The additional recommended literature

1. Бархударов Л.С., Штелинг Д.А. Грамматика английского языка. – М., 1973.

2. Иванова И.П., Бурлакова В.В., Почепцов Г.Г. Теоретическая грамматика современного английского языка. – М., 1981. — C.46-87

3. Жигадло В. Н., Иванова И. П., Иофик Л. Л. Современный английский язык. Теоретический курс грамматики. М., Изд-во литературы на иностранных языках, 1956г.

4. Хлебникова М.Б, Морфология английского языка. — М., 2004

5. Учение о частях речи в английской грамматической традиции (XIX-XX вв.). М., 2000 г.

6. Quirk R., Greenbaum S., Leech G., Svartvick J. A University Grammar of English. M., 1982.

The verb: its general characteristics. The main verbal subdivisions.

 

The verb is a notional part of speech which denotes an action or the state of either the doer of the action or the object of the action.

 

General characteristics of the verb as a part of speech

 

№	Part of speech	Meaning	Form (categories)	Function
	THE VERB	ACTION,   PROCESS   STATE (DOER, OBJECT)	FINITUDE     TENSE   ASPECT   MOOD   VOICE   NUMBER   PERSON	PREDICATE (finite verbs)     SUBJECT, OBJECT, ATTRIBUTE MODIFIERS, (non-finite verbs)     PREDICATIVES — subjectival (link verb+noun)     — adjectival (link verb+adjective)     — verbal link verb+ non-finite)   CONNECTIONS — nouns noun (doer)+ noun (object) — other verbs non- finite verbs functional verbs — adverbs   MODIFICATION BY AN ADVERB

 

The main verbal subdivisions

№	TYPE	The principal to be based on	SUBDIVION
I.	structural	according to the structure	1) simple______________________ 2) sound(stress)-replacive _____________________________ ___________________________ 3) expanded ( by suffixes — ate, en, ifу -ise(-ize) _________________________ or prefixes be, en, em, re, - under- over-, sub-, mis, un- (undo)   ___________________________ _____________________________ _______________________________ _____________________________   4) composite___________________ ______________________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ 5) phrasal _______________________ _____________________________ _____________________________ ______________________________
II.	semantical	according to the nominative value	— full nominative value (notional) — partial nominative value (semi- notional) verbid introducer verbs ________________________ __________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________   auxiliary verbs, modal verbs, link verbs _perceptional _link verbs_____________ ______________________________ _________________________________ factual link verbs______________________________ ________________________________ _______________________________
III.	lexico-functional	according to the meaning	1) Actional   v movement / replacement ________________________________ __________________________________ _______________________________ v concrete action _______________________________ ________________________________ _________________________________ v verbs connected with communicative act _______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ v transmitive (giving-taking) _______________________________ ______________________________ ____________________________ 2) Processual v mental verbs v verbs of sense perception v emotive verbs (temporary feelings)____________________ ________________________________ __________________________________ ______________________________ v verbs connected with physiological activity __________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ v verbs connected with social behaviour _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ 3) Factative v evaluative ______________________________ ______________________________ ______________________________ v stative _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ 4) Statual v verbs denoting some state both physical or emotional of a person ___________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ __________________________________ v verbs denoting specific social position ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ v verbs denoting some state physical state of an object ____________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________
IV.	morphological	according to the formation of the past forms     according to the idea of processual limit	1) standard 2) non-standard v irregular v sound -replacive v unchangeable ________________________________ _______________________________ v suppletive ____________________________ _________________________________ 1) limitive ________________________________ _________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ _________________________________ 2) unlimitive _________________________________ ________________________________ ________________________________ _________________________________ _________________________________ 3) contextually determined __________________________________ ___________________________________ _________________________________ ___________________________________ _________________________________ __________________________________
V.	Syntactical	according to the valency	1)transitive — intransitive 2) personal — impersonal ____________ ___________________________________ ____________________________________

 

The main verbal properties: valency, transitivity, objectivity, predicativity.

VALENCY — THE NUMBER OF ARGUMENTS THAT THE VERB TAKES.

 

Verbal valancy may be two types: obligatory and optional.

The obligatory valency is such as must necessarily be realised for the sake of the grammatical completion of the syntactic construction

E.g.: We saw a house.

I give Peter a book.

 

The optional valency, is such as is not necessarily realised in grammatically complete constructions: We saw a house (in the distance).

TRANSITIVITY — THE ABILITY OF THE VERB TO TAKE A DIRECT OBJECT

 

OBJECTIVITY — THE ABILITY OF THE VERB TO TAKE ANY OBJECT

PREDICATIVITY — THE ABILITY OF THE VERB TO REFLECT SOME PART OF REALITY THROUGH THE DENOTED PROCESS OR ACTION OR STATE.

₪ SOME POINTS TO CLARIFY:

1. Are there any verbs in English that may have zero valancy?

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2. What determines the transitivity?

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3. Do all English verbs have objectivity?

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4. Do all English verbs have predicativity?

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