The Aim: To instill in students the habits of studying the style of official documents.

There is one more style of language within the field of standard literary English which has become singled out, and that is the styleof official documents, or "officialese", as it is sometimes
called. As has already been pointed out, this FS is not homogeneous and is represented by the following substyles or variants:

1) the language of business documents,

2) the language of legal documents,

3 ) that of diplomacy,

4) that of military documents.

Like other styles of language, this style has a definite communicative aim and, accordingly, has its own system of interrelated language and stylistic means. The main aim of this type of communication is to state the conditions binding two parties in an undertaking. These parties may be: the state and the citizen, or citizen and citizen; a society and its members (statute or ordinance); two or more enterprises or bodies (business correspondence or contracts); two or more governments (pacts, treaties); a person in authority and a subordinate (orders, regulations, instructions, authoritative directives); a board or presidium and an assembly or general meeting (procedures, acts, minutes), etc.

The aim of communication in this style of language is to reach agreement between two contracting parties. Even protest against violations of statutes, contracts, regulations, etc, can also be regarded as a form by which normal cooperation is sought on the basis of previously attained concordance.

This most general function of the style of official documents predetermines the peculiarities of the style. The most striking, though not the most essential feature, is a special system of cliches, terms and set expressions by which each substyle can easily be recognized, for example: I beg to inform you, I beg to move, I second the motion, provisional agenda, the above-mentioned, hereinafter named, on behalf of, private advisory, Dear Sir, We remain, your obedient servants. In fact, each of the subdivisions of this style has its own peculiar terms, phrases and expressions which differ from the corresponding terms.
phrases and expressions of other variants of this style. This in finance we find terms like extra revenue, taxable capacities, liability to profit tax. Terms and phrases like high contracting parties, to ratify an agreement, memorandum, pact, Charge d'affaires, protectorate, extra-territorial status,
plenipotentiary will immediately brand the utterance as diplomatic. In legal language, examples are: to deal with a case; summary procedure; a body of judges; as laid down in.

Likewise, other varieties of official language have their special nomenclature, which is conspicuous in the text and therefore easily discernible as belonging to the official language style.

Besides the special nomenclature characteristic of each variety of the style, there is a feature common to all these varieties—the use of abbreviations, conventional symbols and contractions, for example: M. P. (Member of Parliament), Gvt (government), H.M.S. (His Majesty's Steamship), $ (dollar), L (pound), Ltd (Limited). There are so many of them that there are special addendas in diction-
aries to decode them. This characteristic feature was used by Dickens in his "Posthumous Papers of the Pickwick Club; for instance, P.V.P., M.P.C. (Perpetual Vice-President, Member Pickwick
Club); G.C.M.P.C. (General Chairman, Member Pickwick Club). Abbreviations are particularly abundant in_ military documents. Here they are used not only as conventional symbols but as signs of the

military code, which is supposed to be known only to the initiated. Examples are:D.A.O. (Divisional Ammunition Officer); adv. (advance); atk (attack); obj. (object); A/T (anti-tank); ATAS (Air Transport Auxiliary Service).

Another feature of the style is the use of words in their logical dictionary meaning. Just as in other matter-of-fact styles, and in contrast intrinsically to the belles-lettres style, there is no room for
contextual meanings or for any kind of simultaneous realization of two meanings. In military documents sometimes metaphorical names are given to mountains, rivers, hills or villages, but these metaphors are
perceived as code signs and have no aesthetic value, as in: 2. 102 d. Inf. Div. continues atk 26 Feb. 45 to captive objs Spruce Peach and Cherry and prepares to take over objs Plum and Apple after capture by CCB, 5th armd Div." Words with emotive meaning are not to be found in the style of official
documents either. Even in the style of scientific prose some words may
be found which reveal the attitude of the writer, his individual evaluation of the facts and events of the issue. But no such words are to be found in official style, except those which are used in business letters as conventional phrases of greeting or close, as Dear Sir, yours faithfully. As in all other functional styles, the distinctive properties appear as a system. We cannot single out a style by its vocabulary only, recognizable though it always is. The syntactical pattern of the style is as significant as the vocabulary, though not perhaps so immediately apparent.

Perhaps the most noticeable of all syntactical features are the compositional patterns of the variants of this style. Thus, business letters have a definite compositional pattern, namely, the heading giving the address of the writer, the date, the name of the addressee and his address.

Here is a sample of a business letter:

Smith and Sons

25 Main Street

Manchester

9th February, 1977

Mr. John Smith

29 Cranbourn Street

London

Dear Sir,

We beg to inform you that by order and for account of Mr. Julian of Leeds, we have taken the liberty of drawing upon you for £ 25 at three months' date to the order of Mr. Sharp. We gladly take this
opportunity of placing our services at your disposal, and shall be pleased if you frequently make use of them.

Respectfully yours,

Smith and Sons.

By Jane Crawford

There is every reason to believe that many of the emotional words and phrases in present-day commercial correspondence which are no merely conventional symbols of polite address, did retain their emotive aning at earlier stages in the development of this variety of official
language. Here is an interesting sample of a business letter dated June 5,
1655. Mr. G. Dury to Secretary Tharloe, Right Honorable, The Commissary of Sweden, Mr. Bortnel, doth most humbly intreat your honour to be pleased to procure him his audience from his
highnesse as soon as conveniently it may be. He desires, that the same be without much ceremony, and by way of private audience. I humbly subscribe myself Your Honour's most humble and obedient servant, G. Dury.
June, 5, 1655.

Such words and word-combinations as 'most humbly,' 'intreat'
(entreat), 'I humbly subscribe', 'most humble and obedient servant' and the like are too insistently repeated not to produce the desired impression of humbleness so necessary for one who asks for a favour.

Almost every official document has its own compositional design. Pacts and statutes, orders andminutes, notes and memoranda—all have more or less definite forms, and it will not be an exaggerationto state that the form of the document is itself informative, in as much as it tells something about the matter dealt with (a letter, an agreement, an order, etc).

In this respect we shall quote the Preamble of the Charter of the United Nations which clearly illustrates the most peculiar form of the arrangement of an official document of agreement.

 

Glossary

Context -Linguistic context refers to the surrounding features of language inside a text, while non-linguistic context includes any number of text-external features influencing the language and style of a text.

critical discourse analysis (CDA) A branch of linguistics which aims to reveal the implicit ideological forces at work in spoken or written texts.

deictics Textual cues such as here, there, now, then, and you, which locate a discourse in relation to the speaker's or writer's perspective or point of view, whether in space, time, or interper­sonal relations.

deixis The process of contextual orientation (from the Greek word for 'pointing' or 'showing').

direct speech (DS) A style of speech representation used when a narrator delegates perspective to the characters and leaves them to speak for themselves, e.g. 'It's frightfully dreary,' she said: cf. indirect speech (IS).

direct thought (DT) A style of thought representation, which presupposes a privileged omniscience on the part of the narra­tor, e.g. 'It's frightfully dreary,' she thought: cf. indirect thought (IT).

 

discourse (i) The process of activation of a text by relating it to an appropriate context, in other words, the reader's or listener's reconstruction of the writer's or speaker's intended message, f z) An ideological construct of particular sociopolitical or cul­tural values.

dominant reading The reading of a text that appears to be the most obvious and natural one because it is upheld by the dom­inant ideologies about the role of women in the society of the time.

ellipsis The omission of one or more words from a text, which the hearer or reader can recover or guess from the context (from the Greek word for 'defective)

feminist stylistics A branch of stylistics which aims to provide readers with analytic and critical tools to identify and resist gender bias in texts.

figure The elements in a text which catch our attention (The brain sorts out information obtained though visual perception into two categories, which psychologists call figure and ground.)

foregrounding The bringing of particular textual features into prominence, e.g. distinct patterns or parallelism, repetitions, and deviations from general linguistic rules or from the style expected in a specific text type or genre, or context.

free indirect discourse (FID) This is an umbrella term for free indirect speech (FIS) and free indirect thought (FIT). FID has certain elements in common with both direct speech (DS) or direct thought (DT), e.g. Charlotte concluded, 'I have to do it right now' and indirect speech (IS) or indirect thought (IT), e.g. Charlotte con­cluded that she had to do it right then. For example, in the nar­rative sequence Charlotte came to a firm decision. She had to do it right now, the second sentence is in FID, combining the narrator perspective (third person and past tense: She had to do it) with the character perspective (deictic phrase: right now).

genre A culturally specific text type, e.g. newspaper article, blurb, novel, poem.

given information Information which the speaker or writer

assumes to be already known to the listener or reader: cf. new information.

ground The elements in a text which serve as general contextual background. (The brain sorts out information obtained though visual perception into two categories, which psycholo­gists call figure and ground.)

ideological perspective The speaker or writer's point of view with respect to his or her sociopolitical beliefs and values.

ideology A set of social, cultural, and political beliefs and values which inform the way we think things ought to be.

indirect speech (IS) A style of speech representation in which the narrator reports only the content of what the character has said, but not its exact wording, e.g. an IS version of the direct speech (DS) 'It's frightfully dreary,' she said is She said that it was very dreary: cf. direct speech.

indirect thought (IT) A style of thought representation that presupposes even more interference by the narrator than in indirect speech (IS). The linguistic structure is the same as it is for IS: e.g. an IT version of the direct thought (DT) 'It's fright­fully dreary/ she thought is She thought that it was very dreary: cf. direct thought.

interior monologue See stream of consciousness technique.

internal foregrounding A deviation from a linguistic pattern set up by the text itself, or a sudden change in the dominant style of a text: cf. foregrounding.

intertextuality An echo of, or an allusion to, another text.

linguistic criticism The critical study of discourse, which assumes that the meaning of all texts, including literary ones, can be inferred from the social, institutional, and ideological condi­tions of their production and reception.

modality Textual elements such as modal auxiliaries (e.g. may, could, would) and sentence adverbs (e.g. perhaps, certainly) signalling attitude and enabling speakers to express degrees of commitment to the truth or validity of what they are talking about, and to mitigate the effect of their words on the people they are talking to: cf. ideological perspective.

new information Information which the speaker or writer assumes that the listener or reader cannot have acquired knowledge about from the context: cf. given information.

person deictics Textual elements such as the first-person pronoun / {and its related forms me, my, mine) and the second-person pronoun you (and its related forms your, yours): cf. place deictics, time deictics.

perspective In a literal sense, the physical angle of vision from which a story gets told, i.e. the narrator's spatial and temporal perspective. Metaphorically, it also implies the speaker's mental, emotional, and ideological perspective.

place deictics Textual elements such as here, there, behind, to the left which refer the listener or reader to the situational point of view of the speaker or writer in the discourse: cf. person deic­tics, time deictics.

point of view See perspective.

pragmatics The study of what people mean by language when they use it in an appropriate context to achieve particular purposes: cf. semantics.

reference The use of language to identify things in context: cf. representation.

representation The use of language to create a context of reality rather than to identify aspects of an existing one; the projec­tion through language of an alternative world: cf. reference.

resistant reading The process of deliberately denying the most obvious interpretation of a text and constructing an alterna­tive one: cf. dominant reading. See also feminist stylistics

semantics The study of meaning as encoded in a language, in abstraction from its use in a particular context: cf. pragmatics.

sentence adverb Textual element (e.g. perhaps, probably, undoubtedly) expressing the modality of a whole sentence or clause, and conveying the attitude of the speaker towards what he or she is claiming, e.g. Undoubtedly, political and economic factors have played their part: See ideological perspective.

stream of consciousness technique A style of representation of thought which appears to be the freest form of direct thought

(DT) and creates the illusion that, without narrator interfer­ence, readers have direct access to the random flow of thought of characters, i.e. to their inner points of view. This technique is also known as interior monologue. See free indirect discourse (FID).

style in language A set of conscious or unconscious choices of expression, inspired or induced by a particular context.

stylistics The study of style in language, i.e. the analysis of dis­tinctive linguistic expression and the description of its purpose and effect.

text Any piece of language which, in terms of communicative meaning, is complete in itself. It is the observable product of a writer's or speaker's discourse, which is the process that created the text.

text type See genre.

texture Metaphorically, the quality of a piece of literary writing in terms of its specific linguistic features, its choices of style (from the Latin word textura, 'weaving¹).

time deictics Textual elements such as now, then, yesterday, next week which reveal to the listener or reader the temporal perspective of the speaker or writer in the discourse: cf. person deictics, place deictics.

 

 

 

 

ПЛАНЫ ПРАКТИЧЕСКИХ (СЕМИНАРСКИХ) ЗАНЯТИЙ

Дисциплина «Функциональная стилистика иностранного, русского и казахского языков»

(обязательный компонент)

 

Специальность:__ 5В020700 «Переводческое дело»___

(шифр и наименование)

Базовое образование ________общее среднее__________________________

(общее среднее, среднее профессиональное, высшее профессиональное)

 

 

Уральск, 2012 г.

 

Составитель: ст. преп., доцент Бужумова П.З.

 

 

Количество кредитов – 2

 

Практические (семинарские) занятия – 15 часов.

 

Утверждено на заседании деканата специальности/кафедры ««Иностранные языки и переводческое дело»» ____________2012 г., протокол № ________

 

Декан специальности/ Зав.кафедрой ________________ к.ф.н., профессор Доукариева У.К.

(подпись)

 

Рекомендовано методической комиссией деканата специальности «Иностранные языки и переводческое дело»

 

«___» ________________ 2012 г. Протокол № ____

Председатель методической комиссии:

________________________________ ФИО____________ 2012 г.

(подпись) (дата)

(Среднее профессиональное, общее-профессиональное)

Тема 1.Предмет и задачи стилистики. Основные разделы стилистики. Связь с другими науками. Основные направления развития стилистики в отечественном и зарубежном языкознании

Тема 2. Категория норм и ее роль в стилистике. Стилистическая дифференциация языковых средств. Стилистическая окраска, стилистическое значение. Лексико-фразеологические выразительные средства и стилистические приемы и их функции.

Тема 3. Грамматические выразительные средства и стилистические фигуры изменения структуры предложения. Синтаксические фигуры и их стилистические функции

Тема 4. Выразительные свойства фонетических средств и закономерности их функционирования в различных сферах и ситуациях общения. Стили произношения. Стилистические функции интонации

Тема 5. Графические выразительные средства

Тема 6. Стилистическое значение лексических экспрессивных средств, его соотношение с денотативным и коннотативным значением.

Тема 7. Стилистическая дифференциация словаря изучаемого языка: стилистически нейтральная и стилистически маркированная лексика.

Тема 8. Стилистическое использование синтаксических средств. Стилистические функции предложений

Синтаксические фигуры и их стилистические функции.

Тема 9.Определение функционального стиля. Классификация функциональных стилей.

Взаимодействие и взаимопроникновение функциональных стилей. Основные функциональные стили современного изучаемого языка.

Тема 10.Внутристилевая дифференциация: функциональные стили, подстили, жанры, стилевые черты функциональных стилей

Тема 11.Функционально-коммуникативная и лингвостилистическая специфика стиля художественной литературы. (прозы, поэзии, драмы)

Эстетическая функция художественной литературы. Индивидуальный стиль автора.

Тема 12.Проблемы и методы лингвостилистического анализа и интерпретации художественного текста.

Тема 13. Функциональный стиль публицистики и прессы. Основные функции газетно-публицистического стиля и его стилевые черты. Стандартизированность речевых конструкций.

Жанры газетной публицистики, их лингвостилистические особенности.

Тема 14.Научный стиль, его функции и характер. Жанровые разновидности стиля и их лингвостилистические особенности.

Тема 15.Жанровые реализации официально-делового стиля

Основная функция официально-делового стиля. Особое положение разговорно-обиходного стиля других функциональных стилей.

(высшее профессиональное, среднее профессиональное)

Тема1. Предмет и задачи стилистики. Основные разделы стилистики. Связь с другими науками. Основные направления развития стилистики в отечественном и зарубежном языкознании

Тема2. Категория норм и ее роль в стилистике. Стилистическая дифференциация языковых средств. Стилистическая окраска, стилистическое значение. Лексико-фразеологические выразительные средства и стилистические приемы и их функции.

Тема3. Грамматические выразительные средства и стилистические фигуры изменения структуры предложения. Синтаксические фигуры и их стилистические функции

Тема4. Выразительные свойства фонетических средств и закономерности их функционирования в различных сферах и ситуациях общения. Стили произношения. Стилистические функции интонации

Методические рекомендации по изучению дисциплины

«Функциональная стилистика иностранного, русского и казахского языков»

 

Для студентов __3,4___ курса

Специальности __Переводческое дело___________________________

Форма обучения ___очная, заочная___________________________________________

Базовое образование ___общее среднее, среднее профессиональное__________

(общее среднее, среднее профессиональное, высшее профессиональное)

На _5,7__ семестр 2012-2013 учебного года

Уральск, 2012 г.

Цель изучения дисциплины

 

Основной целью курса функциональной стилистики является сообщение студентам теоретических знаний о стилистических средствах языка в их системе об их природе и функциях в различных стилях языка, о критериях выделения функциональных стилей, а также формирование умений адекватно использовать различные функциональные стили в переводческой деятельности