Сочинительные и подчинительные союзы.

 

Сочинительные союзы

 

and и	The door opened and somebody came in.
both... and как... так и	He speaks both English and French.
as well as так же, как и	We have received your telegram as well as your letter.
or или	If you see any way you can help me, or I can help you, let me know.
but но	He is a hardworking not very intelligent worker but.
not only... but also не только... но и	We object not only to the terms of payment but also to the terms of delivery
either... or или... или	The manager is either at the office or at a meeting.
neither... nor ни... ни	Equilibrium is the economic condition in which there is neither excess demand nor excess supply in a market.

Для соединения независимых предложений служат также следующие союзы, наречия и предлоги:

Результат

so так что, итак	He started to go on about his problems so I finally left.
therefore поэтому	They heard the warning on the radio and therefore took another route.
that is why поэтому	I think that the police have something on him and that is why he wants to quit his job.
thus таким образом	We have failed. Thus we have to take the consequences.
consequently следовательно	The hole in the ozone layer is getting bigger. Consequently, the climate is changing.
otherwise/or else иначе	I went at once; otherwise I should have missed him. Go away or else I won't finish my work today.

 

Противопоставление

although / though / even though хотя	Although her boss is very aggressive she is always able to hold her own in any dispute with him.
while / whereas тогда как, несмотря на	It was an easy task for an expert, while it is dangerous for a novice.
in spite of/ despite несмотря на	In spite of all precautions, information was seeping out.
however однако	Our environment is in danger. However, environmental disasters can be prevented.
nevertheless тем не менее	Her superior gave her some good advice. Nevertheless, she didn't follow it.
still / yet тем не менее, всё же	The working conditions here are quite good. Still, the job itself is too boring.
on the one/other hand с одной/другой стороны	He is very intelligent but on the other hand he is very lazy and is always late for work.

 

Дополнение

also / too / as well / either тоже, также	She is also a qualified worker. She is a qualified worker, too. She is a qualified worker as well. She is not a qualified worker either.
in addition вдобавок	The meeting was boring in addition to being long.
furthermore / what is more / moreover более того	You haven't prepared your report. And what is more you've left the office in a terrible mess.
besides кроме того	Besides costing too much, the scheme is impractical.
except за исключением того, что	The cases are quite parallel, except that A. is cheaper than B.

 

Подчинительные союзы

Союзы времени

when когда	It was the day when the world's first artificial satellite of the Earth was launched.
as / just as в то время как	The thought occurred to me as I was watching the procession.
while пока, в то время как	I have deputed the keeping of the accounts to my assistant while I am on holidays.
as long as до тех пор пока	As long as you insist on these terms, we will not come to an agreement with you.
till / until до тех пор, пока не	He cannot become a member until his attitude changes.
before до того как	Hear twice before you speak once.
after после того как	After I left my previous work I odd-jobbed around at anything I could get to do.
then затем	Then he made an about-turn and left the office.
since с тех пор как	He has acquired a new status since he was in that job.
as soon as как только	He'11 do the job as soon as he returns back home.
no sooner...than как только... то	This answer no sooner reached Britain, than the whole nation was transported with joy.
hardly... when как только... то	Hardly had I walked half-way towards the door when my co-worker called me back.

 

Союзы цели

lest чтобы... не	They wrapped the instruments lest they should be damaged by sea water.
so that / in order that чтобы; для того, чтобы	I gave him the reference book so that he might study the subject at home.
so as to / in order to чтобы; для того, чтобы	He did some of the translation so as to make the work easier for her.

 

Союзы причины

as так как	I must stop work now as I have to go out.
since так как, поскольку	Since the boss is pleased with the results, so are the subordinates.
for так как	He walked quickly, for he was in a great hurry.
because потому что, так как	I didn't come to the reception, because I was feeling unwell.
because of из-за	Many businesses break up because of a lack of money.
due to/owing to из-за, благодаря	Our flight was delayed due to a strike by air-traffic controllers.

 

Союзы условия

if если, в случае если	Не will get the letter tomorrow if you send it now.
in case на случай, если	I'll give you my mobile number in case you want to contact me.
unless / if not если... не	I'll prepare the provisional agenda tomorrow unless I'm too busy.
even if даже если	Even if I could afford my own house, I wouldn't buy one.
on condition (that) при условии если	I'll lend you some money on condition (that) you return it as soon as possible.
provided / providing (that) при условии если	We'll deliver the merchandise provided (that) you pay in time.
as long as /so long as при условии если	You can use my car as long as you drive carefully.
suppose / supposing (that) предположим, допустим	Supposing (that) he doesn't come, who will do the work?
as if / as though как если бы, как будто	Why is she looking at me as if she knew me?

 

IV семестр

Типы условных предложений.

2.Словообразование. Основные суффиксы и преффиксы существительных, прилагательных, глаголов, наречий. Определение части речи по формальным признакам.

Работа с мини-текстом.