• The negative of may is may not. (NOT mayn't).

The negative of might is might not or mightn't.

3. Rewrite these sentences using may or might. Where two answers are possible, write them both:

1 Maybe he'll get a new job.

He might/may get a new job.

2 Do you think I could have one of these cakes?

May I have one of these cakes?

3 Maybe there's some tea in the pot.

4 Would you mind if I asked you how old you are?

5 Visitors are not allowed to stay in the hospital after ten p.m.

6 Do you think I could have one of these sandwiches?

7 I think the car is in the station car park.

8 Is it all right if I use your phone?

9 Guests are allowed to wear casual dress.

10 Maybe she'll move to London.

11 There's a possibility that the show will be cancelled.

12 Maybe she'll be elected.

13 1 think that Andrew will collect the money.

14 Maybe Peter won't come to the cinema tomorrow.

15 Maybe it'll rain this afternoon.

4. Complete the telephone conversation using may {not) or might {not). Where two answers are possible, write them both.

RECEPTIONIST: Good morning, Bentley Supplies, how … I help you?

CALLER: … I speak to John Brown, please?

RECEPTIONIST: I'm afraid he isn't here this morning. Can I take

a message?

CALLER: No, I need to speak to him personally. Do you know what time he … be back?

RECEPTIONIST: He … be back for an hour after lunch but he … make it if the traffic is bad.

CALLER: I … be able to call this afternoon as I have a meeting. Could you tell John that I'll phone him this evening at home?

RECEPTIONIST: Certainly. … I have your name please?

CALLER: Yes, it's David Marks.