Paraphrase the parts of the sentences in bold type using words and word combinations from the text. Change the new sentences if it is required.

1. The English language has come to be used in a large portion of the world.

2. When the Anglo-Saxon forefathers of the English nation came to England to make their home there they found a more advanced people than themselves living on the island.

3. A large part of English vocabulary is of the Latin origin.

4. Literature and scholarship developed rapidly in the North.

5. The language of the Danes could be understood by the Angles and the Saxons rather easily.

6. King Alfred encouraged learning.

 

TOPICAL VOCABULARY

1. General	1. Загальна лексика
native language (mother tongue) / foreign language / international language / lingua franca / artificial language	рідна мова / іноземна мова / міжнародна мова / мова спілкування людей різних країн / штучна мова
English-speaking country	англомовна країна
to study(ied) / to learn(ed / t) / to teach (taught; taught) / to learn by heart / to learn by rote (to cram)	вивчати / вчити / навчати / вчити напам’ять / зубрити
native speaker	носій мови
knowledge / thorough knowledge (good command) of English	знання / добре володіння англійською мовою
to speak poor English (German) / to speak broken English	погано розмовляти англійською (німецькою) мовою / розмовляти ламаною англійською
experience / skill / success / successful /	досвід / уміння / успіх / успішний
vowel / consonant / letter /syllable	голосна / приголосна / буква (літера) / склад
to master(ed) the language	вивчити мову / оволодіти мовою
vocabulary / lexical	лексика / лексичний
grammar / grammatical rule	граматика / граматичне правило
pronunciation / accent / foreign accent	вимова / іноземний акцент
transcription	транскрипція, транскрибування
fixed / direct word order	фіксований / прямий порядок слів
means of communication	засіб спілкування
scientific approach	науковий підхід
to read (read; read) in the original / in translation	читати в оригіналі / у перекладі
to write (wrote; written) out / to write down (to put down)	виписувати / записувати
peculiarity	особливість
to translate(d) / to interpret(ed) / to translate with a dictionary / translator (interpreter)	перекладати письмово / перекладати усно / перекладати зі словником / перекладач
word-to-word translation / literary translation	дослівний переклад / літературний переклад
meaning / to mean (meant; meant)	значення / означати
to do (did; done) one’s best	робити все можливе
to be of great importance	мати важливе значення
as quick as possible	якомога швидше
to say (said; said) to / to tell (told; told) / to speak (spoke; spoken) with / to talk(ed) to	сказати (комусь) / розповідати / розмовляти
to speak fluently / slowly / in low voice / loudly	розмовляти вільно (швидко) / повільно / тихо / голосно
Say it again, please. / Repeat it, please. / Come again?	Повторіть це, будь ласка. / Що-що? (розм.)
I don’t understand you.	Я Вас не розумію.
to lack(ed) practice	бракувати (відчувати нестачу) практики
to compare(d) the results	порівняти результати
to influence(d) the development	впливати на розвиток
scientific and technical journals	наукові й технічні журнали
weak / strong points	слабкі / сильні сторони
2. The List of some English Language Derivations.
admiral, algebra, mattress	Arabic
mosquito, cigar, canyon	Spanish
piano, violin, spaghetti	Italian
yacht, boss, deck	Dutch
pyjamas, shampoo, bungalow	Hindi
yogurt, kiosk	Turkish
tycoon, karate	Japanese
bamboo, compound	Malay
tomato, chocolate	Aztec
coca, quinine	Inca
coach, paprika	Hungarian
theatre, astronomy, logic	Classic Greek
whisky	Gaelic
vodka, sputnik	Russian
sauna	Finnish
tea, silk	Chinese
marmalade	Portuguese
robot	Czech
kangaroo, boomerang	Australian Aborigine
rendezvous, cafe	Modern French
kindergarten	Modern German
3. Languages of the World
Country	Nationality	Language
Germany	German	German
France	French	French
Italy	Italian	Italian
Spain	Spanish	Spanish
Britain	British	English
Portugal	Portuguese	Portuguese
Japan	Japanese	Japanese
Korea	Korean	Korean
China	Chinese	Mandarin (Cantonese)
Australia	Australian	English
The United States of America	American	English
Saudi Arabia	Saudi Arabian	Arabic
Brazil	Brazilian	Portuguese
Sweden	Swedish	Swedish
Switzerland	Swiss	Swiss-German, French, Italian
Egypt	Egyptian	Arabic
Holland	Dutch	Dutch
Mexico	Mexican	Spanish
Russia	Russian	Russian
Ukraine	Ukrainian	Ukrainian
Israel	Israeli	Hebrew
Greece	Greek	Greek
Turkey	Turkish	Turkish
Argentina	Argentinian	Spanish

Note.

When you are talking about people in general from a particular country, there are some nationalities that you can make plural with an ‘s’, but others can only be formed with the definite article (and no plural ‘s’):

Brazilians	the British
Germans	the French
(the) Italians	the Swiss
Russians	the Dutch
Israelis	the Japanese

Ø With both groups you can also use the word ‘people’: British people, German people, etc.

Ø When you talk about one person from these countries, you need to add woman / man / person to the group on the right: a Brazilian but a Japanese person, a German but a Swiss person, etc.

 

VOCABUALARY PRACTICE

BLOCK I

1. Complete these sentences with the name of the people from the country on the right.

Examples: I have worked a lot with Germans.	Germany
I’ve spent a lot of time with the French.	France
1. We do a lot of business with _________.	Japan
2. ________ are usually hard-working.	Israel
3. I have always found __________ very friendly.	Brazil
4. People often say that __________ are reserved.	Britain
5. ________ are very organized.	Switzerland
6. I met a lot of _________ on my trip to Athens.	Greece

 

1. Fill in the missing vowels and read the sentences.

1. Your weak point is your pr_n_nc_ _t_ _n. If you don’t know how to pr_n_ _nc_ a word, look it up in the d_ct_ _n_r_, and write out its tr_nscr_pt_ _n.

2. Why do you think it is important for you to learn f_r_ _gn l_ng_ _g_s?

3. Do you think there is any difference between an _nt_rpr_t_r and a tr_nsl_t_r?

4. My uncle’s kn_wl_dg_ and _xp_r_ _nc_ help him to run a s_cc_ssf_l b_s_n_ss.

5. In the last test I made more gr_mm_r than v_c_b_l_r_ mistakes.

6. My friend _ng_ _s doing English cr_ssw_rds and p_zzl_s.

7. Have you ever tried speaking English to n_t_v_ sp_ _k_rs.

8. My brother is an engineer and knows English well enough to translate articles from

sc_ _nt_f_c and t_chn_c_l j_ _rn_ls.

 

3. Find the ‘odd one out’. There may be more than one answer. Give your reasons.

	A	B	C
1.	first language	native language	native tongue
2.	English	Esperanto	Chinese
3.	grammar	vocabulary	consonant
4.	fluency	skill	proficiency
5.	lesson	course	lecture
6.	dictionary	vocabulary	thesaurus
7.	motivation	memory	aptitude
8.	interpreter	teacher	translator

What do you think a good language learner does? Make up as many sentences as possible with the phrase given in the table.

Example: A good language learner reads English books without being told to.

reads English books	without the teacher
writes things down	in every way possible
practices speaking	from films, TV and Internet
tries to learn the language	in cases of difficulty
guesses words	in real situations
tries to study	every day if possible
uses a dictionary	without being told to

 

Match the words and word combinations with their explanation.

1. artificial	a) the arrangement of words in a phrase, clause, or sentence
2. influence	b) the sounding of words
3.dictionary	c) the rules for the correct use of words
4. skill	d) made to copy something natural
5. lingua franca	e) an effect a person or thing can have on another person or thing
6. pronunciation	f) to change into another language
7. grammar	g) the imparting or exchange of information, ideas or feelings
8. word order	h) cleverness that comes from practice
9. to translate	i) a shared language for communication used by people whose main languages are different
10. communication	j) a book that gives the meanings of words